Andrew J Oswald
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 266941 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Andrew J Oswald |
| NOMBRES | Andrew J |
| APELLIDO | Oswald |
| FIRMA | OSWALD A J |
| AFILIACIONES | University of Warwick |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-0628-3294 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 60 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 997 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 60 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1982 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2024 |
| ÍNDICE H | 10 |
Are environmental concerns deterring people from having children? Longitudinal evidence on births in the UK
Do ‘green’ environmental concerns – such as about biodiversity, climate change, pollution – deter citizens from having children? This paper reports the first longitudinal evidence consistent with that increasingly discussed hypothesis. It follows through time a random sample of thousands of initially childless men and women in the UK. The paper shows that those individuals who are committed to a green lifestyle are found to be substantially less …
The Midlife Crisis
This paper documents a longitudinal crisis of midlife among the inhabitants of rich nations. Yet middle‐aged citizens in our datasets are close to their peak earnings, have typically experienced little or no illness, reside in some of the safest countries in the world, and live in the most prosperous era in human history. This is paradoxical and troubling. The finding is consistent, however, with the prediction—one little‐known to economists—of E…
Physical pain, gender, and the state of the economy in 146 nations
How Common Are Bad Bosses
Bosses play a fundamental role in workplaces. Yet, almost nothing is known about an important and basic question in labor economics and industrial relations. Are the right people promoted to be supervisors, team leaders, and managers? The infamous Peter Principle claims that incompetent bosses are likely to be all around us, but is that true? This article provides the first statistically representative international estimates—taking comparable da…
Trends in Extreme Distress in the United States, 1993–2019
Objectives. To investigate changes from 1993 to 2019 in the percentage of US citizens suffering extreme distress. Methods. Using data on 8.1 million randomly sampled US citizens, we created a new proxy measure for exceptional distress (the percentage who reported major mental and emotional problems in all 30 of the last 30 days). We examined time trends for different groups and predictors of distress. Results. The proportion of the US population …
Is there a link between air pollution and impaired memory? Evidence on 34,000 english citizens
Does eating fruit and vegetables also reduce the longitudinal risk of depression and anxiety? A commentary on 'Lettuce be happy
Is envy harmful to a society's psychological health and wellbeing? A longitudinal study of 18,000 adults
National Happiness and Genetic Distance
This paper studies a famous unsolved puzzle in quantitative social science. Why do some nations report such high levels of mental well-being? Denmark, for instance, regularly tops the league table of rich countries’ happiness; Britain and the US enter further down; some nations do unexpectedly poorly. The explanation for the longobserved ranking -- one that holds after adjustment for GDP and other socioeconomic variables -- is currently unknown. …
Longitudinal Evidence for a Midlife Nadir in Human Well‐Being
There is a large amount of cross-sectional evidence for a midlife low in the life cycle of human happiness and well-being (a 'U shape'). Yet no genuinely longitudinal inquiry has uncovered evidence for a U-shaped pattern. Thus, some researchers believe the U is a statistical artefact. We re-examine this fundamental cross-disciplinary question. We suggest a new test. Drawing on four data sets, and only within-person changes in well-being, we docum…
Boss Competence and Worker Well-Being
Nearly all workers have a supervisor or "boss." Yet little is known about how bosses influence the quality of employees' lives. This study offers new evidence. First, the authors find that a boss's technical competence is the single strongest predictor of a worker's job satisfaction. Second, they demonstrate using longitudinal data, after controlling for fixed-effects, that even if a worker stays in the same job and workplace, a rise in the compe…
Evolution of Well-Being and Happiness After Increases in Consumption of Fruit and Vegetables
Objectives. To explore whether improvements in psychological well-being occur after increases in fruit and vegetable consumption. Methods. We examined longitudinal food diaries of 12 385 randomly sampled Australian adults over 2007, 2009, and 2013 in the Household, Income, and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey. We adjusted effects on incident changes in happiness and life satisfaction for people’s changing incomes and personal circumstances. Re…
Happiness and Productivity
Some firms say they care about the well-being and “happiness” of their employees. But are such claims hype or scientific good sense? We provide evidence, for a classic piece rate setting, that happiness makes people more productive. In three different styles of experiment, randomly selected individuals are made happier. The treated individuals have approximately 12% greater productivity. A fourth experiment studies major real-world shocks (bereav…
National well-being policy and a weighted approach to human feelings
Happiness as a Driver of Risk‐avoiding Behaviour
Governments try to discourage risky health behaviours, yet such behaviours are bewilderingly persistent. We suggest a new conceptual approach to this puzzle. We show that expected utility theory predicts that unhappy people will be attracted to risk‐taking. Using US seatbelt data, we document evidence strongly consistent with that prediction. We exploit various methodological approaches, including Bayesian model selection and instrumental variabl…
How Should Peer‐review Panels Behave
Many governments wish to assess the quality of their universities. A prominent example is the UK's new Research Excellence Framework (REF) 2014. In the REF, peer‐review panels will be provided with information on publications and citations. This article suggests a way in which panels could choose the weights to attach to these two indicators. The analysis draws in an intuitive way on the concept of Bayesian updating (where citations gradually rev…
Is Psychological Well-Being Linked to the Consumption of Fruit and Vegetables
Humans run on a fuel called food. Yet economists and other social scientists rarely study what people eat. We provide simple evidence consistent with the existence of a link between the consumption of fruit and vegetables and high well-being. In cross-sectional data, happiness and mental health rise in an approximately dose-response way with the number of daily portions of fruit and vegetables. The pattern is remarkably robust to adjustment for a…
Estimating the influence of life satisfaction and positive affect on later income using sibling fixed effects
The question of whether there is a connection between income and psychological well-being is a long-studied issue across the social, psychological, and behavioral sciences. Much research has found that richer people tend to be happier. However, relatively little attention has been paid to whether happier individuals perform better financially in the first place. This possibility of reverse causality is arguably understudied. Using data from a lar…
Well-Being across America
This paper uses Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data to study life satisfaction and mental health across the geography of the United States. The analysis draws on a sample of 1.3 million citizens. Initially we control for people's personal characteristics (though not income). There is no correlation between states' regression-adjusted well-being and their GDP per capita. States like Louisiana, plus Washington, D.C., have high psycholog…
Objective Confirmation of Subjective Measures of Human Well-Being
The Best Things in Life Are Free? Does money buy happiness? Answers to this question differ, depending, in part, on whether one asks an economist or a psychologist. The former would point to correlations between higher incomes and greater self-reported well-being, whereas the latter would argue that happiness shows little correlation with absolute material goods and is instead dictated largely by an individual's so-called set-point. Another stran…
Daughters and Left-Wing Voting
What determines human beings' political preferences? Using nationally representative longitudinal data, we show that having daughters makes people more likely to vote for left-wing political parties. Having sons leads people to favor right-wing parties. The paper checks that our result is not an artifact of family stopping rules, discusses the predictions from a simple economic model, and tests for possible reverse causality
Commentary on Three Papers
Let me start with “The Slump, the Recovery, and the New Normal” by Edmund Phelps. With this stone, I would like to hope that I am killing two birds: Ned Phelps’s paper is, in part, a non-mathematical version of the “Macroeconomic Effects of Over-Investment in Housing in an Aggregative Model of Economic Activity”, written by Hian Teck Hoon. The first paper is in words; the second has some words and, in parts, some Hamiltonians. Both papers are ext…
The U-shape without controls
The Elite Brain Drain
We collect data on the movement and productivity of elite scientists. Their mobility is remarkable: nearly half of the world's most-cited physicists work outside their country of birth. We show they migrate systematically towards nations with large R & D spending. Our study cannot adjudicate on whether migration improves scientists' productivity, but we find that movers and stayers have identical h-index citations scores. Immigrants in the UK and…
Does Wage Rank Affect Employees’ Well‐being?
How do workers make wage comparisons? Both an experimental study and an analysis of 16,000 British employees are reported. Satisfaction and well‐being levels are shown to depend on more than simple relative pay. They depend upon the ordinal rank of an individual's wage within a comparison group. “Rank” itself thus seems to matter to human beings. Moreover, consistent with psychological theory, quits in a workplace are correlated with pay distribu…
Unhappiness and Unemployment
Journal Article Unhappiness and Unemployment Get access Andrew E. Clark, Andrew E. Clark CEREMAP, Paris and Centre for the Study of Micro Social Change, University of Essex We are grateful to Danny Blanchflower, David Greenway, Barry McCormick and Peter Warr for useful discussions. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Andrew J. Oswald Andrew J. Oswald Centre for Economic Performance, LSE Search for other works …
Happiness and Economic Performance
If a nation's economic performance improves, how much extra happiness does that buy its citizens? Most public debate assumes -- without real evidence -- that the answer is a lot. This paper examines the question by using information on well-being in Western countries. The data are of four kinds: on reported happiness, on reported life satisfaction, on reported job satisfaction, and on the number of suicides. These reveal patterns that are not vis…
Is well-being U-shaped over the life cycle
An Introduction to the Wage Curve
This paper documents a statistical regulatity or law. It shows that there exists a downward-sloping curve linking the level of a worker's pay to the unemployment rate in the worker's region. The same curve can be found in microeconomic data sets from sixteen countries. The existence of this curve raises doubts about conventional wisdom in labor economics, regional economics, and macroeconomics
Longitudinal Evidence for a Midlife Nadir in Human Well‐Being
There is a large amount of cross-sectional evidence for a midlife low in the life cycle of human happiness and well-being (a 'U shape'). Yet no genuinely longitudinal inquiry has uncovered evidence for a U-shaped pattern. Thus, some researchers believe the U is a statistical artefact. We re-examine this fundamental cross-disciplinary question. We suggest a new test. Drawing on four data sets, and only within-person changes in well-being, we docum…
The Microeconomic Theory of the Trade Union
Journal Article The Microeconomic Theory of the Trade Union Get access Andrew J. Oswald Andrew J. Oswald Institute of Economics and Statistics and St John's College, Oxford Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Volume 92, Issue 367, 1 September 1982, Pages 576–595, https://doi.org/10.2307/2232551 Published: 01 September 1982
The U-shape without controls
Is Psychological Well-Being Linked to the Consumption of Fruit and Vegetables
Humans run on a fuel called food. Yet economists and other social scientists rarely study what people eat. We provide simple evidence consistent with the existence of a link between the consumption of fruit and vegetables and high well-being. In cross-sectional data, happiness and mental health rise in an approximately dose-response way with the number of daily portions of fruit and vegetables. The pattern is remarkably robust to adjustment for a…
The Elite Brain Drain
We collect data on the movement and productivity of elite scientists. Their mobility is remarkable: nearly half of the world's most-cited physicists work outside their country of birth. We show they migrate systematically towards nations with large R & D spending. Our study cannot adjudicate on whether migration improves scientists' productivity, but we find that movers and stayers have identical h-index citations scores. Immigrants in the UK and…
On Union Preferences and Labour Market Models
Journal Article On Union Preferences and Labour Market Models: Insiders and Outsiders Get access Alan A. Carruth, Alan A. Carruth University of Kent Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Andrew J. Oswald Andrew J. Oswald London School of Economics Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Volume 97, Issue 386, 1 June 1987, Pages 431–445, https://doi.org/10.230…
Unionism and Employment Behaviour
Journal Article Unionism and Employment Behaviour Get access David G. Blanchflower, David G. Blanchflower Dartmouth College, NBER and Centre for Economic Performance, LSE Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Neil Millward, Neil Millward Policy Studies Institute, London Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Andrew J. Oswald Andrew J. Oswald Dartmouth College, NBER and Centre fo…
Trends in Extreme Distress in the United States, 1993–2019
Objectives. To investigate changes from 1993 to 2019 in the percentage of US citizens suffering extreme distress. Methods. Using data on 8.1 million randomly sampled US citizens, we created a new proxy measure for exceptional distress (the percentage who reported major mental and emotional problems in all 30 of the last 30 days). We examined time trends for different groups and predictors of distress. Results. The proportion of the US population …
Insider Power in Wage Determination
The paper argues that wage determination is best seen as a kind of rent-sharing in which workers' bargaining power is influenced by conditions in the external labour market. It uses British establishment data from 1984 to show that pay depends upon a blend of insider pressure (including the employer's financial performance and oligopolistic position) and outsider pressure (including external wages and unemployment). Lester's feasible "range" of w…
An Examination of the Reliability of Prestigious Scholarly Journals
Scientific‐funding bodies are increasingly under pressure to use journal rankings to measure research quality. Hiring and promotion committees routinely hear an equivalent argument: ‘this is important work because it is to be published in prestigious journal X’. But how persuasive is such an argument? This paper examines data on citations to articles published 25 years ago. It finds that it is better to write the best article published in an issu…
Estimating a Wage Curve for Britain 1973-90
Following A. W. Phillips's (1958) original work on the United Kingdom, applied research on unemployment and wages has been dominated by the analysis of highly aggregated time-series data sets. However, it has proved difficult with such methods to uncover statistically reliable models. This paper adopts a different approach. It uses macroeconomic data on 175,000 British workers from 1973 to 1990 to provide evidence for the existence of a negativel…
Evolution of Well-Being and Happiness After Increases in Consumption of Fruit and Vegetables
Objectives. To explore whether improvements in psychological well-being occur after increases in fruit and vegetable consumption. Methods. We examined longitudinal food diaries of 12 385 randomly sampled Australian adults over 2007, 2009, and 2013 in the Household, Income, and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey. We adjusted effects on incident changes in happiness and life satisfaction for people’s changing incomes and personal circumstances. Re…
National well-being policy and a weighted approach to human feelings
Pay Determination and Industrial Prosperity
Introduction Wage determination: Theories of inflexibility Wage determination: Industrial-relations evidence Previous econometric evidence on the link from profits to wages The psychology of equity The seniority model of wage determination Empirical results for Britain Conclusions Statistical appendix Bibliography Index
Are environmental concerns deterring people from having children? Longitudinal evidence on births in the UK
Do ‘green’ environmental concerns – such as about biodiversity, climate change, pollution – deter citizens from having children? This paper reports the first longitudinal evidence consistent with that increasingly discussed hypothesis. It follows through time a random sample of thousands of initially childless men and women in the UK. The paper shows that those individuals who are committed to a green lifestyle are found to be substantially less …
Profit-Related Pay
Journal Article Profit-Related Pay: Prose Discovered? Get access David G. Blanchflower, David G. Blanchflower University of Surrey and London School of Economics Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Andrew J. Oswald Andrew J. Oswald London School of Economics Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Volume 98, Issue 392, 1 September 1988, Pages 720–730, http…
The Midlife Crisis
This paper documents a longitudinal crisis of midlife among the inhabitants of rich nations. Yet middle‐aged citizens in our datasets are close to their peak earnings, have typically experienced little or no illness, reside in some of the safest countries in the world, and live in the most prosperous era in human history. This is paradoxical and troubling. The finding is consistent, however, with the prediction—one little‐known to economists—of E…
Physical pain, gender, and the state of the economy in 146 nations
UK Economics and the Future Supply of Academic Economists
In recent years there has been a fall in the numbers of United Kingdom students entering PhD programmes in Economics. This is likely to be important for the future of the discipline, both as an academic subject and in terms of the subject's outside influence (especially in using academic research to inform government thinking and policy). Understanding why it has happened, and determining whether it is likely to be associated with problems in rep…
Miners' Wages in Post-War Britain
Journal Article Miners' Wages in Post-War Britain: An Application of a Model of Trade Union Behaviour Get access Alan A. Carruth, Alan A. Carruth University of Kent Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Andrew J. Oswald Andrew J. Oswald University of Oxford Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Volume 95, Issue 380, 1 December 1985, Pages 1003–1020, https:…
Is envy harmful to a society's psychological health and wellbeing? A longitudinal study of 18,000 adults
The Microeconomic Theory of the Trade Union
Journal Article The Microeconomic Theory of the Trade Union Get access Andrew J. Oswald Andrew J. Oswald Institute of Economics and Statistics and St John's College, Oxford Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Volume 92, Issue 367, 1 September 1982, Pages 576–595, https://doi.org/10.2307/2232551 Published: 01 September 1982
Three Theorems on Inflation Taxes and Marginal Employment Subsidies
Journal Article Three Theorems on Inflation Taxes and Marginal Employment Subsidies Get access Andrew J. Oswald Andrew J. Oswald Oxford University and Princeton University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Volume 94, Issue 375, 1 September 1984, Pages 599–611, https://doi.org/10.2307/2232705 Published: 01 September 1984
Miners' Wages in Post-War Britain
Journal Article Miners' Wages in Post-War Britain: An Application of a Model of Trade Union Behaviour Get access Alan A. Carruth, Alan A. Carruth University of Kent Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Andrew J. Oswald Andrew J. Oswald University of Oxford Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Volume 95, Issue 380, 1 December 1985, Pages 1003–1020, https:…
A Dynamic Model of Trade Union Behaviour
This paper constructs a dynamic model of trade-union behavior in which union membership is endogenous. Unemployed workers are assumed to leave their union (as they seem to in reality) and the union must therefore solve an intertemporal optim ization problem. The results imply that conventional static models ov erstate the distortions caused by monopoly unionism and that the rece nt empirical mod-els of union behavior may be misspecified. The pape…
On Union Preferences and Labour Market Models
Journal Article On Union Preferences and Labour Market Models: Insiders and Outsiders Get access Alan A. Carruth, Alan A. Carruth University of Kent Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Andrew J. Oswald Andrew J. Oswald London School of Economics Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Volume 97, Issue 386, 1 June 1987, Pages 431–445, https://doi.org/10.230…
Profit-Related Pay
Journal Article Profit-Related Pay: Prose Discovered? Get access David G. Blanchflower, David G. Blanchflower University of Surrey and London School of Economics Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Andrew J. Oswald Andrew J. Oswald London School of Economics Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Volume 98, Issue 392, 1 September 1988, Pages 720–730, http…
Insider Power in Wage Determination
The paper argues that wage determination is best seen as a kind of rent-sharing in which workers' bargaining power is influenced by conditions in the external labour market. It uses British establishment data from 1984 to show that pay depends upon a blend of insider pressure (including the employer's financial performance and oligopolistic position) and outsider pressure (including external wages and unemployment). Lester's feasible "range" of w…
Pay Determination and Industrial Prosperity
Introduction Wage determination: Theories of inflexibility Wage determination: Industrial-relations evidence Previous econometric evidence on the link from profits to wages The psychology of equity The seniority model of wage determination Empirical results for Britain Conclusions Statistical appendix Bibliography Index
Unionism and Employment Behaviour
Journal Article Unionism and Employment Behaviour Get access David G. Blanchflower, David G. Blanchflower Dartmouth College, NBER and Centre for Economic Performance, LSE Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Neil Millward, Neil Millward Policy Studies Institute, London Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Andrew J. Oswald Andrew J. Oswald Dartmouth College, NBER and Centre fo…
Progress and Microeconomic Data
Journal Article Progress and Microeconomic Data Get access Andrew J. Oswald Andrew J. Oswald Dartmouth College, NBER and London School of Economics Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Volume 101, Issue 404, 1 January 1991, Pages 75–80, https://doi.org/10.2307/2233841 Published: 01 January 1991
A Rational Choice Analysis of Union Militancy with Application to the Cases of British Coal and Fiat
Pay Determination and Industrial Prosperity
Estimating a Wage Curve for Britain 1973-90
Following A. W. Phillips's (1958) original work on the United Kingdom, applied research on unemployment and wages has been dominated by the analysis of highly aggregated time-series data sets. However, it has proved difficult with such methods to uncover statistically reliable models. This paper adopts a different approach. It uses macroeconomic data on 175,000 British workers from 1973 to 1990 to provide evidence for the existence of a negativel…
Unhappiness and Unemployment
Journal Article Unhappiness and Unemployment Get access Andrew E. Clark, Andrew E. Clark CEREMAP, Paris and Centre for the Study of Micro Social Change, University of Essex We are grateful to Danny Blanchflower, David Greenway, Barry McCormick and Peter Warr for useful discussions. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Andrew J. Oswald Andrew J. Oswald Centre for Economic Performance, LSE Search for other works …
An Introduction to the Wage Curve
This paper documents a statistical regulatity or law. It shows that there exists a downward-sloping curve linking the level of a worker's pay to the unemployment rate in the worker's region. The same curve can be found in microeconomic data sets from sixteen countries. The existence of this curve raises doubts about conventional wisdom in labor economics, regional economics, and macroeconomics
Is job satisfaction U‐shaped in age?
It is generally believed that job satisfaction increases linearly with age. However, there are persuasive arguments, and some empirical evidence, that the relationship is U‐shaped, declining from a moderate level in the early years of employment and then increasing steadily up to retirement. This paper investigates that relationship, using survey responses from a large sample of British employees. For overall job satisfaction, satisfaction with p…
Satisfaction and comparison income
Happiness and Economic Performance
If a nation's economic performance improves, how much extra happiness does that buy its citizens? Most public debate assumes -- without real evidence -- that the answer is a lot. This paper examines the question by using information on well-being in Western countries. The data are of four kinds: on reported happiness, on reported life satisfaction, on reported job satisfaction, and on the number of suicides. These reveal patterns that are not vis…
The Wage Curve
What Makes an Entrepreneur?
This article uses various micro data sets to study entrepreneurship. Consistent with the existence of capital constraints on potential entrepreneurs, the estimates imply that the probability of self‐employment depends positively upon whether the individual ever received an inheritance or gift. When directly questioned in interview surveys, potential entrepreneurs say that raising capital is their principal problem. Consistent with our theoretical…
Unemployment Equilibria and Input Prices
The paper develops an efficiency-wage model in which input prices affect the equilibrium rate of unemployment. We show that a simple framework based on only two prices (the real price of oil and the real rate of interest) is able to explain the main postwar movements in the rate of U.S. joblessness. The equations do well in forecasting unemployment many years out of sample, and provide evidence that the oil-price spike associated with Iraq's inva…
UK Economics and the Future Supply of Academic Economists
In recent years there has been a fall in the numbers of United Kingdom students entering PhD programmes in Economics. This is likely to be important for the future of the discipline, both as an academic subject and in terms of the subject's outside influence (especially in using academic research to inform government thinking and policy). Understanding why it has happened, and determining whether it is likely to be associated with problems in rep…
Latent entrepreneurship across nations
Preferences over Inflation and Unemployment
Preferences over Inflation and Unemployment: Evidence from Surveys of Happiness by Rafael Di Tella, Robert J. MacCulloch and Andrew J. Oswald. Published in volume 91, issue 1, pages 335-341 of American Economic Review, March 2001
A simple statistical method for measuring how life events affect happiness
BACKGROUND: Life events-like illness, marriage, or unemployment-have important effects on people. But there is no accepted way to measure the different sizes of these events upon human happiness and psychological health. By using happiness regression equations, economists have recently developed a method. METHODS: We estimate happiness regressions using large random samples of individuals. The relative coefficients of income and life events on ha…
Economics (53 obras) · Psychology (30 obras) · Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction (28 obras) · Social Psychology (25 obras) · Sociology (25 obras) · Political science (24 obras) · Demographic economics (19 obras) · Happiness (17 obras) · Economic growth (14 obras) · Health disparities and outcomes (14 obras)