R L Boyd
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 2699 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | R L Boyd |
| NOMBRES | R L |
| APELLIDO | Boyd |
| FIRMA | BOYD R L |
| AFILIACIONES | Mississippi State University |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-8729-7430 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 105 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 181 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 105 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1988 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2025 |
| ÍNDICE H | 6 |
Social distance attitudes toward British Isles ancestry groups in the twentieth-century United States
Myth of the Ghetto? European Immigrant Groups’ Residential Segregation and Socioeconomic Achievement
Many scholars reject the view, implied by the Chicago School sociologists and Progressive Era reformers, that European immigrant groups in the early twentieth-century United States lived in ghettos in which residential segregation hurt the groups’ socioeconomic achievement. The present study evaluates this view with Census data for 1910, a high point for U.S. nativism and xenophobia. Regression analyses suggest that, before immigration subsided d…
European Immigrant Groups’ Home Ownership and Home Values in the Early Twentieth-Century USA
Less-entrepreneurial groups reconsidered
The Black Metropolis Legacy
This article examines how Drake and Cayton’s pathbreaking study of Chicago’s early twentieth-century Black community—published 80 years ago as the book, Black Metropolis—continues to guide scholarship on race and cities. The article extends the idea, originating in historical research, that this now-classic study motivated a valuable social-scientific inquiry into urbanism and Black communities. Specifically, Black Metropolis showed that, contrar…
Urbanism and minority-group spatial isolation in early twentieth-century U.S. cities
White Immigrant Merchants, the U.S. Mexican Population, and Middleman Entrepreneurship in the Early Twentieth-Century American West
Studies applying middleman minority theory to white immigrants’ retail enterprise in the United States overlook the possibility that, in the early twentieth-century American West, white immigrants were attracted into merchandizing by opportunities to exploit a sizable and colonized Mexican population. The present study investigates this possibility. Regression analyses of 1930 Census data show that foreign-born whites were most likely to become m…
Reassessing Non-economic Benefits
How “Ethnic” Were White Ethnic Neighborhoods? European Ancestry Groups in the Twentieth-Century USA
The Residential Segregation of European Immigrant Groups in the Early Twentieth-Century United States
The Harlem Renaissance and Blacks’ Employment in Cultural Expression Occupations
Social distance attitudes, educational mobility, and European ancestry groups in the post‐World‐War II United States
Objective This study examines the improvement of U.S. natives’ social distance attitudes toward Southern, Central, and Eastern (SCE) European ancestry groups in the post‐World‐War II United States, applying the idea that prejudice against these groups was due to racial/ethnic prejudice and social class prejudice. Methods Analyzing data from the Bogardus surveys and other published sources, the study tests the proposition that U.S. natives’ social…
Urbanism Theories and the Early Twentieth-Century Black Metropolis
This study integrates three theories of urbanism into a single framework suggesting that urban population size has a nonlinear relationship with social-world intensity. Hypotheses derived from this framework are tested in regression analyses of 1930 census data on Black Metropolis communities created in major cities by blacks’ early twentieth-century urbanization. The findings show that the slope of the relationship between black population size …
Entrepreneurship and Labor Absorption
An extensive literature on newly developing societies shows that the urban economy's entrepreneurial sector can absorb a sizable share of persons who are unemployed and searching for work. Surprisingly, however, little research on the United States has examined entrepreneurship's labor absorption capacity. The present study fills this gap by analyzing Blacks and Whites in northern U.S. cities during the Great Depression, a time of widespread jobl…
Competition and Coexistence in the Urban Economy
Gender, race, and unpaid work in family-owned businesses during the Great Depression
Studies of labor market distress show that dislocated workers often react to joblessness by starting their own small enterprises. But these studies overlook the possibility that such persons may also react by becoming unpaid workers in family-owned businesses. The present study addresses this oversight, examining the extent to which women responded to joblessness in the Great Depression by becoming unpaid workers in family-owned proprietorships. …
Dispersed or Concentrated? Urban Distributions of Ethnic Retail Entrepreneurs
Southern Black Metropolis
The new urban America
The new urban America: Growth and politics in Sunbelt cities." The Social Science Journal, 26(1), pp. 101–102
Convergence or divergence? Comparing recent social trends in industrial societies
New homeless and old
Class warfare in Black Atlanta
The danger zone is everywhere
Race and the greening of Atlanta
Furthering fair housing
Black and Asian Self-Employment in Large Metropolitan Areas
This paper examines factors affecting the self-employment of Asian and black workers in large U.S. metropolitan areas. Self-employment is analyzed as a function of individual attributes and dimensions of local area social and economic organization. This individual/ecological distinction is based on the notion that self-employment is influenced by the entrepreneur's personal characteristics, social relationships, and the larger environment providi…
The storefront church ministry in African American communities of the urban north during the great migration
An ethnic niche is an occupation or industry into which an ethnic minority group concentrates in order to avoid or overcome its disadvantages in the larger economy. Such a niche is often based upon the special consumer demands of co-ethnics. During the Great Migration, African Americans from the South brought to the urban North a demand for religious services that were traditional, emotional and intimate. The old-line churches of northern African…
The Great Migration to the North and the Rise of Ethnic Niches for African American Women in Beauty Culture and Hairdressing, 1910–1920
Ethnic niches are occupations into which minority workers concentrate in order to avoid employer discrimination and to advance economically. During the early years of the Great Migration, beauty culture and hairdressing became ethnic niches for African American women in northern cities. Based upon the labor market disadvantages of race and gender and on the rise of protected consumer markets, these niches sheltered many African American women fro…
The Reemergence of Self-Employment
Urban Locations of Eminent Black Entrepreneurs in the United States
Extraordinarily successful Black entrepreneurs have received relatively little attention in the literature on Black socioeconomic progress in the US. The present study fills this gap by identifying the urban centres that have been the main locations of Black entrepreneurs who have been classified by scholars as ‘eminent’. Biographical data from highly regarded encyclopaedic sources show that these entrepreneurs have concentrated in a small number…
Differences in the earnings of black workers in the private and public sectors
Does public sector employment provide black workers with a special niche that shelters their earnings from the negative effect of segregation? A contextual analysis is performed to identify how characteristics of the local area labor market affect the earnings of black workers in the public and private sectors. The focus is on the influence of residential segregation, a structural factor that contributes to the disadvantaged position of blacks in…
Ethnicity, Niches, and Retail Enterprise in Northern Cities, 1900
During the early twentieth century, the ethnic neighbor-hoods of large northern cities supposedly created conditions that promoted the concentration of European ethnic groups in niches in the retail trade. Yet this popular assertion is based mainly on studies of one group in one location (e.g., Jews in New York). Following the “interactionist approach” to ethnic business, I use a multigroup/multilocality research strategy to show that in 1900 the…
The Allocation of Black Workers into the Public Sector
This study examines the effects of individual and structural factors on the odds that a black worker will be employed in the public sector (federal or state-local government) rather than the private sector. The independent variables include human capital, gender, citizenship, and the structural features of the labor markets (metropolitan areas) in which these workers reside (percent black, residential segregation, geographic region). The study fo…
A Contextual Analysis of Black Self-Employment in Large Metropolitan Areas, 1970-1980
This study analyzes self-employment of blade workers in large metropolitan areas in 1970 and 1980 as an outcome affected by human capital, gender, and family structure and by local area demographic, ecological, and labor market characteristics. Data are from the Public Use Samples, census volumes, and other sources. Differences between the 1970 and 1980 results suggest that major transformations occurred in the environment of black self-employmen…
Inequality in the Earnings of Self-Employed African and Asian Americans
Self-employed African Americans in the United States earn much less than do their Asian counterparts. This study examines the sources of this earnings inequality. Explanatory variables include the human capital and family relations of individuals and the demographic, ecological, and labor-market characteristics of the communities (SMSAs) in which individuals reside. Results indicate that self-employed African Americans have lower earnings because…
The ‘Black Metropolis’ Revisited
The conventional wisdom on the Black metropolis of the early 20th century holds that urban Black communities in the South lagged far behind their counterparts in the North in terms of providing opportunities for Blacks to enter occupations that were associated with Blacks’ socioeconomic progress. Yet, analyses of census data in the present study offer mixed support for this wisdom. The odds of Black participation in art, show business, public ser…
New York, Chicago, and the "Black Metropolis" of the Early 20th Century
Analyzing census data on Northern cities, this study refines the conventional view that, after the beginning of the Great Migration, the large black communities of New York and Chicago offered unparalleled opportunities for blacks. The highest levels of black participation in the creative pursuits of acting and music were in New York; and the highest levels of black participation in the business ventures of insurance, beauty culture, and retail t…
Retail Enterprise on the U.S. Urban Periphery
This research adds to knowledge about ethnic entrepreneurship in U.S. cities by testing the hypothesis that, in the late-19th century, levels of retail enterprise of entrepreneurial ethnic groups (e.g., Russian and Polish Jews) were highest in the most remote locations of the nation's urban-regional hierarchy. This hypothesis is based on the proposition that (1) "gateway cities" in the hinterlands of a society are bustling centers of commerce tha…
Transformation of the Black Business Elite
Objective. This study fills a void in research on race and social change by analyzing the transformation of the “black business elite,” that is, those blacks who have been nationally recognized as successful entrepreneurs. Methods. Data from encyclopedic sources on eminent black entrepreneurs are used to build a chronology that documents how this elite has changed over time. Results. In the early and middle 20th century, the elite was dominated b…
A “Migration of Despair”
Objective . This study examines migration to farms during the Great Depression, when many displaced workers moved to farms in nearby rural areas searching for a means of livelihood. Methods . Regression analyses of data from the USDA, Census Bureau, and other sources are used. Results . (1) The rate of migration was greatest in places where the search for work by the unemployed was most intense. (2) The “push” of economic dislocation was a more s…
Demographic Change and Entrepreneurial Occupations
In the early twentieth century, the African American (AA) populations of northern cities grew rapidly, whereas the foreign-born white populations of these cities stabilized. Stanley Lieberson has hypothesized that, in these cities, the resulting shifts in the ethnic composition negatively affected the economic prospects of AAs. The present study shows that the transformation of business enterprise among AAs in the urban North during 1900-1930 is …
Research on the African-American Family
Government involvement in the economy and the distribution of income
The 'Black Metropolis' in the American Urban System of the Early Twentieth Century
By defining and measuring a dimension of the Black Metropolis in terms of occupational representation, this study advances research on the urban black communities of the early twentieth-century United States. Census data show that: (1) Bronzeville (Chicago) was the premier Black Metropolis overall and the black communities of urban-industrial centers in the Midwest had locational advantages that rivaled those of Harlem (New York) with respect to …
Retail and wholesale enterprise among ethnic groups in core and peripheral urban centers
Ethnic entrepreneurs often benefit from reciprocal relationships, such as buyer–supplier linkages, among co-ethnic businesses. The present study extends this insight, analyzing census data on the relationship between ethnic enterprise in the retail trade and co-ethnic enterprise in the wholesale trade in urban centers of core and peripheral regions of the late-nineteenth-century United States. As expected, this relationship varied markedly by eth…
Was the ministry an ethnic niche for urban Blacks in the early twentieth century
It has been claimed that, in the early twentieth century, the ministry was an “ethnic niche” for Blacks—that is, an occupation into which Blacks gravitated in order to avoid joblessness during periods of economic dislocation. This study evaluates that claim by testing the hypothesis that the employment rate of Black men in the ministry was highest in those cities where the pressure on these men to find relief from unemployment was greatest. Censu…
Black Musicians in Northern US Cities during the Early 20th Century
According to the sub-culture theory of urbanism, a vital social world will emerge in a city when there is a 'critical mass' of members of some unique population. This hypothesis is tested by analysing the entertainment sub-culture that developed around the musical styles of the southern Blacks who moved to northern cities in the US in the early 20th century. The employment rate of Blacks in the musical professions is examined as an indicator of t…
Black Enterprise in the Retail Trade during the Early Twentieth Century
Past studies of black enterprise in retailing during the early twentieth century have been limited. Using 1940 census data, I extend this research by analyzing the participation of blacks in retail proprietorships in more than 60 cities in the North and South. Based on a review of the sociological, economic, and historical literatures, I develop and test several hypotheses about the effects of demographic, ecological, and labor market variables. …
Black business transformation, black well-being, and public policy
Ethnic groups, urban places, and retail enterprise
This study proposes an entrepreneurship model that (1) uses sociological literature on ethnic stratification to develop a typology of subdominant, marginalized, subordinate, and outcast minority groups and (2) applies geographic principles to spatially define variation in entrepreneurial environments in terms of urban hierarchies, regional milieus, and hinterland centres. Examining retail enterprise, the study utilizes the interactionist approach…
Changing households and changing cities, 1970–1980
Applying urban ecological theory, this article examines the extent to which patterns of household location changed during 1970–1980. Households that tended to concentrate in the central city in 1970 (nonfamily households and female-headed families) exhibited a penchant for suburban residence in 1980. Married couples with children, meanwhile, remained largely deconcentrated. The degree to which married couples with children were residentially segr…
Government involvement in the economy and the distribution of income
Racial Differences in Childlessness
This article reviews black-white childlessness differences over the past century. These differences have been attributed to inequalities in social and health conditions. The historically greater rate of black childlessness has been treated as the result of pathological sterility or pregnancy loss due to sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), malnutrition, and inadequate medical care. Conversely, white childlessness has been viewed as the product o…
Childlessness and social mobility during the baby boom
America's post-war baby boom was an era of high fertility and widespread pronatalism. Supposedly, few couples during this time were childless by choice. However, by using a special census sample, this study shows that voluntary childlessness was relatively common in certain upwardly mobile segments of the population during the baby boom. In particular, the results support the classic Dumont-Banks model of status enhancement and fertility, which s…
Minority Status and Childlessness
This study applies the Goldscheider-Uhlenberg theory of minority status and fertility to black-white differences in childlessness. It is hypothesized that when integration into dominant societal institutions is impeded, high-status black couples are more likely to be voluntarily childless than comparable white couples. Using census data, the results tend to support this hypothesis, suggesting that among college-educated, high-status couples, blac…
Black business transformation, black well-being, and public policy
Our Kind
Black and Asian Self-Employment in Large Metropolitan Areas
This paper examines factors affecting the self-employment of Asian and black workers in large U.S. metropolitan areas. Self-employment is analyzed as a function of individual attributes and dimensions of local area social and economic organization. This individual/ecological distinction is based on the notion that self-employment is influenced by the entrepreneur's personal characteristics, social relationships, and the larger environment providi…
Effects of Relative Group Size, Increase, and Segregation on the Earnings of Blacks and Asians
This study examines the effects of relative group size, group increase and segregation on the earnings of blacks and Asians, using data from the 1980 census. Relative group size and segregation influence the earnings of blacks and Asians, net of human capital, but have different effects on workers from the two groups. The earnings of black workers increase as the relative group size (percent black) expands. But this positive effect diminishes and…
A Contextual Analysis of Black Self-Employment in Large Metropolitan Areas, 1970-1980
This study analyzes self-employment of blade workers in large metropolitan areas in 1970 and 1980 as an outcome affected by human capital, gender, and family structure and by local area demographic, ecological, and labor market characteristics. Data are from the Public Use Samples, census volumes, and other sources. Differences between the 1970 and 1980 results suggest that major transformations occurred in the environment of black self-employmen…
Inequality in the Earnings of Self-Employed African and Asian Americans
Self-employed African Americans in the United States earn much less than do their Asian counterparts. This study examines the sources of this earnings inequality. Explanatory variables include the human capital and family relations of individuals and the demographic, ecological, and labor-market characteristics of the communities (SMSAs) in which individuals reside. Results indicate that self-employed African Americans have lower earnings because…
Differences in the earnings of black workers in the private and public sectors
Does public sector employment provide black workers with a special niche that shelters their earnings from the negative effect of segregation? A contextual analysis is performed to identify how characteristics of the local area labor market affect the earnings of black workers in the public and private sectors. The focus is on the influence of residential segregation, a structural factor that contributes to the disadvantaged position of blacks in…
Research on the African-American Family
Educational mobility and the fertility of black and white women
The Allocation of Black Workers into the Public Sector
This study examines the effects of individual and structural factors on the odds that a black worker will be employed in the public sector (federal or state-local government) rather than the private sector. The independent variables include human capital, gender, citizenship, and the structural features of the labor markets (metropolitan areas) in which these workers reside (percent black, residential segregation, geographic region). The study fo…
The Assassination of New York . Bob Fitch; From Redlining to Reinvestment
Understanding Population Change
Reply to Nam
The Great Migration to the North and the Rise of Ethnic Niches for African American Women in Beauty Culture and Hairdressing, 1910–1920
Ethnic niches are occupations into which minority workers concentrate in order to avoid employer discrimination and to advance economically. During the early years of the Great Migration, beauty culture and hairdressing became ethnic niches for African American women in northern cities. Based upon the labor market disadvantages of race and gender and on the rise of protected consumer markets, these niches sheltered many African American women fro…
Demographic Change and Entrepreneurial Occupations
In the early twentieth century, the African American (AA) populations of northern cities grew rapidly, whereas the foreign-born white populations of these cities stabilized. Stanley Lieberson has hypothesized that, in these cities, the resulting shifts in the ethnic composition negatively affected the economic prospects of AAs. The present study shows that the transformation of business enterprise among AAs in the urban North during 1900-1930 is …
Protected markets and African American professionals in northern cities during the great migration
A protected market exists when consumers from an ethnic minority group are compelled to obtain certain goods and services from coethnics. This article tests the hypothesis that the protected markets that arose during the Great Migration of Blacks to the North increased the representation of African Americans in the professions in northern cities. It first shows that the theory of protected markets may apply to conditions that existed in these cit…
Migrations and Cultures
Migration Patterns * Germans around the World * Japanese around the World * Italians around the World * The Overseas Chinese * Jews of the Diaspora * The Overseas Indians * History and Cultures
The storefront church ministry in African American communities of the urban north during the great migration
An ethnic niche is an occupation or industry into which an ethnic minority group concentrates in order to avoid or overcome its disadvantages in the larger economy. Such a niche is often based upon the special consumer demands of co-ethnics. During the Great Migration, African Americans from the South brought to the urban North a demand for religious services that were traditional, emotional and intimate. The old-line churches of northern African…
Black Undertakers in Northern Cities during the Great Migration
During the Great Migration, undertaking became an important entrepreneurial occupation for blacks in northern cities. Black undertakers had a protected consumer market due to the refused of white undertakers to serve blacks and to the importance of the funeral in traditional black culture. This protected market also had an ecological foundation. Census data show that as the black populations of the urban North became more spatially isolated after…
Ethnic Los Angeles
Sociology (91 obras) · Political science (70 obras) · Migration, Ethnicity, and Economy (66 obras) · Geography (63 obras) · Economics (62 obras) · Demography (61 obras) · Population (49 obras) · Census (44 obras) · Demographic economics (44 obras) · Demography (42 obras)