R K Hitchcock
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 3067 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | R K Hitchcock |
| NOMBRES | R K |
| APELLIDO | Hitchcock |
| FIRMA | HITCHCOCK R K |
| AFILIACIONES | University of New Mexico |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-8110-0289 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 44 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 269 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 44 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1980 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2025 |
| ÍNDICE H | 8 |
In Memoriam Jane B. Lancaster (1935–2025), a Pioneer in Anthropology
The Politics of Egalitarianism
The essays assembled in this book exemplify the way political anthropologists address a range of problems that deeply affect people throughout the world. The authors draw their inspiration from the work of Canadian anthropologist Richard B. Lee, and, like him, they are concerned with understanding and acting upon issues of “indigenous rights”; the impact of colonialism, postcolonial state formation, and neoliberalism on local communities and cult…
Hunting Justice
Ishi and the California Indian Genocide as Developmental Mass Violence
Ishi represents a form of sentimental folk reductionism. But he can be a teaching tool for the California Indian Genocide, John Sutter also. His mill was where gold was discovered – setting off a frenzied settlement in which Indians were legally enslaved and slaughtered, finally ending a decade after the Emancipation Proclamation. They had already experienced wholesale devastation under Spanish and Mexican colonization. The mission system itself …
Full Issue
This essay proposes that the history of California includes the intended destruction and decimation of native cultures, including their forced removal, illegal land acquisition, slavery, separation of families, and outright murder enacted by the private citizenry and governmental agencies during European contact can be defined as genocide as outlined by the United Nations Geneva Convention, 1948.The lasting legacy of contact on aboriginal lifeway…
Jane Lancaster and Human Nature
The Plight of the Kalahari San
The San (Bushmen) of the Kalahari Desert of southern Africa have diversified livelihoods that are undergoing significant change. This article explores the complex challenges that San and their neighbors face, ranging from dispossession and social marginalization to climate change and the impacts of globalization. Some San have experienced involuntary resettlement from their ancestral areas because of the establishment of protected areas, agricult…
In the way
As former mobile foraging peoples, the indigenous Hai//om San of Namibia lost most of their land - including Etosha National Park and Mangetti West - to other groups and the state in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. After independence (1990), the government redistributed some of this land to various expropriated groups. In the following overview, we delve into this complex history to argue that the recent decision by the Hai//om (2015) to …
The Ethnoarchaeology of Ambush Hunting
Hunters and gatherers past and present
This article reviews four books on hunters and gatherers. It begins with a discussion of the debates over the concept of hunter-gatherers. Theoretical approaches to hunter-gather studies are examined briefly. The view then assesses the four books and the various subjects which they address. These subjects include the issue of ethnographic analogy, diversity, evolution, and archaeological perspectives as well as understanding contemporary hunter-g…
The Impacts of Conservation and Militarization on Indigenous Peoples
Belonging, Indigeneity, Land and Nature in Southern Africa under Neoliberal Capitalism
In November 2017, President Robert Mugabe of Zimbabwe stepped down after ruling the country for 37 years. He was replaced by his former deputy, Emmerson Mnangagwa. In January 2018, when Mnangagwa h
Discontinuities in ethnographic time
Disappearance and Displacement
One of the enduring historical mysteries of the Kalahari Desert of Southern Africa is that of the disappearance of two Royal Air Force cadets during the Second World War. Eight Tshwa San (Bushmen) were arrested and tried for the murder of the flyers. The trial took place in the High Court of the Bechuanaland Protectorate (BP) in September to October, 1944, and resulted in a verdict of not guilty. Despite their exoneration, repercussions followed …
Settler colonialism, conflicts, and genocide
Violent and non-violent conflicts and interactions between hunter-gatherers and settlers took place in a number of areas in eastern and southern Africa during the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Foragers had to cope with the incursions of settlers in their territories, which resulted in significant competition over land and natural resources. This paper examines two such cases: (1) Kenya, looking specifically at conflicts between settler…
The Lesotho Highlands Water Project
Between 1989 and 2007 the World Bank was one of the funders of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project in southern Africa. This project, which included two large dams (Katse and Mohale), had significant impacts on local people, including loss of grazing, arable land, and resettlement of 71 households in Phase 1A and 325 households in Phase 1B, with a total of 573 people being affected directly, and another 20,000 people affected indirectly (e.g. thro…
Authenticity, Identity, and Humanity
The Hai‖om are the largest and most widely dispersed San population in Namibia. Like many other San peoples in Southern Africa, the Hai‖om were dispossessed, marginalised, and discriminated against by other groups and by the colonial state. In 1949, the South West African administration appointed a Commission for the Preservation of the Bushmen, chaired by a former Stellenbosch University professor, P.J. Schoeman, one of the architects of aparthe…
Bitter roots
Adrian Strong and Claire Ritchie, two visual anthropologists, returned to the Nyae Nyae region of Namibia in 2007, two years after the death of celebrated ethnographic filmmaker John Marshall and t
Tswana Hunting
Kalahari and Transvaal Tswana practised a mixed economy of herding, agriculture, and hunting for meat (and for skins). While faunal remains reflect higher percentage of domestic stock than of wild animals, such proportions alone do not reflect hunting's importance. Hunters probably slaughtered animals in the veld and dried the meat in strips for transport home with the skins. Moreover, hunting-related vocabulary and numerous references to wildlif…
Alexander (Alec) C. Campbell 16 April 1932–24 November 2012
Indigenous Peoples in Southern Africa
This article considers the complex cases of indigenous peoples in three Commonwealth countries in southern Africa: Botswana, Namibia and South Africa. In terms of national-level policy, the governments of these countries do not differentiate indigenous peoples from the rest of their populations. They do, however, have programmes aimed at assisting ‘marginalised’ or ‘disadvantaged’ communities. In this article, three main dimensions related to ind…
The Antiquity of the Bow and Arrow in the Kalahari Desert
This paper presents new information on the antiquity of the bow and arrow in the Kalahari. Excavations at White Paintings Shelter (WPS) uncovered bone point fragments that appear to have been parts of reversible arrowheads that could have been used with poison. We present a sequence of nine new, internally consistent OSL ages that date specific soil horizons at WPS. These dates/soil horizons are related to the bone point finds. The oldest bone po…
The Contributions of Richard B. Lee to Anthropology, Ethnoarchaeology, and Indigenous Peoples' Studies
This article assesses the substantive and varied contributions of Richard B. Lee of the University of Toronto to hunter-gatherer studies, anthropology, ethnoarchaeology, the study of Ju/'hoansi and San peoples, and indigenous peoples' studies. Over a period of nearly 5 decades, Lee has made a number of important theoretical contributions, including providing insights that led to the development of the concept of the original affluent society, ega…
Food, Health, Development, and Hiv/Aids in a Remote Area of Southern Africa
This article will address the relationships among development, nutritional well-being, and HIV/AIDS in a remote area of southern Africa: the northwestern Kalahari Desert region of the Republic of Botswana and the adjacent Nyae Nyae region of northeastern Namibia. According to the United Nations AIDS Program (UNAIDS) and other organizations, Botswana and Namibia have some of the highest HIV prevalence rates in the world. Until relatively recently,…
What about our rights? Settlements, subsistence and livelihood security among Central Kalahari San and Bakgalagadi
The San of Botswana have had to cope with government policies, including ones aimed at assimilation and sedentarisation which had significant impacts on their subsistence and social security. In response, San and non-government organisations working with them attempted to draw on the international discourse on indigenous peoples' rights in their efforts to assert their rights. This paper examines the background and implications of a legal case br…
Foragers, Genuine or Spurious
Belonging, Indigeneity, Land and Nature in Southern Africa under Neoliberal Capitalism
In November 2017, President Robert Mugabe of Zimbabwe stepped down after ruling the country for 37 years. He was replaced by his former deputy, Emmerson Mnangagwa. In January 2018, when Mnangagwa h
The Antiquity of the Bow and Arrow in the Kalahari Desert
This paper presents new information on the antiquity of the bow and arrow in the Kalahari. Excavations at White Paintings Shelter (WPS) uncovered bone point fragments that appear to have been parts of reversible arrowheads that could have been used with poison. We present a sequence of nine new, internally consistent OSL ages that date specific soil horizons at WPS. These dates/soil horizons are related to the bone point finds. The oldest bone po…
We are the First People
This article focuses on the ways in which the San and another minority group, the Bakgalagadi, have been treated over time in Botswana, with particular emphasis on the people residing in the Central Kalahari Game Reserve, the largest protected area in the country. It deals specifically with the roles of various institutions and individuals, including the Botswana government, advocacy groups, donors, community-based organisations and, importantly,…
Socioeconomic Change among the Basarwa in Botswana
Much of the anthropological attention paid to the Basarwa (San, Bushmen) of southern Africa has concentrated on foraging adaptations. Analyses of ethnohistorical and oral-history data suggest that the Basarwa have lived in a variety of socioeconomic situations. Drawing upon data from the Central (Ngwato) District of Botswana, this study reveals that significant changes have occurred over time in the social, economic, and political systems of Basa…
In the way
As former mobile foraging peoples, the indigenous Hai//om San of Namibia lost most of their land - including Etosha National Park and Mangetti West - to other groups and the state in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. After independence (1990), the government redistributed some of this land to various expropriated groups. In the following overview, we delve into this complex history to argue that the recent decision by the Hai//om (2015) to …
Indigenous Peoples in Southern Africa
This article considers the complex cases of indigenous peoples in three Commonwealth countries in southern Africa: Botswana, Namibia and South Africa. In terms of national-level policy, the governments of these countries do not differentiate indigenous peoples from the rest of their populations. They do, however, have programmes aimed at assisting ‘marginalised’ or ‘disadvantaged’ communities. In this article, three main dimensions related to ind…
What about our rights? Settlements, subsistence and livelihood security among Central Kalahari San and Bakgalagadi
The San of Botswana have had to cope with government policies, including ones aimed at assimilation and sedentarisation which had significant impacts on their subsistence and social security. In response, San and non-government organisations working with them attempted to draw on the international discourse on indigenous peoples' rights in their efforts to assert their rights. This paper examines the background and implications of a legal case br…
Two kinds of bioscope
A quote from a Namibian Ju/'hoan political leader introduces the topic of community concerns about the practical implications of various styles of ethnographic filmmaking. The main issues addressed include communication, leadership, and decision‐making processes internal to the community being filmed; development planning and self‐presentation in state and international contexts; community participation in design of, and remuneration from, film p…
Bureaucratic Domination of Hunter-Gatherer Societies
Social science analysis of hunter-gatherer societies has highlighted their economic and cultural subordination to neighbouring peoples. This article shows that, at least in the case of the San in Botswana, state bureaucratic domination is becoming the determining factor in social change. The authors provide evidence of bureaucratic domination with respect to settlement of the San, the establishment of headmanship, extension of social services and…
The Ethnoarchaeology of Ambush Hunting
The Impacts of Conservation and Militarization on Indigenous Peoples
Tswana Hunting
Kalahari and Transvaal Tswana practised a mixed economy of herding, agriculture, and hunting for meat (and for skins). While faunal remains reflect higher percentage of domestic stock than of wild animals, such proportions alone do not reflect hunting's importance. Hunters probably slaughtered animals in the veld and dried the meat in strips for transport home with the skins. Moreover, hunting-related vocabulary and numerous references to wildlif…
Agricultural and non-agricultural settlements for drought-afflicted pastoralists in Somalia
The severe drought of 1973-1975 in Somalia had major impacts on pastoral populations, many of whom moved into specially established camps where food, water and medical assistance were provided by the government and international agencies. At the end of the drought it was decided to settle the remaining 120,000 people in six settlements, three of which were agricultural and three oriented towards fishing. This paper analyzes these settlements, wit…
The Lesotho Highlands Water Project
Between 1989 and 2007 the World Bank was one of the funders of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project in southern Africa. This project, which included two large dams (Katse and Mohale), had significant impacts on local people, including loss of grazing, arable land, and resettlement of 71 households in Phase 1A and 325 households in Phase 1B, with a total of 573 people being affected directly, and another 20,000 people affected indirectly (e.g. thro…
The Ju/’hoan San of Nyae Nyae and Namibian Independence
The Ju/’hoan San, or Ju/’hoansi, of Namibia and Botswana are perhaps the most fully described indigenous people in all of anthropology. This is the story of how this group of former hunter-gatherers, speaking an exotic click language, formed a grassroots movement that led them to become a dynamic part of the new nation that grew from the ashes of apartheid South West Africa. While coverage of this group in the writings of Richard Lee, Lorna Marsh…
Writing in the San/d
Reviewed by: Writing in the San/d: Autoethnography among Indigenous Southern Africans Megan Biesele (bio) and Robert K. Hitchcock (bio) Keyan G. Tomaselli , ed. Writing in the San/d: Autoethnography among Indigenous Southern Africans. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press, 2007. 190 pp. Paper, $29.95. The Writing in the San/d anthology is an intriguing experiment in collaborative methods and so is quite apt for inclusion in this first volume of Collaborativ…
Hunters and gatherers past and present
This article reviews four books on hunters and gatherers. It begins with a discussion of the debates over the concept of hunter-gatherers. Theoretical approaches to hunter-gather studies are examined briefly. The view then assesses the four books and the various subjects which they address. These subjects include the issue of ethnographic analogy, diversity, evolution, and archaeological perspectives as well as understanding contemporary hunter-g…
The Contributions of Richard B. Lee to Anthropology, Ethnoarchaeology, and Indigenous Peoples' Studies
This article assesses the substantive and varied contributions of Richard B. Lee of the University of Toronto to hunter-gatherer studies, anthropology, ethnoarchaeology, the study of Ju/'hoansi and San peoples, and indigenous peoples' studies. Over a period of nearly 5 decades, Lee has made a number of important theoretical contributions, including providing insights that led to the development of the concept of the original affluent society, ega…
The Plight of the Kalahari San
The San (Bushmen) of the Kalahari Desert of southern Africa have diversified livelihoods that are undergoing significant change. This article explores the complex challenges that San and their neighbors face, ranging from dispossession and social marginalization to climate change and the impacts of globalization. Some San have experienced involuntary resettlement from their ancestral areas because of the establishment of protected areas, agricult…
Authenticity, Identity, and Humanity
The Hai‖om are the largest and most widely dispersed San population in Namibia. Like many other San peoples in Southern Africa, the Hai‖om were dispossessed, marginalised, and discriminated against by other groups and by the colonial state. In 1949, the South West African administration appointed a Commission for the Preservation of the Bushmen, chaired by a former Stellenbosch University professor, P.J. Schoeman, one of the architects of aparthe…
Kalahari San foraging, land use, and territoriality
On December 13th, 2006, the San and Bakgalagadi of the Central Kalahari Game Reserve won an important legal victory in the High Court of Botswana after a long and expensive legal case. The decisions of the three High Court judges guaranteed that people who had been removed from their ancestral territories in the Central Kalahari would be allowed the right of return, and they would be able to gather and hunt as long as they had subsistence hunting…
Africa and Discovery
INTRODUCTION\nOver the past thirty years, a dramatic upsurge has taken place in activities designed to promote human rights for indigenous peoples around the world. More and more calls have been heard from indigenous groups and their supporters for promotion of civil and political right. In the case of Africa, attention generally has concentrated on what can broadly be called socioeconomic rights, especially the right of everyone to a standard of…
Ishi and the California Indian Genocide as Developmental Mass Violence
Ishi represents a form of sentimental folk reductionism. But he can be a teaching tool for the California Indian Genocide, John Sutter also. His mill was where gold was discovered – setting off a frenzied settlement in which Indians were legally enslaved and slaughtered, finally ending a decade after the Emancipation Proclamation. They had already experienced wholesale devastation under Spanish and Mexican colonization. The mission system itself …
Land, Livestock and Leadership among the Ju/'hoansi San of North Western Botswana
En Afrique, les Autochtones ont eu de la difficulte a obtenir des droits stables a la terre et aux ressources. Les San Ju/'hoansi de la Republique du Botswana ont eu a lutter contre des decisions gouvernementales qui ne permettaient pas a des groupes de reclamer des droits territoriaux sur la base de coutumes ancestrales ou d'occupation prolongee. L'A. examine quelques facons ingenieuses dont les Ju/'hoansi se sont servi dans la question des terr…
Tradition, Social Justice and Land Reform in Central Botswana
A close relationship holds between the goals of development planning and the notions that planners have of what already exists. Hand in hand with certain goals go appropriate notions of the status quo. Aiming to “modernise” for the sake of increased productivity, conservation of natural resources, and a fairer distribution of wealth, planners presuppose the existence of the “traditional” as the negative condition that has to be changed. It might …
Agricultural and non-agricultural settlements for drought-afflicted pastoralists in Somalia
The severe drought of 1973-1975 in Somalia had major impacts on pastoral populations, many of whom moved into specially established camps where food, water and medical assistance were provided by the government and international agencies. At the end of the drought it was decided to settle the remaining 120,000 people in six settlements, three of which were agricultural and three oriented towards fishing. This paper analyzes these settlements, wit…
Socioeconomic Change among the Basarwa in Botswana
Much of the anthropological attention paid to the Basarwa (San, Bushmen) of southern Africa has concentrated on foraging adaptations. Analyses of ethnohistorical and oral-history data suggest that the Basarwa have lived in a variety of socioeconomic situations. Drawing upon data from the Central (Ngwato) District of Botswana, this study reveals that significant changes have occurred over time in the social, economic, and political systems of Basa…
Foragers, Genuine or Spurious
On Subsistence and Social Relations in the Kalahari
Africa and Discovery
INTRODUCTION\nOver the past thirty years, a dramatic upsurge has taken place in activities designed to promote human rights for indigenous peoples around the world. More and more calls have been heard from indigenous groups and their supporters for promotion of civil and political right. In the case of Africa, attention generally has concentrated on what can broadly be called socioeconomic rights, especially the right of everyone to a standard of…
Bureaucratic Domination of Hunter-Gatherer Societies
Social science analysis of hunter-gatherer societies has highlighted their economic and cultural subordination to neighbouring peoples. This article shows that, at least in the case of the San in Botswana, state bureaucratic domination is becoming the determining factor in social change. The authors provide evidence of bureaucratic domination with respect to settlement of the San, the establishment of headmanship, extension of social services and…
Centralization, resource depletion, and coercive conservation among the Tyua of the Northeastern Kalahari
Committee for Human Rights Responds
Each According to Need and Fashion
Two kinds of bioscope
A quote from a Namibian Ju/'hoan political leader introduces the topic of community concerns about the practical implications of various styles of ethnographic filmmaking. The main issues addressed include communication, leadership, and decision‐making processes internal to the community being filmed; development planning and self‐presentation in state and international contexts; community participation in design of, and remuneration from, film p…
Hunters and Gatherers of the Modern World
We are the First People
This article focuses on the ways in which the San and another minority group, the Bakgalagadi, have been treated over time in Botswana, with particular emphasis on the people residing in the Central Kalahari Game Reserve, the largest protected area in the country. It deals specifically with the roles of various institutions and individuals, including the Botswana government, advocacy groups, donors, community-based organisations and, importantly,…
Anthropologists & Sudanese Refugees
For nearly two decades, Lincoln, Nebraska has served as a refugee resettlement site for programs administered by the Office of Refugee Resettlement (ORR), a division of the Administration for Children and Families, within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Recently, anthropologists from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln (UNL) have begun collaborations with (1) Nebraska HHS, (2) social service agencies, (3) resettlement progr…
Land, Livestock and Leadership among the Ju/'hoansi San of North Western Botswana
En Afrique, les Autochtones ont eu de la difficulte a obtenir des droits stables a la terre et aux ressources. Les San Ju/'hoansi de la Republique du Botswana ont eu a lutter contre des decisions gouvernementales qui ne permettaient pas a des groupes de reclamer des droits territoriaux sur la base de coutumes ancestrales ou d'occupation prolongee. L'A. examine quelques facons ingenieuses dont les Ju/'hoansi se sont servi dans la question des terr…
Kalahari San foraging, land use, and territoriality
On December 13th, 2006, the San and Bakgalagadi of the Central Kalahari Game Reserve won an important legal victory in the High Court of Botswana after a long and expensive legal case. The decisions of the three High Court judges guaranteed that people who had been removed from their ancestral territories in the Central Kalahari would be allowed the right of return, and they would be able to gather and hunt as long as they had subsistence hunting…
Writing in the San/d
Reviewed by: Writing in the San/d: Autoethnography among Indigenous Southern Africans Megan Biesele (bio) and Robert K. Hitchcock (bio) Keyan G. Tomaselli , ed. Writing in the San/d: Autoethnography among Indigenous Southern Africans. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press, 2007. 190 pp. Paper, $29.95. The Writing in the San/d anthology is an intriguing experiment in collaborative methods and so is quite apt for inclusion in this first volume of Collaborativ…
A Report from the Field
Over nearly two-and-a-half decades, indigenous peoples and their supporters expended enormous energy on developing a declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples that both protects and promotes their individual and collective rights. The debates surrounding the declaration focused on issues ranging from self- determination to the rights of indigenous peoples to practice their cultures and to participate in decision making. The declaration esta…
What about our rights? Settlements, subsistence and livelihood security among Central Kalahari San and Bakgalagadi
The San of Botswana have had to cope with government policies, including ones aimed at assimilation and sedentarisation which had significant impacts on their subsistence and social security. In response, San and non-government organisations working with them attempted to draw on the international discourse on indigenous peoples' rights in their efforts to assert their rights. This paper examines the background and implications of a legal case br…
The Ju/’hoan San of Nyae Nyae and Namibian Independence
The Ju/’hoan San, or Ju/’hoansi, of Namibia and Botswana are perhaps the most fully described indigenous people in all of anthropology. This is the story of how this group of former hunter-gatherers, speaking an exotic click language, formed a grassroots movement that led them to become a dynamic part of the new nation that grew from the ashes of apartheid South West Africa. While coverage of this group in the writings of Richard Lee, Lorna Marsh…
Food, Health, Development, and Hiv/Aids in a Remote Area of Southern Africa
This article will address the relationships among development, nutritional well-being, and HIV/AIDS in a remote area of southern Africa: the northwestern Kalahari Desert region of the Republic of Botswana and the adjacent Nyae Nyae region of northeastern Namibia. According to the United Nations AIDS Program (UNAIDS) and other organizations, Botswana and Namibia have some of the highest HIV prevalence rates in the world. Until relatively recently,…
The Antiquity of the Bow and Arrow in the Kalahari Desert
This paper presents new information on the antiquity of the bow and arrow in the Kalahari. Excavations at White Paintings Shelter (WPS) uncovered bone point fragments that appear to have been parts of reversible arrowheads that could have been used with poison. We present a sequence of nine new, internally consistent OSL ages that date specific soil horizons at WPS. These dates/soil horizons are related to the bone point finds. The oldest bone po…
The Contributions of Richard B. Lee to Anthropology, Ethnoarchaeology, and Indigenous Peoples' Studies
This article assesses the substantive and varied contributions of Richard B. Lee of the University of Toronto to hunter-gatherer studies, anthropology, ethnoarchaeology, the study of Ju/'hoansi and San peoples, and indigenous peoples' studies. Over a period of nearly 5 decades, Lee has made a number of important theoretical contributions, including providing insights that led to the development of the concept of the original affluent society, ega…
Alexander (Alec) C. Campbell 16 April 1932–24 November 2012
Indigenous Peoples in Southern Africa
This article considers the complex cases of indigenous peoples in three Commonwealth countries in southern Africa: Botswana, Namibia and South Africa. In terms of national-level policy, the governments of these countries do not differentiate indigenous peoples from the rest of their populations. They do, however, have programmes aimed at assisting ‘marginalised’ or ‘disadvantaged’ communities. In this article, three main dimensions related to ind…
Geography (27 obras) · Political science (26 obras) · Sociology (24 obras) · Archaeology and Rock Art Studies (21 obras) · Law (20 obras) · Archaeology (19 obras) · Ecology (15 obras) · History (15 obras) · Politics (14 obras) · Indigenous (13 obras)