T Kristal
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 30534 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | T Kristal |
| NOMBRES | T |
| APELLIDO | Kristal |
| FIRMA | KRISTAL T |
| AFILIACIONES | University of Haifa |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-0273-5505 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 23 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 385 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 23 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2007 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2025 |
| ÍNDICE H | 10 |
Ethnic conflict and workplace inequality
The effects of individual and collective labor market status on employment and earnings during the Covid-19 crisis
Based on a unique longitudinal survey conducted between April 2020 and April 2021 in Israel, this study estimated the effect of labor market status during the outbreak of COVID-19 on continuity of employment, worktime and earnings throughout the crisis. Labor market status has both an individual dimension (the type of employment contract) and a collective one (membership in a trade union or coverage by a collective agreement). Findings from curvi…
Who Gains From Organizational Flexibility? Flexible Organizational Practices and Wage Inequality
This study explores the implications of flexible management practices for organizational wage gaps. It argues that the implementation of high-performance and non-standard employment practices is not only skill but also class-biased, favouring workers in supervisory positions. This argument is examined using matched employer-employee data from the 2011 British Workplace Employment Relations Study (WERS) survey, which uniquely includes detailed inf…
Is the wage premium on using computers at work gender-specific
What Can Unions Do? An Impact Estimate for an Increase in the US Private-Sector Unionization Rate on Workers' Earnings
Unions are known to increase earnings and wage equality. Therefore, indications for recent union revitalization provoke the question of what unions would do today were they to restore their union density and hence power to the level of the early 1980s (about 20%). This article presents wage estimates for 1983 to 2020, assuming a 20% union density from 1983 onward, revealing higher earnings and lower wage inequality. However, since union membershi…
Within-job gender pay inequality in 15 countries
Extant research on the gender pay gap suggests that men and women who do the same work for the same employer receive similar pay, so that processes sorting people into jobs are thought to account for the vast majority of the pay gap. Data that can identify women and men who do the same work for the same employer are rare, and research informing this crucial aspect of gender differences in pay is several decades old and from a limited number of co…
Does the Pandemic Affect Inequality Within Families
This article exploits the unique consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak to examine whether time constraints drive the unequal division of unpaid labor between dual-earner couples in Israel. Using the first wave of longitudinal household data that was collected in Israel since the outbreak of the pandemic, we focused on 325 dual-earner couples who stayed employed during the first lockdown. By employing OLS regressions, we examined the asso…
Computers meet politics at wage structure
This article addresses an important question in the age of rapid spread of new computer technologies: how do institutions influence the computer wage premium? To identify institutional factors that account for differences in computers' impact on wages, the authors estimate computer wage premiums for 20 countries classified into three national 'varieties' of capitalism and distinct forms of industrial relations and education systems. The analyses …
Has the Economic Lockdown Following the Covid-19 Pandemic Changed the Gender Division of Labor in Israel
The economic shutdown and national lockdown following the outbreak of COVID-19 have increased demand for unpaid work at home, particularly among families with children, and reduced demand for paid work. Concurrently, the share of the workforce that has relocated its workplace to home has also increased. In this article, we examine the consequences of these processes for the allocation of time among paid work, housework, and care work for men and …
Rising between-workplace inequalities in high-income countries
Significance Understanding the causes of rising inequality is of concern in many countries. Using administrative data, we find that the share of inequality that is between workplaces is growing in 12 of 14 countries examined, and in no country has it fallen. Countries with declining employment protections see growth in both between- and within-workplace inequalities, but this impact is stronger for between-workplace inequalities. These results su…
Does the coronavirus pandemic level the gender inequality curve? (It doesn’t)
Workplace Compensation Practices and the Rise in Benefit Inequality
This article aims to explain why inequality in fringe benefits has grown faster than wage inequality over the past four decades. We depart from previous income inequality research by studying benefits in addition to wages, but also by focusing on workplaces as the main drivers of benefit determination. We advance the argument that benefits determination is more organizationally embedded than wages mainly because workplaces have greater ability an…
Why Has Computerization Increased Wage Inequality? Information, Occupational Structural Power, and Wage Inequality
This article offers a new account of rising inequality by providing a new explanation for the observed correlation between computerization and earnings. The argument is that as computers transformed work into a more knowledge-intensive activity, occupations located at critical junctions of information flow have gained greater structural power, and thereby higher wages. Combining occupational measures for location in the information flow based on …
Computerization and the Decline of American Unions
This article offers a new explanation for union decline by focusing on a currently neglected site that exemplifies the fragility of unions-the shop floor in the computer revolution era. Using data from several sources including the National Labor Relations Board, it analyzes the effect of using a computer at work on the odds of being a union member and the broader effect of computerization on union strength within detailed industries between 1973…
Benefit Inequality among American Workers by Gender, Race, and Ethnicity, 1982-2015
Gender, racial, and ethnic gaps in wages are well known, but group disparities in employer-provided benefits, which account for one-quarter of total compensation, are not. We use benefit costs data to study levels and trends in gender, racial, and ethnic gaps in voluntary employer-provided benefits. Analyzing Employer Costs for Employee Compensation microdata on wages and benefit costs for the years 1982 to 2015, matched to Current Population Sur…
Who Gets and Who Gives Employer-Provided Benefits? Evidence from Matched Employer-Employee Data
Why are some workers employed in some workplaces more likely to acquire valued rewards in the form of employer-provided benefits? In this paper, I shed new light on the sources of benefits inequality by developing a structural, rent-based theory as a strategy for observing and explaining within- and between-workplace benefits inequality. I put forward rent extraction by powerful workers as a main causal mechanism that produces within-workplace va…
The causes of rising wage inequality
Many inequality scholars view skill-biased technological change—the computerization of workplaces that favours high-skilled workers—as the main cause of rising wage inequality in America, while institutional factors are generally relegated to a secondary role. The evidence presented in this article, however, does not support this widely held view. Using direct measures for computers and pay-setting institutions at the industry level, this article…
What do computers really do? Computerization, fading pay-setting institutions and rising wage inequality
Slicing the Pie
In this article, I underline a less commonly acknowledged outcome of the neoliberal revolution. Following the shift from social protection to economic liberalism, in many rich countries workers' share of national income has declined and capitalists' share has increased. To better understand this link between neoliberalism and workers' share of national income, I develop a new political economy approach that stresses the importance of state policy…
The Capitalist Machine
This article addresses an important trend in contemporary income inequality—a decline in labor’s share of national income and a rise in capitalists’ profits share. Since the late 1970s, labor’s share declined by 6 percent across the U.S. private sector. As I will show, this overall decline was due to a large decline (5 to 14 percent) in construction, manufacturing, and transportation combined with an increase, albeit small (2 to 5 percent), in la…
Fringe benefits and income inequality
Good Times, Bad Times
This article returns to a classic question of political economy: the zero-sum conflict between capital and labor over the division of the national income pie. A detailed description of labor's share of national income in 16 industrialized democracies from 1960 to 2005 uncovers two long-term trends: an increase in labor's share in the aftermath of World War II, followed by a decrease since the early 1980s. I argue that the working class's relative…
Ethnicity and mixed ethnicity
This article analyses gaps in the university graduation rates of third-generation Ashkenazim and Mizrahim (the two major ethnic groups among Israeli Jews), in comparison to the same gaps among members of the second generation. The empirical analyses have been performed using a special file of the 1995 Israeli census which matched records of respondents to their parents in the 1983 Census, thereby allowing identification of the ethnicity of the th…
Good Times, Bad Times
This article returns to a classic question of political economy: the zero-sum conflict between capital and labor over the division of the national income pie. A detailed description of labor's share of national income in 16 industrialized democracies from 1960 to 2005 uncovers two long-term trends: an increase in labor's share in the aftermath of World War II, followed by a decrease since the early 1980s. I argue that the working class's relative…
The Capitalist Machine
This article addresses an important trend in contemporary income inequality—a decline in labor’s share of national income and a rise in capitalists’ profits share. Since the late 1970s, labor’s share declined by 6 percent across the U.S. private sector. As I will show, this overall decline was due to a large decline (5 to 14 percent) in construction, manufacturing, and transportation combined with an increase, albeit small (2 to 5 percent), in la…
Ethnicity and mixed ethnicity
This article analyses gaps in the university graduation rates of third-generation Ashkenazim and Mizrahim (the two major ethnic groups among Israeli Jews), in comparison to the same gaps among members of the second generation. The empirical analyses have been performed using a special file of the 1995 Israeli census which matched records of respondents to their parents in the 1983 Census, thereby allowing identification of the ethnicity of the th…
Does the coronavirus pandemic level the gender inequality curve? (It doesn’t)
Workplace Compensation Practices and the Rise in Benefit Inequality
This article aims to explain why inequality in fringe benefits has grown faster than wage inequality over the past four decades. We depart from previous income inequality research by studying benefits in addition to wages, but also by focusing on workplaces as the main drivers of benefit determination. We advance the argument that benefits determination is more organizationally embedded than wages mainly because workplaces have greater ability an…
Why Has Computerization Increased Wage Inequality? Information, Occupational Structural Power, and Wage Inequality
This article offers a new account of rising inequality by providing a new explanation for the observed correlation between computerization and earnings. The argument is that as computers transformed work into a more knowledge-intensive activity, occupations located at critical junctions of information flow have gained greater structural power, and thereby higher wages. Combining occupational measures for location in the information flow based on …
Benefit Inequality among American Workers by Gender, Race, and Ethnicity, 1982-2015
Gender, racial, and ethnic gaps in wages are well known, but group disparities in employer-provided benefits, which account for one-quarter of total compensation, are not. We use benefit costs data to study levels and trends in gender, racial, and ethnic gaps in voluntary employer-provided benefits. Analyzing Employer Costs for Employee Compensation microdata on wages and benefit costs for the years 1982 to 2015, matched to Current Population Sur…
Within-job gender pay inequality in 15 countries
Extant research on the gender pay gap suggests that men and women who do the same work for the same employer receive similar pay, so that processes sorting people into jobs are thought to account for the vast majority of the pay gap. Data that can identify women and men who do the same work for the same employer are rare, and research informing this crucial aspect of gender differences in pay is several decades old and from a limited number of co…
Has the Economic Lockdown Following the Covid-19 Pandemic Changed the Gender Division of Labor in Israel
The economic shutdown and national lockdown following the outbreak of COVID-19 have increased demand for unpaid work at home, particularly among families with children, and reduced demand for paid work. Concurrently, the share of the workforce that has relocated its workplace to home has also increased. In this article, we examine the consequences of these processes for the allocation of time among paid work, housework, and care work for men and …
Computerization and the Decline of American Unions
This article offers a new explanation for union decline by focusing on a currently neglected site that exemplifies the fragility of unions-the shop floor in the computer revolution era. Using data from several sources including the National Labor Relations Board, it analyzes the effect of using a computer at work on the odds of being a union member and the broader effect of computerization on union strength within detailed industries between 1973…
Slicing the Pie
In this article, I underline a less commonly acknowledged outcome of the neoliberal revolution. Following the shift from social protection to economic liberalism, in many rich countries workers' share of national income has declined and capitalists' share has increased. To better understand this link between neoliberalism and workers' share of national income, I develop a new political economy approach that stresses the importance of state policy…
What do computers really do? Computerization, fading pay-setting institutions and rising wage inequality
Fringe benefits and income inequality
What Can Unions Do? An Impact Estimate for an Increase in the US Private-Sector Unionization Rate on Workers' Earnings
Unions are known to increase earnings and wage equality. Therefore, indications for recent union revitalization provoke the question of what unions would do today were they to restore their union density and hence power to the level of the early 1980s (about 20%). This article presents wage estimates for 1983 to 2020, assuming a 20% union density from 1983 onward, revealing higher earnings and lower wage inequality. However, since union membershi…
The causes of rising wage inequality
Many inequality scholars view skill-biased technological change—the computerization of workplaces that favours high-skilled workers—as the main cause of rising wage inequality in America, while institutional factors are generally relegated to a secondary role. The evidence presented in this article, however, does not support this widely held view. Using direct measures for computers and pay-setting institutions at the industry level, this article…
Does the Pandemic Affect Inequality Within Families
This article exploits the unique consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak to examine whether time constraints drive the unequal division of unpaid labor between dual-earner couples in Israel. Using the first wave of longitudinal household data that was collected in Israel since the outbreak of the pandemic, we focused on 325 dual-earner couples who stayed employed during the first lockdown. By employing OLS regressions, we examined the asso…
Computers meet politics at wage structure
This article addresses an important question in the age of rapid spread of new computer technologies: how do institutions influence the computer wage premium? To identify institutional factors that account for differences in computers' impact on wages, the authors estimate computer wage premiums for 20 countries classified into three national 'varieties' of capitalism and distinct forms of industrial relations and education systems. The analyses …
Ethnic conflict and workplace inequality
Ethnicity and mixed ethnicity
This article analyses gaps in the university graduation rates of third-generation Ashkenazim and Mizrahim (the two major ethnic groups among Israeli Jews), in comparison to the same gaps among members of the second generation. The empirical analyses have been performed using a special file of the 1995 Israeli census which matched records of respondents to their parents in the 1983 Census, thereby allowing identification of the ethnicity of the th…
Good Times, Bad Times
This article returns to a classic question of political economy: the zero-sum conflict between capital and labor over the division of the national income pie. A detailed description of labor's share of national income in 16 industrialized democracies from 1960 to 2005 uncovers two long-term trends: an increase in labor's share in the aftermath of World War II, followed by a decrease since the early 1980s. I argue that the working class's relative…
Fringe benefits and income inequality
Slicing the Pie
In this article, I underline a less commonly acknowledged outcome of the neoliberal revolution. Following the shift from social protection to economic liberalism, in many rich countries workers' share of national income has declined and capitalists' share has increased. To better understand this link between neoliberalism and workers' share of national income, I develop a new political economy approach that stresses the importance of state policy…
The Capitalist Machine
This article addresses an important trend in contemporary income inequality—a decline in labor’s share of national income and a rise in capitalists’ profits share. Since the late 1970s, labor’s share declined by 6 percent across the U.S. private sector. As I will show, this overall decline was due to a large decline (5 to 14 percent) in construction, manufacturing, and transportation combined with an increase, albeit small (2 to 5 percent), in la…
What do computers really do? Computerization, fading pay-setting institutions and rising wage inequality
The causes of rising wage inequality
Many inequality scholars view skill-biased technological change—the computerization of workplaces that favours high-skilled workers—as the main cause of rising wage inequality in America, while institutional factors are generally relegated to a secondary role. The evidence presented in this article, however, does not support this widely held view. Using direct measures for computers and pay-setting institutions at the industry level, this article…
Who Gets and Who Gives Employer-Provided Benefits? Evidence from Matched Employer-Employee Data
Why are some workers employed in some workplaces more likely to acquire valued rewards in the form of employer-provided benefits? In this paper, I shed new light on the sources of benefits inequality by developing a structural, rent-based theory as a strategy for observing and explaining within- and between-workplace benefits inequality. I put forward rent extraction by powerful workers as a main causal mechanism that produces within-workplace va…
Benefit Inequality among American Workers by Gender, Race, and Ethnicity, 1982-2015
Gender, racial, and ethnic gaps in wages are well known, but group disparities in employer-provided benefits, which account for one-quarter of total compensation, are not. We use benefit costs data to study levels and trends in gender, racial, and ethnic gaps in voluntary employer-provided benefits. Analyzing Employer Costs for Employee Compensation microdata on wages and benefit costs for the years 1982 to 2015, matched to Current Population Sur…
Computerization and the Decline of American Unions
This article offers a new explanation for union decline by focusing on a currently neglected site that exemplifies the fragility of unions-the shop floor in the computer revolution era. Using data from several sources including the National Labor Relations Board, it analyzes the effect of using a computer at work on the odds of being a union member and the broader effect of computerization on union strength within detailed industries between 1973…
Rising between-workplace inequalities in high-income countries
Significance Understanding the causes of rising inequality is of concern in many countries. Using administrative data, we find that the share of inequality that is between workplaces is growing in 12 of 14 countries examined, and in no country has it fallen. Countries with declining employment protections see growth in both between- and within-workplace inequalities, but this impact is stronger for between-workplace inequalities. These results su…
Does the coronavirus pandemic level the gender inequality curve? (It doesn’t)
Workplace Compensation Practices and the Rise in Benefit Inequality
This article aims to explain why inequality in fringe benefits has grown faster than wage inequality over the past four decades. We depart from previous income inequality research by studying benefits in addition to wages, but also by focusing on workplaces as the main drivers of benefit determination. We advance the argument that benefits determination is more organizationally embedded than wages mainly because workplaces have greater ability an…
Why Has Computerization Increased Wage Inequality? Information, Occupational Structural Power, and Wage Inequality
This article offers a new account of rising inequality by providing a new explanation for the observed correlation between computerization and earnings. The argument is that as computers transformed work into a more knowledge-intensive activity, occupations located at critical junctions of information flow have gained greater structural power, and thereby higher wages. Combining occupational measures for location in the information flow based on …
Computers meet politics at wage structure
This article addresses an important question in the age of rapid spread of new computer technologies: how do institutions influence the computer wage premium? To identify institutional factors that account for differences in computers' impact on wages, the authors estimate computer wage premiums for 20 countries classified into three national 'varieties' of capitalism and distinct forms of industrial relations and education systems. The analyses …
Has the Economic Lockdown Following the Covid-19 Pandemic Changed the Gender Division of Labor in Israel
The economic shutdown and national lockdown following the outbreak of COVID-19 have increased demand for unpaid work at home, particularly among families with children, and reduced demand for paid work. Concurrently, the share of the workforce that has relocated its workplace to home has also increased. In this article, we examine the consequences of these processes for the allocation of time among paid work, housework, and care work for men and …
Within-job gender pay inequality in 15 countries
Extant research on the gender pay gap suggests that men and women who do the same work for the same employer receive similar pay, so that processes sorting people into jobs are thought to account for the vast majority of the pay gap. Data that can identify women and men who do the same work for the same employer are rare, and research informing this crucial aspect of gender differences in pay is several decades old and from a limited number of co…
Does the Pandemic Affect Inequality Within Families
This article exploits the unique consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak to examine whether time constraints drive the unequal division of unpaid labor between dual-earner couples in Israel. Using the first wave of longitudinal household data that was collected in Israel since the outbreak of the pandemic, we focused on 325 dual-earner couples who stayed employed during the first lockdown. By employing OLS regressions, we examined the asso…
What Can Unions Do? An Impact Estimate for an Increase in the US Private-Sector Unionization Rate on Workers' Earnings
Unions are known to increase earnings and wage equality. Therefore, indications for recent union revitalization provoke the question of what unions would do today were they to restore their union density and hence power to the level of the early 1980s (about 20%). This article presents wage estimates for 1983 to 2020, assuming a 20% union density from 1983 onward, revealing higher earnings and lower wage inequality. However, since union membershi…
Is the wage premium on using computers at work gender-specific
Ethnic conflict and workplace inequality
The effects of individual and collective labor market status on employment and earnings during the Covid-19 crisis
Based on a unique longitudinal survey conducted between April 2020 and April 2021 in Israel, this study estimated the effect of labor market status during the outbreak of COVID-19 on continuity of employment, worktime and earnings throughout the crisis. Labor market status has both an individual dimension (the type of employment contract) and a collective one (membership in a trade union or coverage by a collective agreement). Findings from curvi…
Who Gains From Organizational Flexibility? Flexible Organizational Practices and Wage Inequality
This study explores the implications of flexible management practices for organizational wage gaps. It argues that the implementation of high-performance and non-standard employment practices is not only skill but also class-biased, favouring workers in supervisory positions. This argument is examined using matched employer-employee data from the 2011 British Workplace Employment Relations Study (WERS) survey, which uniquely includes detailed inf…
Economics (22 obras) · Labour economics (20 obras) · Inequality (16 obras) · Demographic economics (14 obras) · Labor market dynamics and wage inequality (13 obras) · Wage (13 obras) · Employment and Welfare Studies (11 obras) · Labor Movements and Unions (9 obras) · Sociology (8 obras) · Gender, Labor, and Family Dynamics (6 obras)