Friedrich Kratochwil
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 289433 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Friedrich Kratochwil |
| NOMBRES | Friedrich |
| APELLIDO | Kratochwil |
| FIRMA | KRATOCHWIL F |
| AFILIACIONES | European University Institute |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-2583-5963 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 56 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 1351 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 55 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 1 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1978 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2023 |
| ÍNDICE H | 15 |
Ruminations on William Bain’s Political Theology of International Order
This article reviews Wiliam Bains book and places it in the wider discussion of seciularization vs. secularism taking place in the social science. in general
The strange fate of the morphed ‘rump materialism’
In putting Wendt's recent Quantum Mind in a larger context both of his own disciplinary engagement and some larger philosophical issues, I try to avoid a hasty dismissal, since the book seems at first blush to offer a ‘theory of everything’, or an uncritical acceptance, since the desire to know what makes the world hand together has always been part of the knowledge game. As to the first problem, I find it rather odd that Wendt spends little time…
Law as an argumentative practice
The comment expands the logic of the critique of the ‘judicialisation’ in the global era and suggests that arguments in support of this development often engage in confirmatory research which weighs the ‘evidence’ in light of our wishes and political projects. The talk about ‘learning’ and ‘dialogue’ cannot sustain this form of judicial paternalism (at best) as an instantiation of emancipation or celebrate it as a victory for law by dispensing wi…
After Theory, Before Big Data
On engagement and distance in social analysis
The problem of ‘distance and engagement’ highlights the Weberian paradox that objectivity in the social sciences cannot be based on demonstrative proof; it has to take into account values as the constituents of our ‘interests’. Values should be explicit even if this ‘perspectivity’ cannot satisfy the criteria of necessity and universality. Allegedly, my skeptical approach to ‘social theory’ leaves researchers with insufficient ‘hope’, but one als…
Response to Christian Reus-Smit’s review of Praxis
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International organization
International organization as a field of study has had its ups and downs throughout the post-World War II era and throughout this century for that matter. In the interwar period, the fate of the field reflected the fate of the world it studied: a creative burst of work on “international government” after 1919, followed by a period of more cautious reassessment approaching the 1930s, and a gradual decline into irrelevance if not obscurity thereaft…
Of Myths, Lies, and Phantasies
Of Words and Deeds
In this response, I answer some of the critiques that were raised in the Forum. In particular, this response clarifies the role of practices and pragmatism, the limits of inter-disciplinarity, and the authority and assumed foundations of law in a post-foundational time. Even though this contribution does not attempt to solve these issues once and for all, it provides avenues for future engagement
Understanding regional and global diffusion in international law
This is a reply to:Lasmar, Jorge M., Danny Zahreddine, and Delber Andrade Gribel Lage. 2015. “Understanding Regional and Global Diffusion in International Law: The Case for a Non-Monolithic Approach to Institutions.” Global Discourse 5 (3): 470–496. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1080/23269995.2015.1053197
Politics, law, and the sacred
Making sense of “international practices”
Now that the "practice turn" in social theory has reached International Relations (IR), a new great debate seems to be in the offing. Observers of previous "turns" might be skeptical of the promissory notes, not only because of experience, but also because this new focus on "practices" seems even less well defined. The spectrum ranges from adherents of "implicit knowledge" and habits à la Polanyi to Giddean grand theory focusing on the dialectics…
Ips Forum Contribution (Issue 3, Vol. 4)
Hopes for a fruitful interdisciplinary undertaking are seldom borne out, despite the near universal conviction of their usefulness. But since such a belief is rarely supported by the critical examination of its underlying assumptions, some brief remarks are appropriate. Above all, there is the problem of the disciplinary nature of our knowledge, which actually contradicts rather than buttresses the expectations of an interdisciplinary pay-off. Pr…
How (Il)liberal is the Liberal Theory of Law? Some Critical Remarks on Slaughter's Approach
This article explores the limits of Anne-Marie Slaughter's liberal theory of (international) law. Despite her admirable interdisciplinary work, Slaughter falls prey to proposing largely technical solutions based on best practices and buttressed by universal norms. She thereby misses the purpose of law as a source of meaning, not to mention the historicity and content-independent authority of law that can be legitimized only politically. Despite a…
Sociological Approaches
This article is organized around the following points. After a clarification of the concept of society, it examines whether we can meaningfully speak of a ‘world society’. It then addresses some methodological issues that are crucial for approaches that focus on social action, be it in the internal or the external arena. The main difference between sociological and other approaches consists of how to treat ‘social’ facts, whether they can be trea…
On Acting and Knowing
This article moves from deconstruction to reconstruction in research methodology. It proposes pragmatism as a way to escape from epistemological deadlock. We first show that social scientists are mistaken in their hope to obtain warranted knowledge through traditional scientific methods. We then show that pragmatism has grown from tacit commonsense to an explicit item on the agenda of the international relations discipline. We suggest that a cohe…
Towards a post-secular political order
The ‘return of religion’ as a social phenomenon has aroused at least three different debates, with the first being the ‘clash of civilizations’, the second criticizing ‘modernity’, and the third focusing on the public/private distinction. This article uses Habermas’ idea of a post-secular society as a prism through which we examine the return of religion and impact on secularization. In doing so, we attempt to understand the new role of religion …
Approaches and Methodologies in the Social Sciences
A revolutionary new textbook introducing masters and doctoral students to the major research approaches and methodologies in the social sciences. Written by an outstanding set of scholars, and derived from successful course teaching, this volume will empower students to choose their own approach to research, to justify this approach, and to situate it within the discipline. It addresses questions of ontology, epistemology and philosophy of social…
Varieties of World-Making
Of false promises and good bets
Of communities, gangs, historicity and the problem of Santa Claus
Re-thinking the “inter” in International Politics
This article examines the politics that emerge from three different conceptions of the “inter”: exchange, interest and identity. It argues that the classical focus on “distributive justice” in political analysis is too narrow since it excludes important issues such as non-cognitive factors (loyalty) and inter-generational questions that are of particular importance to politics. It thus draws attention to the “particular” and (historically) contin…
Looking back from somewhere
This article revisits some of the theoretical debates within the field of IR since Ashley and Cox challenged the mainstream. But in so doing it attempts also to show that the proposed alternatives have their own blind spots that are subjected in the second part to discursive criticism. Neither Ashley’s celebration of the wisdom of old realists nor their ‘silence’ on economics, nor the notion of ‘internationalisation of the state’ and of the world…
History, Action and Identity
This article raises the issue about the nature of knowledge in practical matters. Traditionally this question has been answered by pointing to 'theory-building' and to field independent epistemological criteria that are supposed to provide the knowledge warrants for the assertions made within a theoretical framework. In this context universality, i.e. generality and trans-historical reliability of the 'data', are particularly powerful criteria th…
On Legitimacy
This article provides a conceptual analysis of different uses of the term 'legitimacy'. Rather than attempting to provide a simple 'definition' I argue that the meaning of the concept cannot be understood in terms of a clear reference, but has to be analysed through its links with other concepts within a semantic field. In this way we are also able to 'explain' why at first contradictory uses of the term (designating its 'input' or the 'output' s…
International organization
International organization as a field of study is where the action is. The analytical shifts leading up to the current preoccupation with international regimes have been both progressive and cumulative. And the field is pursuing its object of study in innovative ways that are bringing it closer to the theoretical core of more general international relations work. As we point out, however, the study of regimes as practiced today suffers from the f…
Rules, Norms, and Decisions. On the Conditions of Practical and Legal Reasoning in International Relations and Domestic Affairs
This book assesses the impact of norms on decision-making. It argues that norms influence choices not by being causes for actions, but by providing reasons. Consequently it approaches the problem via an investigation of the reasoning process in which norms play a decisive role. Kratochwil argues that, depending upon the strictness the guidance norms provide in arriving at a decision, different styles of reasoning with norms can be distinguished. …
On Acting and Knowing
This article moves from deconstruction to reconstruction in research methodology. It proposes pragmatism as a way to escape from epistemological deadlock. We first show that social scientists are mistaken in their hope to obtain warranted knowledge through traditional scientific methods. We then show that pragmatism has grown from tacit commonsense to an explicit item on the agenda of the international relations discipline. We suggest that a cohe…
Of Systems, Boundaries, and Territoriality
The author explores the changing functions of boundaries in territorially and nonterritorially based social organizations. By focusing on the exchanges that boundaries mediate, a fuller account can be given of the systems characteristics in which the units interact than is afforded by traditional systems theory. Two case studies demonstrate that imperial boundaries differ significantly from those in the state system. Boundaries are shown to be th…
The Return of Culture and Identity in IR Theory
Understanding change in international politics
The succession of mostly nonviolent revolutions that replaced Eastern European communist governments in 1989 and the lack of any action by the Soviet Union to stop these changes transformed the international political system. Since these changes were not driven by changes in relative capabilities, they did not follow the postulates of neorealist theory. Rather, the revolutions of 1989 changed the rules governing superpower conflict and, thereby, …
History, Action and Identity
This article raises the issue about the nature of knowledge in practical matters. Traditionally this question has been answered by pointing to 'theory-building' and to field independent epistemological criteria that are supposed to provide the knowledge warrants for the assertions made within a theoretical framework. In this context universality, i.e. generality and trans-historical reliability of the 'data', are particularly powerful criteria th…
The force of prescriptions
How do norms influence choices in social life? Conceptual distinctions among types of norms and suggestions in the work of Hobbes, Hume, and Durkheim help us investigate in greater detail the “woolly” concept of regimes in international relations. When we disaggregate the “set of explicit and implicit norms, rules, and decisionmaking procedures” in a given issue area and focus on the conceptual links between rules, principles (norms), and actions…
Constructing a New Orthodoxy? Wendt's `Social Theory of International Politics' and the Constructivist Challenge
On the notion of “interest” in international relations
Since the notion of the “national interest” plays a pivotal role in the discourse of state action, its clarification as a normative term is historically as well as systematically important. Differing from the conventional approach, which defines the national interest according to genus and taxa, I shall argue that due to its function as a normative term the national interest cannot be understood in taxonomic categories; it necessitates an investi…
Medieval tales
Markus Fischer characterizes his recent article in this journal as an “empirical contribution” to the debate among neorealist scholars and those whom, ignoring the diversity of their research interests and theoretical perspectives, he subsumes under the rubric of “critical theorists.” Fischer's piece requires a response because of (1) its tendentious reading of the work of other students of international relations theory and (2) its misuse of his…
Of false promises and good bets
The embarrassment of changes
The fundamental change occasioned by perestroika , the dissolution of the Soviet Bloc, the reunification of Germany, and the end of the ‘Cold War’ has become a crucial test for the explanation of change provided by the established paradigm of international politics, neo-realism. In at least three respects, this approach was embarrassed by the chain of events
Towards a post-secular political order
The ‘return of religion’ as a social phenomenon has aroused at least three different debates, with the first being the ‘clash of civilizations’, the second criticizing ‘modernity’, and the third focusing on the public/private distinction. This article uses Habermas’ idea of a post-secular society as a prism through which we examine the return of religion and impact on secularization. In doing so, we attempt to understand the new role of religion …
Regimes, Interpretation and the 'Science' of Politics
"The Monologue of "Science
The task of this forum is to further dialogue and synthesis regarding international relations theory. Although in agreement with the general idea behind this forum and grateful for the emphasis on concrete research driven by actual political problems, this author, nevertheless, believes that the questions providing the rationale for this forum are too narrowly focused on these ongoing debates and their concomitant pathologies. The thrust of the q…
Errors have their advantage
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
Religion and (Inter-)National Politics
Starting from the puzzling effects of religion on conflict, both its escalation and deescalation, this article investigates the role of religion in maintaining boundaries (sacred/profane, clean/unclean, good/evil, etc.) that become constitutive of “self” and “society.” The conceptual tools developed in this context are then applied to the issue of “fundamentalism” in contemporary politics
Of communities, gangs, historicity and the problem of Santa Claus
Citizenship
Recent wide-ranging movements of world population have given new salience to discussions about citizenship. Among the factors contributing to this new focus on the topic are not only general patterns of international migration but, more specifically, the wave of state disintegrations, concomitant minority and refugee problems, and the resulting problems of integration into the countries receiving the new residents. Boat people, from the original …
Re-thinking the “inter” in International Politics
This article examines the politics that emerge from three different conceptions of the “inter”: exchange, interest and identity. It argues that the classical focus on “distributive justice” in political analysis is too narrow since it excludes important issues such as non-cognitive factors (loyalty) and inter-generational questions that are of particular importance to politics. It thus draws attention to the “particular” and (historically) contin…
On Legitimacy
This article provides a conceptual analysis of different uses of the term 'legitimacy'. Rather than attempting to provide a simple 'definition' I argue that the meaning of the concept cannot be understood in terms of a clear reference, but has to be analysed through its links with other concepts within a semantic field. In this way we are also able to 'explain' why at first contradictory uses of the term (designating its 'input' or the 'output' s…
The Limits of Contract
The Limits of Contract Get access Friedrich Kratochwil Friedrich Kratochwil *University of Pennsylvania Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar European Journal of International Law, Volume 5, Issue 4, 1994, Pages 465–491, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.ejil.a035891 Published: 01 January 1994
International Order and Foreign Policy
The strange fate of the morphed ‘rump materialism’
In putting Wendt's recent Quantum Mind in a larger context both of his own disciplinary engagement and some larger philosophical issues, I try to avoid a hasty dismissal, since the book seems at first blush to offer a ‘theory of everything’, or an uncritical acceptance, since the desire to know what makes the world hand together has always been part of the knowledge game. As to the first problem, I find it rather odd that Wendt spends little time…
International Order and Foreign Policy
Alternative criteria for evaluating foreign policy
The problem of establishing criteria for evaluating foreign policy is critical, particularly given the dynamic of revolutionary change which will characterize the next decade. Too often, in the past, the sole criterion used in judging the appropriateness of foreign policy has been its “rationality,” or its “efficiency” in maximizing its goals. This purported rationality has served only to camouflage the underlying value preferences which determin…
On the notion of “interest” in international relations
Since the notion of the “national interest” plays a pivotal role in the discourse of state action, its clarification as a normative term is historically as well as systematically important. Differing from the conventional approach, which defines the national interest according to genus and taxa, I shall argue that due to its function as a normative term the national interest cannot be understood in taxonomic categories; it necessitates an investi…
Errors have their advantage
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
The force of prescriptions
How do norms influence choices in social life? Conceptual distinctions among types of norms and suggestions in the work of Hobbes, Hume, and Durkheim help us investigate in greater detail the “woolly” concept of regimes in international relations. When we disaggregate the “set of explicit and implicit norms, rules, and decisionmaking procedures” in a given issue area and focus on the conceptual links between rules, principles (norms), and actions…
International organization
International organization as a field of study is where the action is. The analytical shifts leading up to the current preoccupation with international regimes have been both progressive and cumulative. And the field is pursuing its object of study in innovative ways that are bringing it closer to the theoretical core of more general international relations work. As we point out, however, the study of regimes as practiced today suffers from the f…
Of Systems, Boundaries, and Territoriality
The author explores the changing functions of boundaries in territorially and nonterritorially based social organizations. By focusing on the exchanges that boundaries mediate, a fuller account can be given of the systems characteristics in which the units interact than is afforded by traditional systems theory. Two case studies demonstrate that imperial boundaries differ significantly from those in the state system. Boundaries are shown to be th…
Norms and Values
Kratochwil argues that a social-scientific study of the behavior of regimes, and how they exercise power, is a useful method to challenge the exaggerated view of international relations as a “normless anarchy.” By showing how “expectations” dictate action in international affairs, his method asserts the existence of a universal force among nations
Regimes, Interpretation and the 'Science' of Politics
The Protagorean Quest
nated, he sent Hermes to them, bestowing upon them shame and justice as the ordering principles of communities, as well as the bonds of friendship and conciliation. Hermes asked Zeus how he should impart justice and shame among men: should he distribute them as the arts ... i.e., give them to a few favored ones only ... or should [he] give them to all alike? To all, said Zeus, for communities cannot exist, if a few only share in the virtues. And …
The Protagorean Quest
Friedrich Kratochwil, The Protagorean Quest: Community, Justice, and the 'Oughts' and 'Musts' of International Politics, International Journal, Vol. 43, No. 2, Ethics in World Politics (Spring, 1988), pp. 205-240
Rules, Norms, and Decisions
This book assesses the impact of norms on decision-making. It argues that norms influence choices not by being causes for actions, but by providing reasons. Consequently it approaches the problem via an investigation of the reasoning process in which norms play a decisive role. Kratochwil argues that, depending upon the strictness the guidance norms provide in arriving at a decision, different styles of reasoning with norms can be distinguished. …
Rules, Norms, and Decisions. On the Conditions of Practical and Legal Reasoning in International Relations and Domestic Affairs
This book assesses the impact of norms on decision-making. It argues that norms influence choices not by being causes for actions, but by providing reasons. Consequently it approaches the problem via an investigation of the reasoning process in which norms play a decisive role. Kratochwil argues that, depending upon the strictness the guidance norms provide in arriving at a decision, different styles of reasoning with norms can be distinguished. …
International order and individual liberty
The embarrassment of changes
The fundamental change occasioned by perestroika , the dissolution of the Soviet Bloc, the reunification of Germany, and the end of the ‘Cold War’ has become a crucial test for the explanation of change provided by the established paradigm of international politics, neo-realism. In at least three respects, this approach was embarrassed by the chain of events
Medieval tales
Markus Fischer characterizes his recent article in this journal as an “empirical contribution” to the debate among neorealist scholars and those whom, ignoring the diversity of their research interests and theoretical perspectives, he subsumes under the rubric of “critical theorists.” Fischer's piece requires a response because of (1) its tendentious reading of the work of other students of international relations theory and (2) its misuse of his…
Changing Relations between State, Market and Society, and the Problem of Knowledge
The Limits of Contract
The Limits of Contract Get access Friedrich Kratochwil Friedrich Kratochwil *University of Pennsylvania Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar European Journal of International Law, Volume 5, Issue 4, 1994, Pages 465–491, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.ejil.a035891 Published: 01 January 1994
Citizenship
Recent wide-ranging movements of world population have given new salience to discussions about citizenship. Among the factors contributing to this new focus on the topic are not only general patterns of international migration but, more specifically, the wave of state disintegrations, concomitant minority and refugee problems, and the resulting problems of integration into the countries receiving the new residents. Boat people, from the original …
Understanding change in international politics
The succession of mostly nonviolent revolutions that replaced Eastern European communist governments in 1989 and the lack of any action by the Soviet Union to stop these changes transformed the international political system. Since these changes were not driven by changes in relative capabilities, they did not follow the postulates of neorealist theory. Rather, the revolutions of 1989 changed the rules governing superpower conflict and, thereby, …
Revisiting the “National”
Is the Ship of Culture at Sea or Returning?
The Return of Culture and Identity in IR Theory
Awakening or Somnambulation
Politics, Norms and Peaceful Change
The best proof that E. H. Carr has written a true ‘classic’ is that The Twenty Years' Crisis provides much food for thought even now when some of its alleged foundational verities have become problematic. Rather than being limited to a ‘realist’ understanding of politics pure and simple, the reader encounters an analysis that is much more subtle though much less scientific than later realist interpretations would suggest. True, the first chapter …
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