Howell S Baum
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 321362 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Howell S Baum |
| NOMBRES | Howell S |
| APELLIDO | Baum |
| FIRMA | BAUM H S |
| AFILIACIONES | University of Maryland |
| VERIFICADO | No |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 33 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 124 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 33 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1976 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2015 |
| ÍNDICE H | 7 |
Citizen Participation
"Brown" in Baltimore
In the first book to present the history of Baltimore school desegregation, Howell S. Baum shows how good intentions got stuck on what Gunnar Myrdal called the "American Dilemma." Immediately after the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision, the city's liberal school board voted to desegregate and adopted a free choice policy that made integration voluntary.Baltimore's school desegregation proceeded peacefully, without the resistance or violen…
How Communities Can Use Research to Hold School Systems Accountable
Why School Systems Resist Reform
School reformers have proposed various innovations to improve education, but school systems have adopted few proposals. Three perspectives offer different interpretations of this resistance. The rational perspective views educators as rejecting proposals because they are not based in solid knowledge. The social-political perspective holds that conflicting interests prevent consensus about directions for change and concerted action. A psychoanalyt…
Fantasies and Realities in University-Community Partnerships
University-community partnerships can be a realistic means of increasing resources for addressing community problems. However, expectations of partnerships are often so grand, and available resources so limited, that those who create partnerships may substitute fantasy about how partnerships will magically create abundant problem-solving resources for realistic analysis, organizing, planning, and funding. This article examines contrasts between t…
Forgetting to Plan
Conventionally, planning for the future de pends on collecting information and analyzing it rationally in order to control contingency. In reality, contingency persists, and communi ties react in ways that defeat planning. Seeing problems and uncertainty, communities often retreat to a past they remember in idealized ways to find gratification they do not expect from the future. They choose nostalgia or fantasy rather than looking realistically a…
Community Organizations Recruiting Community Participation
Planners usually justify community participation in terms of benefits to participants, such as claiming democratic rights, getting power, learning, solving problems, and building community. At the same time, community organizations depend on participation for the legitimacy, effort, and money needed to govern and carry out work. Organizations encounter predicaments when they cannot find one group that provides all three. They must choose among im…
Education and the Empowerment Zone
Empowerment Zones have been created as instruments for funding policy innovations. Yet, more important than their fiscal role is their potential to regulate turbulent interorganizational fields. Many entities in the city have overlapping interests in community social, political, and economic development, but they act so autonomously that no one can dominate and no one can act alone effectively. This article presents a case study of education init…
Teaching Practice
Planning is a way of acting. People learn to plan by practicing planning. Yet university planning programs give predominant attention to classroom activity. A cultural division between "academic" and "practice" faculty and classes gives higher status and greater influence to academic courses emphasizing research and analysis. Thus university programs tacitly teach that planning is the same as research. Despite rhetoric about "integrating academic…
Why the Rational Paradigm Persists
Chester Rapkin Award for the Best Article in Volume 13 Acceptance Speech
A Further Case for Practitioner Faculty
The Unconscious Life of Organizations
Introduction Theory Psychoanalytic Organization Theory Ritualistic Organizational Defenses and the Self-System The Psychodynamics of Organizational Culture Organizational Identity Individual and Group Regression in the Workplace The Psychodynamics of Language and Communication in Organizational Consultations Practice Shame Anxiety and Intimidation at Work A Public Agency Copes with Transition and Expansion The Impact of Conflict Avoidance on Orga…
Community and Consensus
Strategic planning has been presented as a way to set organizational direction. Differences between corporate enterprises and nonprofit community organizations raise questions whether strategic planning can help the latter. This article presents a case study in strategic planning by a Jewish community federation. Religious differences led to conflicts over policy and procedures. However, planning participants had political and psychological inter…
Transference in Organizational Research
Organization members decide to participate in research in reaction to a researcher's approach, on the basis of their conscious and unconscious assumptions about him. This article draws from the author's work to look at how people react to a researcher's request to study them A psychoanalytic perspective focuses on how members unconsciously engage in transference toward the researcher in deciding whether to participate. Many who make negative assu…
Committing to an Organization
Mentoring
This article examines the literature on mentoring from a psychoanalytic perspective. Two common contrasting experiences of mentoring, harmony between a protege and a perfect mentor, and sexuality and aggressive conflict between the protege and mentor, are typically successive stages in mentoring relationships. These stages resemble infantile narcissism and the Oedipus complex. In successful mentoring, these experiences are followed by the protege…
Creating a Family in the Workplace
Modern service work in bureaucratic organizations requires possibilities for acting aggressively in intimate relationships without anxiety. This article describes a local planning agency where staff created a “family” to solve these problems. Staff members originally created family activities to structure intimacy under intense working conditions. Simultaneously, they negotiated room for these activities in the bureaucracy. Consciously and uncons…
Yonkers
Ethical action is action on behalf of the values of a community. Yonkers planners opposed segregation of public housing but did so weakly. Their inactivity can be understood in terms of planners' lack of experience of a professional community. Having no sense of their own community, they cannot understand the impor tance of community to class and ra cial groups. In addition, they do not feel supported by any collectivity in promoting positions th…
The Invisible Bureaucracy
The Invisible Bureaucracy
Les urbanistes aux Etats-Unis et le sens de leur travail
Les urbanistes sont formés à répondre techniquement à des questions sociales. Interrogés par une enquête sur leurs pratiques, ils estiment travailler au développement économique local, pour un tiers à la justice sociale. Ils doivent évaluer les situations et leurs chances médiocres de les transformer. Leur travail varie en fonction de leur position institutionnelle
Planning theory as political practice
Response to Commentary by Cynthia McSwain
Professor McSwain's comments refer both specifically to my article and generally to the utility of psychoanalytic perspectives for interpreting organization. In both respects she raises important issues. At the same time, her remarks point up the difficulty of discussing complex social and psychological phenomena with limited agreement about the terms of discourse. For example, her initial question-whether drama, play, or fantasy is the appropria…
Predicaments of Bureaucratic Subordinacy
Bureaucracy presents workers with predicaments which frustrate efforts to act competently. Simultaneous ambiguity in responsibility and authority both defeats interests in recognition and creates risks of being scapegoated for problems. At the same time, the structure of bureaucratic authority engenders shame anxiety which discourages assertion and further hinders effective work. Workers defend themselves against this anxiety by producing dramas …
Fantasies and Realities in University-Community Partnerships
University-community partnerships can be a realistic means of increasing resources for addressing community problems. However, expectations of partnerships are often so grand, and available resources so limited, that those who create partnerships may substitute fantasy about how partnerships will magically create abundant problem-solving resources for realistic analysis, organizing, planning, and funding. This article examines contrasts between t…
The Unconscious Life of Organizations
Introduction Theory Psychoanalytic Organization Theory Ritualistic Organizational Defenses and the Self-System The Psychodynamics of Organizational Culture Organizational Identity Individual and Group Regression in the Workplace The Psychodynamics of Language and Communication in Organizational Consultations Practice Shame Anxiety and Intimidation at Work A Public Agency Copes with Transition and Expansion The Impact of Conflict Avoidance on Orga…
Why the Rational Paradigm Persists
Forgetting to Plan
Conventionally, planning for the future de pends on collecting information and analyzing it rationally in order to control contingency. In reality, contingency persists, and communi ties react in ways that defeat planning. Seeing problems and uncertainty, communities often retreat to a past they remember in idealized ways to find gratification they do not expect from the future. They choose nostalgia or fantasy rather than looking realistically a…
Creating a Family in the Workplace
Modern service work in bureaucratic organizations requires possibilities for acting aggressively in intimate relationships without anxiety. This article describes a local planning agency where staff created a “family” to solve these problems. Staff members originally created family activities to structure intimacy under intense working conditions. Simultaneously, they negotiated room for these activities in the bureaucracy. Consciously and uncons…
Community and Consensus
Strategic planning has been presented as a way to set organizational direction. Differences between corporate enterprises and nonprofit community organizations raise questions whether strategic planning can help the latter. This article presents a case study in strategic planning by a Jewish community federation. Religious differences led to conflicts over policy and procedures. However, planning participants had political and psychological inter…
Toward a post-industrial planning theory
Community Organizations Recruiting Community Participation
Planners usually justify community participation in terms of benefits to participants, such as claiming democratic rights, getting power, learning, solving problems, and building community. At the same time, community organizations depend on participation for the legitimacy, effort, and money needed to govern and carry out work. Organizations encounter predicaments when they cannot find one group that provides all three. They must choose among im…
Teaching Practice
Planning is a way of acting. People learn to plan by practicing planning. Yet university planning programs give predominant attention to classroom activity. A cultural division between "academic" and "practice" faculty and classes gives higher status and greater influence to academic courses emphasizing research and analysis. Thus university programs tacitly teach that planning is the same as research. Despite rhetoric about "integrating academic…
Mentoring
This article examines the literature on mentoring from a psychoanalytic perspective. Two common contrasting experiences of mentoring, harmony between a protege and a perfect mentor, and sexuality and aggressive conflict between the protege and mentor, are typically successive stages in mentoring relationships. These stages resemble infantile narcissism and the Oedipus complex. In successful mentoring, these experiences are followed by the protege…
Why School Systems Resist Reform
School reformers have proposed various innovations to improve education, but school systems have adopted few proposals. Three perspectives offer different interpretations of this resistance. The rational perspective views educators as rejecting proposals because they are not based in solid knowledge. The social-political perspective holds that conflicting interests prevent consensus about directions for change and concerted action. A psychoanalyt…
Education and the Empowerment Zone
Empowerment Zones have been created as instruments for funding policy innovations. Yet, more important than their fiscal role is their potential to regulate turbulent interorganizational fields. Many entities in the city have overlapping interests in community social, political, and economic development, but they act so autonomously that no one can dominate and no one can act alone effectively. This article presents a case study of education init…
The Invisible Bureaucracy
Politics and Ambivalence In Planners' Practice
The view that planning is a political activ ity has encouraged researchers to inquire to what degree planners think or act politi cally Studies of planners' self-perceptions take three forms One type of study is concerned with planners' cognitive maps of the planning environment A second type is concerned with planners' role orientation to the environment A third type of study is concerned with the skills which planners use in their day-to-day wo…
A Further Case for Practitioner Faculty
Predicaments of Bureaucratic Subordinacy
Bureaucracy presents workers with predicaments which frustrate efforts to act competently. Simultaneous ambiguity in responsibility and authority both defeats interests in recognition and creates risks of being scapegoated for problems. At the same time, the structure of bureaucratic authority engenders shame anxiety which discourages assertion and further hinders effective work. Workers defend themselves against this anxiety by producing dramas …
Policy Analysis
The practice of policy analysis requires an ability to understand the political context of decisions. This political sensitivity involves a readiness to address certain intellectual questions. In order to answer these questions about the political environment, a practitioner needs to have a particular cognitive style. Examination of empirical studies of planners shows understanding of the political environment among these practitioners to be asso…
Transference in Organizational Research
Organization members decide to participate in research in reaction to a researcher's approach, on the basis of their conscious and unconscious assumptions about him. This article draws from the author's work to look at how people react to a researcher's request to study them A psychoanalytic perspective focuses on how members unconsciously engage in transference toward the researcher in deciding whether to participate. Many who make negative assu…
Yonkers
Ethical action is action on behalf of the values of a community. Yonkers planners opposed segregation of public housing but did so weakly. Their inactivity can be understood in terms of planners' lack of experience of a professional community. Having no sense of their own community, they cannot understand the impor tance of community to class and ra cial groups. In addition, they do not feel supported by any collectivity in promoting positions th…
Emphasizing a Point
The Insanity of Adolescence
Toward a post-industrial planning theory
Services Aren't Goods
As the United States moves from an industrial society to a post-industrial society, fewer people are engaged in the production of goods, and a majority now produce services. The processes of designing and producing goods and services are radically different. This differences calls for innovation in both the structure of the work setting and the policies which govern work in the society as a whole. The article examines differences between goods an…
Policy Analysis
The practice of policy analysis requires an ability to understand the political context of decisions. This political sensitivity involves a readiness to address certain intellectual questions. In order to answer these questions about the political environment, a practitioner needs to have a particular cognitive style. Examination of empirical studies of planners shows understanding of the political environment among these practitioners to be asso…
The Advisor as Invited Intruder
Frequently a policy maker or other administrator turns to an advisor for assistance in analyzing a problem and identifying sources of action to remedy the problem. Efforts to understand this advising relationship most often emphasize the ways in which an administrator uses an advisor to serve political interests' or typical differences in ways of thinking which separate administrators who act from advisors who think.2 Both the political and cogni…
Politics and Ambivalence In Planners' Practice
The view that planning is a political activ ity has encouraged researchers to inquire to what degree planners think or act politi cally Studies of planners' self-perceptions take three forms One type of study is concerned with planners' cognitive maps of the planning environment A second type is concerned with planners' role orientation to the environment A third type of study is concerned with the skills which planners use in their day-to-day wo…
Autonomy, Shame, and Doubt
Many planners simultaneously say that they should act more politically and powerfully and yet have ambivalence about doing so. To explore this puzzle, this article will provide a framework for thinking about the types of power that planners exercise. The article analyzes the peculiar nature of bureaucratic authority which tends to make power invisible and discourage organizational members from learning to act powerfully. Interview material from p…
Emphasizing a Point
Predicaments of Bureaucratic Subordinacy
Bureaucracy presents workers with predicaments which frustrate efforts to act competently. Simultaneous ambiguity in responsibility and authority both defeats interests in recognition and creates risks of being scapegoated for problems. At the same time, the structure of bureaucratic authority engenders shame anxiety which discourages assertion and further hinders effective work. Workers defend themselves against this anxiety by producing dramas …
Response to Commentary by Cynthia McSwain
Professor McSwain's comments refer both specifically to my article and generally to the utility of psychoanalytic perspectives for interpreting organization. In both respects she raises important issues. At the same time, her remarks point up the difficulty of discussing complex social and psychological phenomena with limited agreement about the terms of discourse. For example, her initial question-whether drama, play, or fantasy is the appropria…
Planning theory as political practice
Yonkers
Ethical action is action on behalf of the values of a community. Yonkers planners opposed segregation of public housing but did so weakly. Their inactivity can be understood in terms of planners' lack of experience of a professional community. Having no sense of their own community, they cannot understand the impor tance of community to class and ra cial groups. In addition, they do not feel supported by any collectivity in promoting positions th…
The Invisible Bureaucracy
The Invisible Bureaucracy
Les urbanistes aux Etats-Unis et le sens de leur travail
Les urbanistes sont formés à répondre techniquement à des questions sociales. Interrogés par une enquête sur leurs pratiques, ils estiment travailler au développement économique local, pour un tiers à la justice sociale. Ils doivent évaluer les situations et leurs chances médiocres de les transformer. Leur travail varie en fonction de leur position institutionnelle
Creating a Family in the Workplace
Modern service work in bureaucratic organizations requires possibilities for acting aggressively in intimate relationships without anxiety. This article describes a local planning agency where staff created a “family” to solve these problems. Staff members originally created family activities to structure intimacy under intense working conditions. Simultaneously, they negotiated room for these activities in the bureaucracy. Consciously and uncons…
Committing to an Organization
Mentoring
This article examines the literature on mentoring from a psychoanalytic perspective. Two common contrasting experiences of mentoring, harmony between a protege and a perfect mentor, and sexuality and aggressive conflict between the protege and mentor, are typically successive stages in mentoring relationships. These stages resemble infantile narcissism and the Oedipus complex. In successful mentoring, these experiences are followed by the protege…
Community and Consensus
Strategic planning has been presented as a way to set organizational direction. Differences between corporate enterprises and nonprofit community organizations raise questions whether strategic planning can help the latter. This article presents a case study in strategic planning by a Jewish community federation. Religious differences led to conflicts over policy and procedures. However, planning participants had political and psychological inter…
Transference in Organizational Research
Organization members decide to participate in research in reaction to a researcher's approach, on the basis of their conscious and unconscious assumptions about him. This article draws from the author's work to look at how people react to a researcher's request to study them A psychoanalytic perspective focuses on how members unconsciously engage in transference toward the researcher in deciding whether to participate. Many who make negative assu…
Chester Rapkin Award for the Best Article in Volume 13 Acceptance Speech
A Further Case for Practitioner Faculty
The Unconscious Life of Organizations
Introduction Theory Psychoanalytic Organization Theory Ritualistic Organizational Defenses and the Self-System The Psychodynamics of Organizational Culture Organizational Identity Individual and Group Regression in the Workplace The Psychodynamics of Language and Communication in Organizational Consultations Practice Shame Anxiety and Intimidation at Work A Public Agency Copes with Transition and Expansion The Impact of Conflict Avoidance on Orga…
Why the Rational Paradigm Persists
Teaching Practice
Planning is a way of acting. People learn to plan by practicing planning. Yet university planning programs give predominant attention to classroom activity. A cultural division between "academic" and "practice" faculty and classes gives higher status and greater influence to academic courses emphasizing research and analysis. Thus university programs tacitly teach that planning is the same as research. Despite rhetoric about "integrating academic…
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