John M Macdonald
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 295197 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | John M Macdonald |
| NOMBRES | John M |
| APELLIDO | Macdonald |
| FIRMA | MACDONALD J M |
| AFILIACIONES | University of Pennsylvania |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-6714-8905 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 72 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 447 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 72 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1956 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 11 |
Leaching of legacy paper mill sludge induces lithification by cementation of fluvial sediment
This study investigates the formation of anthropogenic conglomeratic rock caused by the lithification of natural fluvial sediment due to calcium leaching from adjacent paper mill sludge (PMS) deposits. The research focuses on a site near Penicuik, Scotland, where historical paper mill activities resulted in calcium-rich waste accumulation. Field observations identified lithified sediment on the stream bed beneath the PMS heaps, with natural clast…
Fixing Up Places Is Easier Than Fixing People
Louis Tapardjuk (1953-2026)
Can enhanced street lighting improve public safety at scale
Research Summary Street crimes are thought to be influenced by changes in ambient lighting; yet, most studies have focused on small‐scale interventions in limited areas. It remains unclear whether enhanced lighting can improve safety on a larger, jurisdiction‐wide scale. This study examined the first 10 months of Philadelphia's citywide rollout of enhanced street lighting. Between August 2023 and May 2024, 34,374 streetlights were upgraded across…
Sources of organizational variability in fatal police shootings in the USA
Defund the Police?
In 2020 homicide rates rose by 30%, the single highest increase in homicide in the past six decades. At the same time, racial justice protests spawned a new movement calling to “defund the police.” There are no systematic studies of the impact of the “defund the police” movement on the rise in serious urban violence. However, research supports the position that homicide increases when police departments withdraw from proactive crime control activ…
Lessons Learned From a Citywide Abandoned Housing Experiment
Problem research strategy and findings: The negative impact of vacant and abandoned housing in city neighborhoods is extreme, affecting health and quality of life, promoting violence, and leading to further abandonment. One approach to addressing abandoned housing is to intervene with low-cost interventions that provide a visual sense of ownership. We tested whether a low-cost remediation of abandoned and vacant houses or a trash cleanup interven…
Police reform in public housing contexts
Research summary The concern of crime in New York City public housing complexes motivated heightened police patrol of buildings and the enforcement of trespass laws. The 2013 federal court settlement of Davis et al. v. City of New York et al. mandated that the New York City Police Department (NYPD) implement a series of reforms, including the deployment of body‐worn cameras (BWCs) on officers, to address unconstitutional use of criminal trespass …
Does urban development influence crime? Evidence from Philadelphia’s new zoning regulations
Cities and Policing for Crime Prevention
Over the past 20 years, there has been growing concern over a purported link between proactive policing to control crime and unfair, biased, and abusive policing approaches. Overly aggressive and indiscriminate policing initiatives run the risk of driving a wedge between police and the communities they serve, with residents of disadvantaged neighborhoods feeling less like partners and more like targets. At the same time, research suggests that ef…
Shootings and land use
The effects of vacant lot greening and the impact of land use and business presence on crime
We examine the effect of the Philadelphia LandCare vacant lot greening initiative on crime and the extent to which surrounding land uses and business types moderate this intervention. We rely on a propensity score matching analysis to account for substantial differences in demographic, economic, land use, and business characteristics between greened and ungreened vacant lots. We estimate larger and more significant crime reductions around vacant …
Where racial and ethnic disparities in policing come from
Research Summary This study examines the extent to which citywide racial and ethnic disparities in arrests are driven by a subset of places within cities. Data are drawn from six U.S. cities from 2014 to 2019. Results indicate that arrests are strongly concentrated within a few block groups, for all race and ethnicities in all cities. Coupled with higher rates of arrests for Blacks and (in some cities) Hispanics compared to Whites and other racia…
Body‐worn cameras, lawful police stops, and Nypd officer compliance
The federal court settlement of Floyd, et al. v. City of New York, et al. (2013) mandated that the New York City Police Department (NYPD) implement a series of reforms to address unlawful stop, question, and frisk patterns and practices. Among other changes, the remedial order required the NYPD to implement and evaluate a pilot body‐worn camera program to determine whether outfitting officers with the technology led to more lawful and civil polic…
Sobering Up After the Seventh Inning
Is the recent surge in violence in American cities due to contagion
Chapter 7. Methods for Assessing Racially Biased Policing
Deterrence and liability for intentional torts
Effect of scaling back punishment on racial and ethnic disparities in criminal case outcomes
Research Summary In late 2014, California voters passed Proposition 47 that redefined a set of less serious felony drug and property offenses as misdemeanors. We examine how racial and ethnic disparities in criminal court dispositions in San Francisco change in the years before (2010–2014) and after (2015–2016) the passage of Proposition 47. We decompose disparities in court dispositions into components resulting from racial/ethnic differences in…
Vajpayee, Singh, and Modi
Indian Prime Ministers occupy the pinnacle of India’s government, national security hierarchy, and nuclear command and control infrastructure, which allows them to make decisions that transform Indian nuclear strategy. However, within India’s nuclear decision-making bureaucracy, other actors including India’s nuclear scientists and engineers, the military, and democratic processes can also adjust Indian nuclear strategy which creates rivalry. Thi…
Gentrification, Land Use, and Crime
Over the past twenty years, many US cities have seen urban revitalization and population changes associated with an increased desire for urban living among the affluent. As inner-city neighborhoods become gentrified, they are more likely to witness the construction of new buildings and homes, the conversion of industrial spaces to mixed-used developments, expanded access to mass transit, and the arrival of coffee shops and other urban amenities. …
De‐policing as a consequence of the so‐called “Ferguson effect”
Improving police effectiveness in ensuring justice
Effect of Remediating Blighted Vacant Land on Shootings
Objectives. To determine if remediating blighted vacant urban land reduced firearm shooting incidents resulting in injury or death. Methods. We conducted a cluster randomized controlled trial in which we assigned 541 randomly selected vacant lots in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to 110 geographically contiguous clusters and randomly assigned these clusters to a greening intervention, a less-intensive mowing and trash cleanup intervention, or a no-i…
Effect of Greening Vacant Land on Mental Health of Community-Dwelling Adults
Importance: Neighborhood physical conditions have been associated with mental illness and may partially explain persistent socioeconomic disparities in the prevalence of poor mental health. Objective: To evaluate whether interventions to green vacant urban land can improve self-reported mental health. Design, Setting, and Participants: This citywide cluster randomized trial examined 442 community-dwelling sampled adults living in Philadelphia, Pe…
Police Suspicion and Discretionary Decision Making During Citizen Stops
This study examines the influence of racial, demographic and situational variables on types of police suspicion and the ancillary decision to stop and question suspects. Data were drawn from an observational study of police decision making in Savannah, Georgia. Based on the literature, we hypothesized that minority suspects will be more likely to be viewed suspiciously by the police for nonbehavioral reasons. We also hypothesize that minority sta…
The Influence of Delinquen Peers on Delinquency
Research indicates that gender is one of the strongest correlates of juvenile delinquency. Additionally, a growing body of literature suggests that the association with delinquent peers is an important predictor of delinquent behavior. Although a few studies have examined how delinquent peers condition the gender-delinquency relationship, the authors extend this body of literature by using longitudinal data from a sample of adolescents to explore…
Race, Social Capital, and Trust in the Police
Using a national survey of U.S. residents this study examines racial, socioeconomic, and community explanations for the trust of local police. We hypothesize that the construct of social capital offers a nexus for explaining racial differences in attitudes toward the police. We measure social capital as a construct by aggregating together measures that assess the degree of trust and civic engagement in communities. The results indicate that deple…
Public Safety through Private Action
Private actions to avoid and prevent criminal victimisation and assist public law enforcement are vital inputs into the crime‐control process. One form of private action, the business improvement district (BID), appears particularly promising. A BID is a non‐profit organisation created by property owners to provide local public goods, usually including public safety. Our analysis of 30 Los Angeles BIDs demonstrates that the social benefits of BID…
Race, Local Life Circumstances, and Criminal Activity
Objective . Life–course researchers suggest that changes in local life circumstances explain changes in criminal activity in adulthood. Although the extent to which local life circumstances propel offenders toward/away from criminal behavior is a subject of considerable debate, the issue of race has largely been ignored. The objective in this research is to incorporate race into a life–course perspective that examines the influence of changes in …
Examining the Generality of the Unemployment–crime Association
This article examines whether the relationship between unemployment and criminal offending depends on the type of crime analyzed. We rely on fixed‐effects regression models to assess the association between changes in unemployment status and changes in violent crime, property crime, and driving under the influence (DUI) over a 6‐year period. We also examine whether the type of unemployment benefit received moderates the link to criminal behavior.…
The World in a City
immigration; place; social fabric; demographic changes
The dynamic relationship between homicide rates and social, economic, and political factors from 1970 to 2000
Policing the homeless
Research Summary Police officials across the United States are increasingly relying on place‐based approaches for crime prevention. In this article, we examine the Safer Cities Initiative, a widely publicized place‐based policing intervention implemented in Los Angeles's “Skid Row” that focused on crime and disorder associated with homeless encampments. Crime reduction was the goal. The police division in which the program was undertaken provides…
Violence and drug use in juvenile institutions
The Privatization of Public Safety in Urban Neighborhoods
The business improvement district (BID) is a popular economic development and urban revitalization model in which local property and business owners must pay an assessment tax that funds supplementary services, including private security. BIDs constitute a controversial form of urban revitalization to some because they privatize economic development and public safety efforts in public space. This study examines whether BIDs provide tangible benef…
A Specialized Domestic Violence Court in South Carolina
The current research details interviews with 50 victims and 50 defendants who participated in a specialized criminal domestic violence court in Lexington County, South Carolina. These victims and defendants indicated satisfaction with their court experiences, thought the process allowed them to voice their views, felt they were treated with respect, and were generally satisfied with the outcome of their cases. Court observations and interviews wi…
Body‐worn cameras, lawful police stops, and Nypd officer compliance
The federal court settlement of Floyd, et al. v. City of New York, et al. (2013) mandated that the New York City Police Department (NYPD) implement a series of reforms to address unlawful stop, question, and frisk patterns and practices. Among other changes, the remedial order required the NYPD to implement and evaluate a pilot body‐worn camera program to determine whether outfitting officers with the technology led to more lawful and civil polic…
Disparities in Criminal Court Referrals to Drug Treatment and Prison for Minority Men
Objectives. We investigated the extent to which racial/ethnic disparities in prison and diversion to drug treatment were explained by current arrest and criminal history characteristics among drug-involved offenders, and whether those disparities decreased after California’s Proposition 36, which mandated first- and second-time nonviolent drug offenders drug treatment instead of prison. Methods. We analyzed administrative data on approximately 17…
Are Immigrant Youth Less Violent? Specifying the Reasons and Mechanisms
In this article, the authors present an overview of the relationship between immigrant households and crime and violence, drawing on sociological and public health literature. They present a critique of popular culture perspectives on immigrant families and youth violence, showing that crime and violence outcomes are if anything better for youth in immigrant families than one would expect given the social disadvantages that many immigrant househo…
Rural/urban differences in accounts of patients’ initial decisions to consult primary care
A Contextual Study of Racial Profiling
In this article, the authors argue for the importance of a contextualized examination of racial profiling. Although the study of racial profiling has only begun, existing studies have typically examined this phenomenon at the state level and based on total population information gathered from high-patrol agencies. The authors argue that racial profiling is best understood within the spatial context of local areas rather than large geographical ar…
Police use of force
Community Design and Crime
Crime is influenced by the built environment. Broken windows, crime prevention through environmental design, situational crime prevention, and economic theories of the supply of and demand for criminal opportunities offer explanations. Zoning, designs of streets and housing, locations of public transit, and land uses shape the built environment in ways that can increase or reduce crime. Cross-sectional research shows that elements of the built en…
Gentrification, Land Use, and Crime
Over the past twenty years, many US cities have seen urban revitalization and population changes associated with an increased desire for urban living among the affluent. As inner-city neighborhoods become gentrified, they are more likely to witness the construction of new buildings and homes, the conversion of industrial spaces to mixed-used developments, expanded access to mass transit, and the arrival of coffee shops and other urban amenities. …
Combating Domestic Violence
Research Summary: The present study examined the effectiveness of a localized domestic violence court in Lexington County, South Carolina. An interrupted time series analysis indicated that domestic violence arrests increased significantly after the court was established. Recidivism rates of 189 defendants arrested for domestic violence before the implementation of the domestic violence court were compared with 197 defendants arrested after the c…
Effect of Remediating Blighted Vacant Land on Shootings
Objectives. To determine if remediating blighted vacant urban land reduced firearm shooting incidents resulting in injury or death. Methods. We conducted a cluster randomized controlled trial in which we assigned 541 randomly selected vacant lots in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to 110 geographically contiguous clusters and randomly assigned these clusters to a greening intervention, a less-intensive mowing and trash cleanup intervention, or a no-i…
Examining Risk Factors for Homeless Men
Despite drastic and severe fiscal cuts in services to the homeless, their need continues to remain very high. Men are a particularly vulnerable group among the homeless and continue to struggle with substance abuse, mental illness, and physical health issues. When faced with these struggles, men are often reluctant to ask for help. The results indicate that the men surveyed are not likely to seek help for their physical and psychological struggle…
The Dynamics of Crime Regimes
Crimes have many features, and the mix of those features can change over time and space. In this article, we introduce the concept of a crime regime to provide some theoretical leverage on collections of crime features and how the collections of features can change. Key tools include the use of principal components analysis to determine the dimensions of crime regimes, visualization methods to help reveal the role of time, summary statistics to q…
Cities and Policing for Crime Prevention
Over the past 20 years, there has been growing concern over a purported link between proactive policing to control crime and unfair, biased, and abusive policing approaches. Overly aggressive and indiscriminate policing initiatives run the risk of driving a wedge between police and the communities they serve, with residents of disadvantaged neighborhoods feeling less like partners and more like targets. At the same time, research suggests that ef…
Joseph in the Qur'an and Muslim Commentary. I a Comparative Study
Joseph in the Qur'an and Muslim Commentary. Ii. Part Ii
Islamlc Doctrines in Samaritan Theology
The Beginnings of Christianity According to the Samaritans
The Hebrew text printed below is published for the first time. It is an extract from the Samaritan chronicle no. II, sometimes know erroneously as Sepher ha-ramim ( = chronicle). The basic text is printed unaltered here and it is from the John Rylands Library MS 1142 in the Moses Gaster Collection. The extract is unrelated in terms of content to the preceding and succeeding material, so that nothing is lost by publishing this extract
The discovery of Samaritan religion
Rape
The story of Joseph in Arabic verse
The story of Joseph in Arabic verse: The Leeds Arabic manuscript 347. Edited with a translation and notes by R. Y. Ebied and M. J. L. Young. (Annual of Leeds University Oriental Society, Supplement III.) pp. 58, 3 pl. Leiden, E. J. Brill, 1975. Fl. 14.50. - Volume 108 Issue 2
Ten best books in ...primary health care
Ten best books in ...primary health care Get access John Macdonald John Macdonald Education for Primary Health Care Department of Education University of ManchesterUK Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Health Policy and Planning, Volume 2, Issue 4, December 1987, Pages 352–354, https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/2.4.352 Published: 01 December 1987
Healthy Cities, Research and Practice (Book)
Public attitudes toward police pursuit driving
Violence and drug use in juvenile institutions
Police use of force
Police use of force has become an important public policy concern and topic of research during the past few years. A number of researchers have hypothesized that the structural context of police departments may influence officers' use of force. Despite these claims, little is known on a national level about how law enforcement agencies manage and influence their officers' use of force. We analyzed data from a national probability sample of 265 ag…
Analytic methods for examining race and ethnic disparity in the juvenile courts
The Effects of Asynchronous Computer-Mediated Group Interaction on Group Processes
This article reports a study undertaken to investigate some of the social psychological processes underlying computer-supported group discussion in natural computer-mediated contexts. Based on the concept of deindividuation, it was hypothesized that personal identifiability and group identity would be important factors that affect the perceptions and behavior of members of computer-mediated groups. The degree of personal identifiability and the s…
Race, Local Life Circumstances, and Criminal Activity
Objective . Life–course researchers suggest that changes in local life circumstances explain changes in criminal activity in adulthood. Although the extent to which local life circumstances propel offenders toward/away from criminal behavior is a subject of considerable debate, the issue of race has largely been ignored. The objective in this research is to incorporate race into a life–course perspective that examines the influence of changes in …
Combating Domestic Violence
Research Summary: The present study examined the effectiveness of a localized domestic violence court in Lexington County, South Carolina. An interrupted time series analysis indicated that domestic violence arrests increased significantly after the court was established. Recidivism rates of 189 defendants arrested for domestic violence before the implementation of the domestic violence court were compared with 197 defendants arrested after the c…
Police use of force
The Effect of Ethnicity on Juvenile Court Decision Making in Hawaii
Delinquency referrals to family courts in the state of Hawaii were analyzed to examine whether ethnic disparity existed in juvenile court processing. Drawing on conflict theory, it was hypothesized that socially disadvantaged ethnic groups (Hawaiian, Filipino, and Samoan) would experience more severe outcomes than White and East Asian youth with similar backgrounds and legal histories. The findings show that Hawaiian and Samoan youth experienced …
A Contextual Study of Racial Profiling
In this article, the authors argue for the importance of a contextualized examination of racial profiling. Although the study of racial profiling has only begun, existing studies have typically examined this phenomenon at the state level and based on total population information gathered from high-patrol agencies. The authors argue that racial profiling is best understood within the spatial context of local areas rather than large geographical ar…
Self-Control, Violent Offending, and Homicide Victimization
Rural/urban differences in accounts of patients’ initial decisions to consult primary care
Police Suspicion and Discretionary Decision Making During Citizen Stops
This study examines the influence of racial, demographic and situational variables on types of police suspicion and the ancillary decision to stop and question suspects. Data were drawn from an observational study of police decision making in Savannah, Georgia. Based on the literature, we hypothesized that minority suspects will be more likely to be viewed suspiciously by the police for nonbehavioral reasons. We also hypothesize that minority sta…
The Influence of Delinquen Peers on Delinquency
Research indicates that gender is one of the strongest correlates of juvenile delinquency. Additionally, a growing body of literature suggests that the association with delinquent peers is an important predictor of delinquent behavior. Although a few studies have examined how delinquent peers condition the gender-delinquency relationship, the authors extend this body of literature by using longitudinal data from a sample of adolescents to explore…
Race, Social Capital, and Trust in the Police
Using a national survey of U.S. residents this study examines racial, socioeconomic, and community explanations for the trust of local police. We hypothesize that the construct of social capital offers a nexus for explaining racial differences in attitudes toward the police. We measure social capital as a construct by aggregating together measures that assess the degree of trust and civic engagement in communities. The results indicate that deple…
Race, Neighbourhood Context and Perceptions of Injustice by the Police in Cincinnati
Research has long identified racial differences in perceptions of criminal injustice. Given that race is confounded with neighbourhood context, it remains unclear the extent to which individual or neighbourhood attributes explain racial differences in these perceptions. This paper advances research on racial differences in perceptions of unjust police practices in the US by relying on a survey of 3000 residents in 53 Cincinnati neighbourhoods. A …
Psychology (40 obras) · Crime Patterns and Interventions (39 obras) · Criminology (39 obras) · Political science (38 obras) · Sociology (34 obras) · Law (30 obras) · Medicine (23 obras) · Law (20 obras) · Computer Science (18 obras) · Economics (14 obras)