James C Wo
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 276775 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | James C Wo |
| NOMBRES | James C |
| APELLIDO | Wo |
| FIRMA | WO J C |
| AFILIACIONES | University of Iowa |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-9410-0712 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 28 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 100 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 28 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2015 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 5 |
Examining the impact of vertical land use mix on urban crime at the block level
Examining Farmers’ Market Locations
While the spatial inequality literature suggests that underserved communities of color face limited access to farmers’ markets, most empirical studies have examined market patrons rather than the neighborhood factors shaping their spatial distribution. Therefore, the present study examines how sociodemographic and built environment characteristics affect the location of farmers’ markets across Los Angeles County block groups, drawing on data from…
Exploring crime through physical and social neighborhood factors
Moving beyond “Does it reduce crime
Linking Neighborhood Crime to Racial Diversity, Immigrant Concentration, and Ethnic Heterogeneity among Immigrants
The current study simultaneously examines the effects of various measures of demographic heterogeneity on neighborhood crime and their possible moderating effects. We estimated a set of negative binomial regression models with all three measures of demographic heterogeneity for testing their associations with crime in neighborhood. We also tested the moderation effects by adding multiplicative interaction terms in each model, respectively. Our fi…
Neighborhood Effects on Crime
It is not entirely clear what attribute of neighborhoods’ race/ethnicity affects crime rates over time. Drawing on a sample of block groups in Baltimore (MD) we therefore estimate negative binomial regression models to test the concentration of specific ethnic groups in neighborhoods (% Black, % White, % Latino, % Asian, and % other race) as well as the level of heterogeneity among these groups. The results show that ethnic heterogeneity is assoc…
Recreating Human Mobility Patterns Through the Lens of Social Media
Studies of neighborhood crime are often limited in their ability to account for the dynamic nature of human mobility, a central tenet of prominent theoretical perspectives on the spatial distribution of crime. Yet, recent work indicates the utility of social media data for estimating the size and composition of such ambient population. In the present study, we assess whether four Twitter-derived measures are associated with crime counts across 2,…
Alleyways and crime in Denver, Colorado census blocks
Urban greenspace and neighborhood crime
Urban greenspace (UGS) has been recently linked to public safety. Criminologists, however, have been largely absent from the discussion about this association, despite having important theoretical tools and empirical findings to contribute. In the current study, we review the prominent criminological perspectives that may be used to explain the association between UGS and crime. Furthermore, we draw from prior work to extend beyond the question o…
Examining the relationship between tree canopy coverage and crime
A bourgeoning area of research suggests that tree canopy coverage can reduce crime in neighborhoods. However, nearly all prior studies have analyzed the effects of tree canopy coverage on crime across neighborhoods at a single timepoint. Thus, it is necessary to examine change within neighborhoods of the relationship between tree canopy coverage and aggregate crime outcomes. For the present study, we conduct a longitudinal block group analysis of…
Is White-Collar Crime White? Racialization in the National Press Coverage of White-Collar Crime from 1950 to 2010
While much is written about racialization of street criminals in the American media, racial dimensions of the media framing of white-collar crime remain underexplored. To address this issue, we analyze the coverage of bribery, electoral fraud, tax evasion, and insider trading in five national newspapers between 1950 and 2010. Drawing on John Hagan’s (2012) work, we trace the racialization of white-collar crime in the press back to Richard Nixon’s…
Estimating Age-Graded Effects of Businesses on Crime in Place
Although prior studies have examined the association between the presence of various types of business facilities and crime in place, less attention has been paid to how the effects of businesses can be temporally different based on their age. We focus on four consumer-facing business types: 1) retail, 2) service, 3) restaurant, and 4) food and drug stores. For each type, we construct block level measures of the number of businesses, the average …
The time-varying effects of physical environment for walkability on neighborhood crime
Unintended Consequences? The Effects of Neighbourhood Walkability on Crime in Nine US Cities
The criminological literature suggests that neighbourhood walkability might produce unintended consequences, namely that walkability is associated with higher crime rates because it affords potential offenders an abundance of weakly guarded targets. To address this proposition, we investigate linear and nonlinear effects of walkability using a sample of block groups located across nine US cities. Results from our negative binomial regression mode…
Examining the spatial distribution of parking tickets in San Francisco neighborhoods
Parking citations are among the most common minor offenses, which can result in millions of dollars in revenue each year for cities. However, it is an open question whether the spatial distribution of parking citations is equitable in terms of neighborhoods' racial/ethnic composition and economic standing. To the extent that parking citations are issued in nonwhite or low-income neighborhoods, this would represent a form of urban inequality. Thus…
Revisiting the Relationship Between Racial Heterogeneity and Neighborhood Crime
This study examines the relationships between racial heterogeneity and crime across blocks ( N = 103,168) located in the greater Southern California region. We estimate negative binomial regression models that test for the effects of racial heterogeneity in conjunction with different functional form and spatial scaling considerations. Racial diversity in the block has a crime-reducing effect, whereas racial diversity in the area surrounding the b…
Seasonality and Crime in Orlando Neighbourhoods
The current study examines seasonality by modelling crime in small spatial units while accounting for numerous land uses (e.g. hotel, store, school and industrial) and sociodemographic characteristics. We estimate logistic regression models that predict the probability of a crime occurring in our sample of blocks in Orlando, FL over the 52 weeks of the year (i.e. block-weeks). In addition, we examined interaction terms between each land use measu…
Neighborhood Effects on Crime in San Francisco
Communities and crime research presumes that purely nonresidential land uses are associated with more crime, whereas purely residential land use is associated with less crime. However, few studies have evaluated this prevailing assumption in tandem with the notion of "mixed" land use. Drawing on a sample of San Francisco census blocks, this study examines the neighborhood effects of several land use measures on crime counts using negative binomia…
Topography and crime in place
Few studies have investigated how features of the land surface and the street network affect spatial crime patterns. Accordingly, for the current study, we estimated negative binomial regression models to test for main and moderating effects of elevation, slope, and betweenness on crime across San Francisco street segments. While significant effects were observed for all topography measures assessed, we found that elevation differences in the sur…
A Longitudinal Examination of Building Demolitions on Neighbourhood Crime Rates
Criminological research shows that vacant and dilapidated buildings contribute to higher neighbourhood crime rates. Therefore, the implication is that by physically removing these buildings from a neighbourhood, there will subsequently be a reduction in crime within that neighbourhood. In this study, we focus on the potential crime-reducing benefits of building demolitions—a change in the physical landscape, which may initiate or sustain neighbou…
Micro-Scale, Meso-Scale, Macro-Scale, and Temporal Scale
We compare the relative importance of four dimensions for explaining the micro location of robberies: 1) the micro spatial scale of street segments; 2) the meso spatial scale surrounding the street segment; 3) the temporal pattern, and 4) the macro-scale of the surrounding 2.5 miles. This study uses crime, business, and land use data from New York City and aggregates it to street segments and hours of the day. Although the measures capturing the …
An Examination of Schools, Social Ecological Factors, and Neighbourhood Crime
Although theories suggest that schools are associated with higher neighbourhood crime rates, it is not clear what particular measures of schools have a crime-producing impact when controlling for a diversity of social-ecological factors. We therefore address this question by performing a block-level analysis of schools and crime in the city of Chicago. Negative binomial regression models reveal that the presence of any school in the focal block i…
Understanding the Differential Effects of Land Uses On Crime
Although criminology presumes that the physical structural qualities of neighbourhoods have important consequences for crime, there is a dearth of research to test the effects of different land uses on crime rates. Using data on a sample of Philadelphia census blocks, I compute the percentage of the block area classified into seven land use categories, and I use Poisson models to test the localized and broader spatial impact of each of these land…
Mixed land use and neighborhood crime
Understanding the density of nonprofit organizations across Los Angeles neighborhoods
Mixed land use and neighborhood crime
Voluntary Organizations and Neighborhood Crime
Although numerous theories suggest that voluntary organizations contribute to lower crime rates in neighborhoods, the evidence for this proposition is weak. Consequently, we propose a dynamic perspective for understanding the relationship between voluntary organizations and neighborhood crime that involves longitudinal analyses and the measurement of the age of organizations. By using longitudinal data on a sample of census blocks ( N = 87,641) l…
Understanding the density of nonprofit organizations across Los Angeles neighborhoods
Studying neighborhood crime across different macro spatial scales
Understanding the Differential Effects of Land Uses On Crime
Although criminology presumes that the physical structural qualities of neighbourhoods have important consequences for crime, there is a dearth of research to test the effects of different land uses on crime rates. Using data on a sample of Philadelphia census blocks, I compute the percentage of the block area classified into seven land use categories, and I use Poisson models to test the localized and broader spatial impact of each of these land…
Neighborhood Effects on Crime in San Francisco
Communities and crime research presumes that purely nonresidential land uses are associated with more crime, whereas purely residential land use is associated with less crime. However, few studies have evaluated this prevailing assumption in tandem with the notion of "mixed" land use. Drawing on a sample of San Francisco census blocks, this study examines the neighborhood effects of several land use measures on crime counts using negative binomia…
Examining the spatial distribution of parking tickets in San Francisco neighborhoods
Parking citations are among the most common minor offenses, which can result in millions of dollars in revenue each year for cities. However, it is an open question whether the spatial distribution of parking citations is equitable in terms of neighborhoods' racial/ethnic composition and economic standing. To the extent that parking citations are issued in nonwhite or low-income neighborhoods, this would represent a form of urban inequality. Thus…
Seasonality and Crime in Orlando Neighbourhoods
The current study examines seasonality by modelling crime in small spatial units while accounting for numerous land uses (e.g. hotel, store, school and industrial) and sociodemographic characteristics. We estimate logistic regression models that predict the probability of a crime occurring in our sample of blocks in Orlando, FL over the 52 weeks of the year (i.e. block-weeks). In addition, we examined interaction terms between each land use measu…
Urban greenspace and neighborhood crime
Urban greenspace (UGS) has been recently linked to public safety. Criminologists, however, have been largely absent from the discussion about this association, despite having important theoretical tools and empirical findings to contribute. In the current study, we review the prominent criminological perspectives that may be used to explain the association between UGS and crime. Furthermore, we draw from prior work to extend beyond the question o…
Examining the relationship between tree canopy coverage and crime
A bourgeoning area of research suggests that tree canopy coverage can reduce crime in neighborhoods. However, nearly all prior studies have analyzed the effects of tree canopy coverage on crime across neighborhoods at a single timepoint. Thus, it is necessary to examine change within neighborhoods of the relationship between tree canopy coverage and aggregate crime outcomes. For the present study, we conduct a longitudinal block group analysis of…
The time-varying effects of physical environment for walkability on neighborhood crime
Unintended Consequences? The Effects of Neighbourhood Walkability on Crime in Nine US Cities
The criminological literature suggests that neighbourhood walkability might produce unintended consequences, namely that walkability is associated with higher crime rates because it affords potential offenders an abundance of weakly guarded targets. To address this proposition, we investigate linear and nonlinear effects of walkability using a sample of block groups located across nine US cities. Results from our negative binomial regression mode…
An Examination of Schools, Social Ecological Factors, and Neighbourhood Crime
Although theories suggest that schools are associated with higher neighbourhood crime rates, it is not clear what particular measures of schools have a crime-producing impact when controlling for a diversity of social-ecological factors. We therefore address this question by performing a block-level analysis of schools and crime in the city of Chicago. Negative binomial regression models reveal that the presence of any school in the focal block i…
Moving beyond “Does it reduce crime
Linking Neighborhood Crime to Racial Diversity, Immigrant Concentration, and Ethnic Heterogeneity among Immigrants
The current study simultaneously examines the effects of various measures of demographic heterogeneity on neighborhood crime and their possible moderating effects. We estimated a set of negative binomial regression models with all three measures of demographic heterogeneity for testing their associations with crime in neighborhood. We also tested the moderation effects by adding multiplicative interaction terms in each model, respectively. Our fi…
Alleyways and crime in Denver, Colorado census blocks
Topography and crime in place
Few studies have investigated how features of the land surface and the street network affect spatial crime patterns. Accordingly, for the current study, we estimated negative binomial regression models to test for main and moderating effects of elevation, slope, and betweenness on crime across San Francisco street segments. While significant effects were observed for all topography measures assessed, we found that elevation differences in the sur…
Collective Efficacy and Crime
Voluntary Organizations and Neighborhood Crime
Although numerous theories suggest that voluntary organizations contribute to lower crime rates in neighborhoods, the evidence for this proposition is weak. Consequently, we propose a dynamic perspective for understanding the relationship between voluntary organizations and neighborhood crime that involves longitudinal analyses and the measurement of the age of organizations. By using longitudinal data on a sample of census blocks ( N = 87,641) l…
Studying neighborhood crime across different macro spatial scales
Understanding the density of nonprofit organizations across Los Angeles neighborhoods
Understanding the Differential Effects of Land Uses On Crime
Although criminology presumes that the physical structural qualities of neighbourhoods have important consequences for crime, there is a dearth of research to test the effects of different land uses on crime rates. Using data on a sample of Philadelphia census blocks, I compute the percentage of the block area classified into seven land use categories, and I use Poisson models to test the localized and broader spatial impact of each of these land…
Mixed land use and neighborhood crime
Micro-Scale, Meso-Scale, Macro-Scale, and Temporal Scale
We compare the relative importance of four dimensions for explaining the micro location of robberies: 1) the micro spatial scale of street segments; 2) the meso spatial scale surrounding the street segment; 3) the temporal pattern, and 4) the macro-scale of the surrounding 2.5 miles. This study uses crime, business, and land use data from New York City and aggregates it to street segments and hours of the day. Although the measures capturing the …
An Examination of Schools, Social Ecological Factors, and Neighbourhood Crime
Although theories suggest that schools are associated with higher neighbourhood crime rates, it is not clear what particular measures of schools have a crime-producing impact when controlling for a diversity of social-ecological factors. We therefore address this question by performing a block-level analysis of schools and crime in the city of Chicago. Negative binomial regression models reveal that the presence of any school in the focal block i…
Topography and crime in place
Few studies have investigated how features of the land surface and the street network affect spatial crime patterns. Accordingly, for the current study, we estimated negative binomial regression models to test for main and moderating effects of elevation, slope, and betweenness on crime across San Francisco street segments. While significant effects were observed for all topography measures assessed, we found that elevation differences in the sur…
A Longitudinal Examination of Building Demolitions on Neighbourhood Crime Rates
Criminological research shows that vacant and dilapidated buildings contribute to higher neighbourhood crime rates. Therefore, the implication is that by physically removing these buildings from a neighbourhood, there will subsequently be a reduction in crime within that neighbourhood. In this study, we focus on the potential crime-reducing benefits of building demolitions—a change in the physical landscape, which may initiate or sustain neighbou…
Revisiting the Relationship Between Racial Heterogeneity and Neighborhood Crime
This study examines the relationships between racial heterogeneity and crime across blocks ( N = 103,168) located in the greater Southern California region. We estimate negative binomial regression models that test for the effects of racial heterogeneity in conjunction with different functional form and spatial scaling considerations. Racial diversity in the block has a crime-reducing effect, whereas racial diversity in the area surrounding the b…
Seasonality and Crime in Orlando Neighbourhoods
The current study examines seasonality by modelling crime in small spatial units while accounting for numerous land uses (e.g. hotel, store, school and industrial) and sociodemographic characteristics. We estimate logistic regression models that predict the probability of a crime occurring in our sample of blocks in Orlando, FL over the 52 weeks of the year (i.e. block-weeks). In addition, we examined interaction terms between each land use measu…
Neighborhood Effects on Crime in San Francisco
Communities and crime research presumes that purely nonresidential land uses are associated with more crime, whereas purely residential land use is associated with less crime. However, few studies have evaluated this prevailing assumption in tandem with the notion of "mixed" land use. Drawing on a sample of San Francisco census blocks, this study examines the neighborhood effects of several land use measures on crime counts using negative binomia…
Is White-Collar Crime White? Racialization in the National Press Coverage of White-Collar Crime from 1950 to 2010
While much is written about racialization of street criminals in the American media, racial dimensions of the media framing of white-collar crime remain underexplored. To address this issue, we analyze the coverage of bribery, electoral fraud, tax evasion, and insider trading in five national newspapers between 1950 and 2010. Drawing on John Hagan’s (2012) work, we trace the racialization of white-collar crime in the press back to Richard Nixon’s…
Estimating Age-Graded Effects of Businesses on Crime in Place
Although prior studies have examined the association between the presence of various types of business facilities and crime in place, less attention has been paid to how the effects of businesses can be temporally different based on their age. We focus on four consumer-facing business types: 1) retail, 2) service, 3) restaurant, and 4) food and drug stores. For each type, we construct block level measures of the number of businesses, the average …
The time-varying effects of physical environment for walkability on neighborhood crime
Unintended Consequences? The Effects of Neighbourhood Walkability on Crime in Nine US Cities
The criminological literature suggests that neighbourhood walkability might produce unintended consequences, namely that walkability is associated with higher crime rates because it affords potential offenders an abundance of weakly guarded targets. To address this proposition, we investigate linear and nonlinear effects of walkability using a sample of block groups located across nine US cities. Results from our negative binomial regression mode…
Examining the spatial distribution of parking tickets in San Francisco neighborhoods
Parking citations are among the most common minor offenses, which can result in millions of dollars in revenue each year for cities. However, it is an open question whether the spatial distribution of parking citations is equitable in terms of neighborhoods' racial/ethnic composition and economic standing. To the extent that parking citations are issued in nonwhite or low-income neighborhoods, this would represent a form of urban inequality. Thus…
Neighborhood Effects on Crime
It is not entirely clear what attribute of neighborhoods’ race/ethnicity affects crime rates over time. Drawing on a sample of block groups in Baltimore (MD) we therefore estimate negative binomial regression models to test the concentration of specific ethnic groups in neighborhoods (% Black, % White, % Latino, % Asian, and % other race) as well as the level of heterogeneity among these groups. The results show that ethnic heterogeneity is assoc…
Recreating Human Mobility Patterns Through the Lens of Social Media
Studies of neighborhood crime are often limited in their ability to account for the dynamic nature of human mobility, a central tenet of prominent theoretical perspectives on the spatial distribution of crime. Yet, recent work indicates the utility of social media data for estimating the size and composition of such ambient population. In the present study, we assess whether four Twitter-derived measures are associated with crime counts across 2,…
Alleyways and crime in Denver, Colorado census blocks
Urban greenspace and neighborhood crime
Urban greenspace (UGS) has been recently linked to public safety. Criminologists, however, have been largely absent from the discussion about this association, despite having important theoretical tools and empirical findings to contribute. In the current study, we review the prominent criminological perspectives that may be used to explain the association between UGS and crime. Furthermore, we draw from prior work to extend beyond the question o…
Examining the relationship between tree canopy coverage and crime
A bourgeoning area of research suggests that tree canopy coverage can reduce crime in neighborhoods. However, nearly all prior studies have analyzed the effects of tree canopy coverage on crime across neighborhoods at a single timepoint. Thus, it is necessary to examine change within neighborhoods of the relationship between tree canopy coverage and aggregate crime outcomes. For the present study, we conduct a longitudinal block group analysis of…
Exploring crime through physical and social neighborhood factors
Moving beyond “Does it reduce crime
Crime Patterns and Interventions (23 obras) · Geography (18 obras) · Sociology (18 obras) · Criminology (15 obras) · Mathematics (12 obras) · Urban, Neighborhood, and Segregation Studies (11 obras) · Statistics (10 obras) · Political science (9 obras) · Psychology (9 obras) · Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance (8 obras)