Ladd Wheeler
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 302569 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Ladd Wheeler |
| NOMBRES | Ladd |
| APELLIDO | Wheeler |
| FIRMA | WHEELER L |
| AFILIACIONES | University of Rochester |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-8749-9702 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 44 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 604 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 42 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 2 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1962 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2022 |
| ÍNDICE H | 14 |
Promoting Sustainable Local Economic Development Initiatives
This book endeavours to outline case studies that promote sustainable Local Economic Development (LED) initiatives. It is generally believed that local governments are the foot soldiers of LED. However, this seems to be a myth, as local governments in South Africa and elsewhere have not yet fulfilled this mandate and have been struggling for several years to implement LED initiatives. The distinctive merit of this book lies in the way it combines…
Social Comparison, Judgment, and Behavior
This edited volume presents both classic and contemporary conceptual, empirical, and applied perspectives on the role of comparisons with other people—a core aspect of social life—that have implications for the self-concept, opinions, subjective and physical well-being, conformity, decision-making, group behavior, education, and social movements. The volume is comprised of original chapters, authored by noted experts, divided into three sections:…
A social comparison theory meta-analysis 60+ years on
These meta-analyses of 60+ years of social comparison research focused on 2 issues: the choice of a comparison target (selection) and the effects of comparisons on self-evaluations, affect, and so forth (reaction). Selection studies offering 2 options (up or down) showed a strong preference (and no evidence of publication bias) for upward choices when there was no threat; there was no evidence for downward comparison as a dominant choice even whe…
School-community learning partnerships for sustainability
Social Comparison, Psychology of
Evaluating the community outcomes of Australian learning community initiatives
Learning communities are towns, cities, or regions where a series of actions are implemented to enhance lifelong learning and community capacity. These efforts include improving access to further education, mentoring, increasing opportunities for informal learning, sharing skills across sectors, and supporting innovation and entrepreneurship. In Australia, over 45 learning communities are contributing to social capital, social inclusion, and loca…
Ostracism in everyday life.
From Access to Success
On Being Rejected
This article presents the first meta-analysis of experimental research on rejection, sampling 88 studies. The results are consistent with a needs account, which states that rejection frustrates basic psychological needs, but not with a numbness account, which states that rejection causes physical and emotional numbness. Rejection moderately lowers mood (d = −0.50) and self-esteem (d = −0.70), but does not decrease arousal or flatten affect. Both …
Clarifying the role of social comparison in the big-fish–little-pond effect (BFLPE)
It has been speculated that the big-fish-little-pond effect (BFLPE; the negative impact of highly selective academic settings on academic self-concept) is a consequence of invidious social comparisons experienced in higher ability schools. However, the direct role of such comparisons for the BFLPE has not heretofore been documented. The present study comprises the first evidence that the BFLPE (a) is eliminated after controlling for students' inv…
Social Comparison
Social comparison consists of comparing oneself with others in order to evaluate or to enhance some aspects of the self. Evaluation of ability is concerned with the question “Can I do X?” and relies on the existence of a proxy performer. A proxy's relative standing on attributes vis‐à‐vis the comparer and whether the proxy exerted maximum effort on a preliminary task are variables influencing his or her informational utility. Evaluation of opinio…
Ability evaluation by proxy
Four experiments tested the effects of information about a proxy's related attributes and maximal effort in social comparisons of ability. In Study 1, a proxy's prior performance at maximal effort exerted systematic effects on participants' personal performance predictions for a novel task. When information about the proxy's effort was ambiguous (Study 2). information about related attribute similarity was used in the formulation of performance p…
Handbook of Social Comparison
Social comparison in everyday life
Ninety-four college students recorded details of their social comparisons over 2 weeks using a new instrument, the Rochester Social Comparison Record. Major results were (a) comparison direction varied with relationship with the target; (b) precomparison negative mood led more often to upward comparison than to downward comparison, supporting a selective affect-cognition priming model in which dysphoria primes negative thoughts about the self (Bo…
Studying Social Interaction with the Rochester Interaction Record
Self‐Recording of Everyday Life Events
In this article we review the history of the scientific use of self‐recording and conclude that there are three basic methods: ( a ) interval‐contingent, in which respondents report on their experiences at regular intervals, ( b ) signal‐contingent, in which respondents report when signaled, and ( c ) event‐contingent, in which respondents report whenever a defined event occurs. We then discuss the relative merits of these techniques for answerin…
Academic Performance and Social Behavior
This study investigated the relationship between the academic performance and social behavior of a sample of college students. In support of the primary hypothesis, for males, academic performance was negatively correlated with both the quality and quantity of their social interactions. For females, academic performance and social interaction were not correlated. This was true when both same and opposite sex social interactions were examined
Collectivismndividualism in everyday social life
Collectivism-individualism in everyday social life
Used the Rochester Interaction Record (RIR) to investigate the effects of individualism-collectivism on everyday social interaction. Triandis (in press) defined collectivism as placing great emphasis on (a) the views, needs, and goals of the in-group rather than of oneself, (b) social norms and duty defined by the in-group rather than behavior to get pleasure, (c) beliefs shared with the in-group rather than beliefs that distinguish oneself from …
Self-Presentation in Personal Advertisements
Heterosexual personal advertisements from two geographically separated, local, weekly newspapers were content-analyzed. Three significant patterns of findings emerged which shed light on gender differences in self-presentational style. First, women were found to be relatively more likely to offer instrumental or `male-valued' traits in their ads and to seek expressive or `female-valued' ones, while men showed the reverse pattern. This paradoxical…
The Social Self
On specificity in the impact of social participation on physical and psychological health
Although it has been suggested that social participation is likely to be beneficial for health and well-being, there is little research demonstrating specifically which aspects of socializing may be responsible. This study distinguishes specific components of social interaction and health and examines differential relationships among them. Three distinct categories of social participation variables were posited: quality, quantity, and social trai…
Performance evaluation
Loneliness, social interaction, and sex roles
Forty-three male and 53 female college seniors maintained the Rochester Interaction Record for 2 weeks, providing information about every social interaction of 10 minutes or more. Subjects then completed the revised UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles) Loneliness Scale and the Personal Attributes Questionnaire, measuring sex-role orientation. For both sexes, loneliness was negatively related to the amount of time spent with females and to…
Related attributes in the choice of comparison others
Motivation as a determinant of upward comparison
Social comparison in everyday life
Ninety-four college students recorded details of their social comparisons over 2 weeks using a new instrument, the Rochester Social Comparison Record. Major results were (a) comparison direction varied with relationship with the target; (b) precomparison negative mood led more often to upward comparison than to downward comparison, supporting a selective affect-cognition priming model in which dysphoria primes negative thoughts about the self (Bo…
Loneliness, social interaction, and sex roles
Forty-three male and 53 female college seniors maintained the Rochester Interaction Record for 2 weeks, providing information about every social interaction of 10 minutes or more. Subjects then completed the revised UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles) Loneliness Scale and the Personal Attributes Questionnaire, measuring sex-role orientation. For both sexes, loneliness was negatively related to the amount of time spent with females and to…
Collectivism-individualism in everyday social life
Used the Rochester Interaction Record (RIR) to investigate the effects of individualism-collectivism on everyday social interaction. Triandis (in press) defined collectivism as placing great emphasis on (a) the views, needs, and goals of the in-group rather than of oneself, (b) social norms and duty defined by the in-group rather than behavior to get pleasure, (c) beliefs shared with the in-group rather than beliefs that distinguish oneself from …
Sex differences in social participation
Twenty female and 38 male first-year college students maintained a daily record of their social interactions for 2 weeks early in the fall semester and for 2 weeks late in the spring semester. Over all interactions, females decreased time per day in interaction more than males did, primarily by reducing the length of interactions, and reported decreased satisfaction with these interactions. In interactions with three best same-sex friends, female…
A social comparison theory meta-analysis 60+ years on
These meta-analyses of 60+ years of social comparison research focused on 2 issues: the choice of a comparison target (selection) and the effects of comparisons on self-evaluations, affect, and so forth (reaction). Selection studies offering 2 options (up or down) showed a strong preference (and no evidence of publication bias) for upward choices when there was no threat; there was no evidence for downward comparison as a dominant choice even whe…
Factors determining choice of a comparison other
Self-Presentation in Personal Advertisements
Heterosexual personal advertisements from two geographically separated, local, weekly newspapers were content-analyzed. Three significant patterns of findings emerged which shed light on gender differences in self-presentational style. First, women were found to be relatively more likely to offer instrumental or `male-valued' traits in their ads and to seek expressive or `female-valued' ones, while men showed the reverse pattern. This paradoxical…
From Access to Success
The contagion of aggression
Clarifying the role of social comparison in the big-fish–little-pond effect (BFLPE)
It has been speculated that the big-fish-little-pond effect (BFLPE; the negative impact of highly selective academic settings on academic self-concept) is a consequence of invidious social comparisons experienced in higher ability schools. However, the direct role of such comparisons for the BFLPE has not heretofore been documented. The present study comprises the first evidence that the BFLPE (a) is eliminated after controlling for students' inv…
Physical attractiveness in social interaction
Epinephrine, chlorpromazine, and amusement
Related attributes in the choice of comparison others
To dispel fantasies about the fantasy-based measure of fear of success
Physical attractiveness in social interaction
This study was undertaken to determine precisely how physical attractiveness affects people’s social participation in everyday life. The following results were obtained: (a) For males, physical attractiveness related positively to the quantity of social interaction with females and negatively to that with males; for females, attractiveness did not relate to the quantity of socializing, (b) Attractiveness related positively to the affective qualit…
Performance evaluation
Emotionality and reactions to disaster
Self-disclosure in isolated groups
Model, need, and cost effects in helping behavior
Censure of the model in the contagion of aggression
Mood strongly differentiated the No Instigation treatment from all other groups, who showed pronounced negative mood shifts. Generally there were no differences among these latter groups. The exception was the factor of depression, which was greater for the E Censure group than for any other. Only in this condition were restraints against aggression reduced and then immediately reinstated before S had an opportunity to emit any behavior. If one h…
Observer-Model Similarity in the Contagion of Aggression
Each subject engaged in a 'discussion' with two tape recorded confederates. The 1st confederate expressed opinions designed to anger the subject; the 2nd confederate (the model) then aggressed against the 1st confederate. Prior to the 'discussion,' the subject had been made to feel very similar in background to the model or very dissimilar. Results: subjects who observed a dissimilar model aggressed more toward the instigating confederate than di…
Ability evaluation by proxy
Four experiments tested the effects of information about a proxy's related attributes and maximal effort in social comparisons of ability. In Study 1, a proxy's prior performance at maximal effort exerted systematic effects on participants' personal performance predictions for a novel task. When information about the proxy's effort was ambiguous (Study 2). information about related attribute similarity was used in the formulation of performance p…
School-community learning partnerships for sustainability
Stress relations in socially isolated groups
Epinephrine, chlorpromazine, and amusement
Behavioral Contagion
4 separate experiments on the contagion of game-playing behavior were conducted. Exp. I indicated that contagion occurred whether the game engaged in by the confederate was of high or low valence to S, that mere activity on the part of the experimental confederate did not lead to game playing, and that contagion tended toward specificity. Exp. II indicated specificity of contagion was not necessary, that contagion was not entirely due to a desire…
Relation of Intelligence and Authoritarianism to Behavioral Contagion and Conformity
A series of experiments ( 5 ) alas designed to study behavioral contagion in two-man groups. Each S of a pair was observed to see whether he would be influenced by the programmed activities of an experimental confederate. The test sequence permitted a comparison of each S's tendency to imitate the apparently spontaneous behavior of the confederate (behavioral contagion) and the extent of his yielding to the judgments of others (Asch-type conformi…
Toward a theory of behavioral contagion.
1. Existence of an acute conflict area within the imitator; strong impulse urge toward fulfillment of a vehement need on one hand, sufficient pressure from ego or superego forces to keep it down on the other. 2. High degree of lability of the imitator's personality balance in the area concerned; impulses strong enough to press for release, controls only just strong enough to prevent that release. 3. Existence of a similar type of strong urge towa…
Restraints against imitation and their reduction
The contagion of aggression
Emotionality and reactions to disaster
Motivation as a determinant of upward comparison
Observer-Model Similarity in the Contagion of Aggression
Each subject engaged in a 'discussion' with two tape recorded confederates. The 1st confederate expressed opinions designed to anger the subject; the 2nd confederate (the model) then aggressed against the 1st confederate. Prior to the 'discussion,' the subject had been made to feel very similar in background to the model or very dissimilar. Results: subjects who observed a dissimilar model aggressed more toward the instigating confederate than di…
Censure of the model in the contagion of aggression
Mood strongly differentiated the No Instigation treatment from all other groups, who showed pronounced negative mood shifts. Generally there were no differences among these latter groups. The exception was the factor of depression, which was greater for the E Censure group than for any other. Only in this condition were restraints against aggression reduced and then immediately reinstated before S had an opportunity to emit any behavior. If one h…
Stress relations in socially isolated groups
Model, need, and cost effects in helping behavior
Factors determining choice of a comparison other
Self-disclosure in isolated groups
To dispel fantasies about the fantasy-based measure of fear of success
To dispel fantasies about the fantasy-based measure of fear of success
Sex differences in social participation
Twenty female and 38 male first-year college students maintained a daily record of their social interactions for 2 weeks early in the fall semester and for 2 weeks late in the spring semester. Over all interactions, females decreased time per day in interaction more than males did, primarily by reducing the length of interactions, and reported decreased satisfaction with these interactions. In interactions with three best same-sex friends, female…
Physical attractiveness in social interaction
Related attributes in the choice of comparison others
Physical attractiveness in social interaction
This study was undertaken to determine precisely how physical attractiveness affects people’s social participation in everyday life. The following results were obtained: (a) For males, physical attractiveness related positively to the quantity of social interaction with females and negatively to that with males; for females, attractiveness did not relate to the quantity of socializing, (b) Attractiveness related positively to the affective qualit…
Loneliness, social interaction, and sex roles
Forty-three male and 53 female college seniors maintained the Rochester Interaction Record for 2 weeks, providing information about every social interaction of 10 minutes or more. Subjects then completed the revised UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles) Loneliness Scale and the Personal Attributes Questionnaire, measuring sex-role orientation. For both sexes, loneliness was negatively related to the amount of time spent with females and to…
Performance evaluation
The Social Self
On specificity in the impact of social participation on physical and psychological health
Although it has been suggested that social participation is likely to be beneficial for health and well-being, there is little research demonstrating specifically which aspects of socializing may be responsible. This study distinguishes specific components of social interaction and health and examines differential relationships among them. Three distinct categories of social participation variables were posited: quality, quantity, and social trai…
Self-Presentation in Personal Advertisements
Heterosexual personal advertisements from two geographically separated, local, weekly newspapers were content-analyzed. Three significant patterns of findings emerged which shed light on gender differences in self-presentational style. First, women were found to be relatively more likely to offer instrumental or `male-valued' traits in their ads and to seek expressive or `female-valued' ones, while men showed the reverse pattern. This paradoxical…
Psychology (39 obras) · Social Psychology (34 obras) · Social Psychology (21 obras) · Developmental psychology (15 obras) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (15 obras) · Behavioral Health and Interventions (11 obras) · Cognitive psychology (11 obras) · Computer Science (9 obras) · Cultural Differences and Values (7 obras) · Mathematics (7 obras)