Claudia Needham
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 325361 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Claudia Needham |
| NOMBRES | Claudia |
| APELLIDO | Needham |
| FIRMA | NEEDHAM C |
| AFILIACIONES | University of Birmingham |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-8519-4171 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 57 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 358 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 57 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2002 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 11 |
Keeping local public servants in the picture
Local public servants are facing a range of challenges including recovery from the Covid-19 pandemic, austerity, the cost of living crisis, and rising awareness of systemic inequalities. They have to work with partners in complex systems to support people holistically and inclusively. This article summarises research done in 2014 and again in 2024 to understand what it means to be an effective public servant. As well as sharing our key findings, …
‘It Was About as Far at Odds With Our Provider Failure Protocol…as You Can Get’. Untangling Care Policy When Care Homes Close
This article takes an extreme case ‐ the emergency closure of a care home on a Friday evening ‐ to explore how a lack of coordination between national and local stakeholders led to a brutalising experience for frail residents and social care staff. Care home closures sit at the interface of multiple policy domains including funding, infrastructure, staffing, quality assurance and regulation. Drawing on interviews with managers and wider stakehold…
Realising the Power of Academic-Voluntary Sector Partnerships to Integrated Care Research
Voluntary Community and Social Enterprise organisations (VCSEs) bring valuable knowledge of local health and care needs and have skills in engaging underserved communities. This makes them ideal partners for integrated health and care researchers. Yet, they are often excluded from research. This paper reflects on the benefits and challenges of VCSE-researcher collaborations and shares examples from Australia and the UK of how these have been over…
Understanding the lived experiences of working-age disabled people in England and their care-related transitions through the framework of the convoy model
Purpose This article uses care convoys as a theoretical framework to study care-related transitions. Design/methodology/approach Eight pairs of participants, consisting of a disabled person plus a carer/care worker, were interviewed (sixteen semi-structured interviews), with follow-up interviews with the disabled participants after two months (twenty-four interviews in total). Findings A thematic analysis was carried out. Three aspects of the car…
Understanding older people’s experiences of care home closure through the lenses of precarity and transition
This article addresses a gap in current evidence by examining the experiences of older people and families when care homes close. We adopt the dual lenses of the precarity of ageing and adaptation to transition to facilitate understanding of the structural and experiential dimensions of care home closure. We argue that the experiences of older people and their families of care home closure are a largely hidden example of the increasing precarity …
Law but not law
This article explores unenacted policy – where legislation is passed but the policy is not implemented. It argues that this should be seen as a form of policy failure and that this has been underexplored to date. It tackles the puzzle of explaining why governments would go to all the trouble of passing legislation without then moving to enact the law. The article draws on the recent example of long-term care funding reform in England, which has t…
Social care
In this debate piece (written by UK and Australian academics), we discuss the utility of the term ‘social care’. This term has been used in the UK for more than 20 years. While not as widely used in Australia, it is understood in both countries to describe the provision of social work, personal care, protection or social support services for those with needs arising from illness, disability, old age and/or poverty. We conclude that there is space…
Making a difference? Attracting new generations into local government
‘I do not want to be one of her favourites’. Emotional display and the co-production of frontline care services
Co-production has been introduced into many public services, reshaping traditional roles of frontline staff and service users. This study investigate how co-production processes interact with norms of emotional display set by staff. A continuum of staff-user relationships is developed, highlighting variations between display rules which set norms of emotional closeness versus distance. This continuum is used empirically to explore relationships a…
Implementing England’s Care Act 2014
Many countries are reforming long-term care to deal with the social risks created by demographic and social change. However, the passage of legislation is often followed by a new set of challenges as policy is implemented. This article examines England’s Care Act 2014 through Compton and ‘t Hart’s criteria of policy endurance to demonstrate the importance of assessing effectiveness at multiple time points. Early success in ‘implementation readine…
Dealing with drift
Reform of social care for older and disabled people has become a pressing political issue, given demographic change and shifting public expectations. In the UK, social insurance for long‐term care wasn't included in the post‐war welfare state and remains unfinished business. Drawing on semi‐structured interviews with policy stakeholders and analysis of policy documents, the concept of policy drift is used here to explain the incomplete and variab…
Introduction
For anyone working in or receiving adult social care services, the personalisation agenda is of fundamental importance. Different people may love it or loathe it – may be fully supportive, completely opposed and/or just confused – but the shifts in policy and practice that personalisation might imply are potentially far-reaching and certainly hard to ignore. Of all the changes that have taken place in adult social care (and increasingly in other …
Conclusion
Throughout history, most revolutions fail in the first instance. Some never really ignite and others end with a whimper in a short space of time. However, even revolutions that seem to be ‘successful’ at the time often fail to bring about anticipated results. Sometimes this is because previous elites are unwilling to give up power and find ways of going with the flow in the short term, but quietly re-emerge near the top of the new system. ‘Turkey…
Taking stock of personalisation
There has been growing interest in narrative approaches to policy that focus on how policies are framed as stories in order to build coalitions of support (Hajer, 1995; Yanow, 1996, 2000; Fischer, 2003). Such interpretive approaches to policy have also drawn attention to the ways in which academics themselves offer narrative interpretations of those policies: ‘stories about stories’ (Yanow, 1996). This layering of interpretation is very evident i…
‘They Made an Excellent Start…but After a While, It Started to Die Out’, Tensions in Combining Personalisation and Integration in English Adult Social Care
This article seeks to understand the challenges of combining the distinct aims of personalisation and integration in adult social care. Addressing the local context of service delivery in England through interviews with key stakeholders, we identify how personalisation and integration activities require different, and potentially conflicting, approaches. We observe direct tensions when structural integration with health systems distracts focus fr…
Challenges and adaptations of an intermediary
Support coordination for people with disability and complex needs should assist in personalising and implementing individualised funded supports in a coordinated manner. Yet, this also relies on policy and organisational arrangements being conducive to good practice. Designed according to street-level policy research, this study sought to explore challenges and adaptations associated with the implementation of support coordination in Australia’s …
Tailored and Seamless
This article reviews the design and delivery features of individualised budgets for disabled and older adults to understand the mechanisms for disaggregation and collaboration in the way support is organised and delivered. Individualised funding is often assumed to be a fragmenting force, breaking down mass provision into personalised and tailored support and stimulating diverse provider markets. However, disability campaigners and policy makers …
Introduction
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Breaking Up Is Risky Business
The marketisation of disability support driven by individualised funding brings new dilemmas for multi-agency collaboration, in particular how to provide personalised supports while remaining commercially viable. This article explores the challenges, risks and adaptations of organisations to navigate the tensions of personalisation and collaboration. Framed by street-level research and using the context of Australia’s National Disability Insuranc…
Managerial Discretion
Self-funders
The Care Act 2014 gave local authorities in England broad duties around wellbeing, and responsibility to ensure the availability of good quality, personalised social care and support services for people who need them. These responsibilities are for all people needing support, whether that is publicly or privately funded. In exercising their duties, councils have a responsibility for ‘market-shaping’: that is, understanding the supply and demand f…
A new health and care system
Participatory research meets validated outcome measures
Funding for care service research is increasingly subject to the satisfaction of two requirements: public involvement and adoption of validated outcome tools. This study identifies competing paradigms within these requirements and reveals significant challenges faced by researchers who seek to satisfy them. The focus here is on a study co‐produced between academic researchers and people with experience of adult social care services. It examines t…
Inside co‐production
It might be argued that a narrative of co-production has come to re-define contemporary social and public policy. Elinor Ostrom’s pioneering work on co-production, that started in the 1970s and was awards the Nobel prize for economics in 2009, offers a way to bridge the gap between the market and the state through involving citizens in the production of common goods (Ostrom et al. 1978; Ostrom 2015). This ‘disarmingly simple’ idea (Alford 2014) i…
The Goldilocks question
Here, we apply the ‘Goldilocks’ question to social care: what size of care provider is ‘just right’? Empirical research to date has struggled to find evidence for an optimal size for public service providers, although policymakers remain keen to suggest that size is a key aspect of organisational performance. The article makes an innovative contribution to this literature, drawing on empirical research with care providers and people who use their…
Realising the Potential of Co-production
The concept of co-production – also called co-creation – is gaining widespread attention as a way to increase user involvement in service provision in the UK. It is usually taken as self-evident that more co-production will improve services. However, it is necessary to be clear about how far and in what ways co-production can improve public services. This article looks at the purported advantages of co-production, and considers how these can best…
Brand Leaders
The ‘permanent campaign’ is said to have reached its apogee in the incumbent communications strategies of Bill Clinton and Tony Blair. However, their assiduous courting of public opinion from within office has been used to explain both the high approval ratings of these leaders and their unpopularity for long periods of their incumbency. This apparent paradox suggests that the permanent campaign model is too blunt an instrument to usefully descri…
Personalization
Personalization has become a unifying theme and a dominant narrative across public services in England. Key to understanding the dominance of personalization is the recognition that it is a story that is told about public services, their history and the roles and experiences of the people who use them and work in them. Like other stories it is compelling, emotionally resonant, but also multi‐interpretable. This article identifies five key themes …
Generating ‘good enough’ evidenc for co-production
Co-production is not a new concept but it is one with renewed prominence and reach in contemporary policy discourse. It refers to joint working between people or groups who have traditionally been separated into categories of user and producer. The article focuses on the coproduction of public services, offering theory-based and knowledge-based routes to evidencing co-production. It cites a range of ‘good enough’ methodologies which community org…
Negotiated compliance at the street level
Often portrayed as behaviour that is inconsistent with policy goals, public noncompliance poses a significant challenge for government. To explore what compliance efforts entail on the ground, this study focuses on childhood immunization as a paradigmatic case where a failure to ensure compliance poses a public health risk. The analysis draws on 48 semi‐structured interviews with frontline nurses and regional/national public health officials in E…
Customer Care and the Public Service Ethos
The Labour governments that have been in power in the UK since 1997 have reconceptualized the public service ethos. In an apparent departure from their Conservative predecessors, Labour ministers have argued that the distinctive culture of public service can enhance rather than impede service quality and deliver high levels of customer care. This article utilizes interviews and content analysis data to explore the ethical dimension of public serv…
Introduction
Additional informationNotes on contributorsCatherine NeedhamCatherine Needham is a Reader in public policy and public management at the University of Birmingham. Her research focuses on reform of public services, with particular emphasis on the introduction of consumerist models of service delivery. Her work on policy as narrative-Personalizing Public Service: Understanding the Personalization Narrative-was recently published by The Policy Press.…
Debates in personalisation
Part 1: Introduction and Overview Introduction ~ Catherine Needham and Jon Glasby Taking Stock of Personalisation ~ Catherine Needham and Jon Glasby Making it Real: from Putting People First to Think Local, Act Personal ~ Sarah Carr Part 2: The Challenges of Personalisation Resource Allocation Systems: complex and counterproductive? ~ Lucy Series Safeguarding, risk and personalisation ~ Jill Manthorpe Can personalisation work for older people? ~ …
Any one of us could be among that number’
In this article we compare the introduction of individualized budget policies for people with disabilities in Australia and England. Data is drawn from semi‐structured interviews undertaken in Australia with politicians, policymakers, providers, disability rights groups and care planners, along with analysis of policy documents. This data is compared to the authors’ earlier research from England on the personalization narrative. We argue that the…
Personalization
The article explores the relationship between personalization reforms of social care services in England and the redevelopment of day centres for older people and people with a disability. Recognizing the ways in which personalization reforms have been driven by a rejection of institutionalization, it considers how intersecting story-lines delegitimize the day centre model and promote alternative shared spaces such as ‘community hubs’. Using resp…
Individual Funding for Disability Support
A range of different countries have experimented with the concept of individualised funding and self‐directed support, particularly for long term care. With the introduction of the National Disability Insurance Scheme, individual funding looks set to be an area of future development in Australia. Individual funding is concerned with making the financial aspects of care more explicit at the level of the individual. Supporters suggest that it has t…
Inside co‐production
It might be argued that a narrative of co-production has come to re-define contemporary social and public policy. Elinor Ostrom’s pioneering work on co-production, that started in the 1970s and was awards the Nobel prize for economics in 2009, offers a way to bridge the gap between the market and the state through involving citizens in the production of common goods (Ostrom et al. 1978; Ostrom 2015). This ‘disarmingly simple’ idea (Alford 2014) i…
Debate
In the early 21st century, elements of the English welfare state are in the middle of a ‘transformation’ process based on the concepts of personalisation and self-directed support (HM Government, 2007; Glasby and Littlechild, 2009; Carr, 2010; Needham, 2010). Beginning in adult social care, these approaches seek to recast users of state welfare away from being passive recipients of prepurchased services towards a situation where they are active c…
Policing With a Smile
A recurrent theme in New Labour’s public service reforms has been a tendency to orient services to the user as a consumer or customer of those services. However a consumerist approach – and particularly the ‘customer is always right’ imperative – appears problematic in relation to criminal justice. This article uses content analysis to explore the use of consumerist narratives by selected members of the UK criminal justice policy network (Prime M…
Self-funders
The Care Act 2014 gave local authorities in England broad duties around wellbeing, and responsibility to ensure the availability of good quality, personalised social care and support services for people who need them. These responsibilities are for all people needing support, whether that is publicly or privately funded. In exercising their duties, councils have a responsibility for ‘market-shaping’: that is, understanding the supply and demand f…
The Spaces of Personalisation
The cluster of reforms to English social care associated with personalisation mark a break with recent thinking about what spaces are considered relevant and appropriate for people with an assessed social care need. The promise of personalisation from a spatial perspective appears to be twofold: expanding the physical spaces that are available to people, while at the same time contracting interpersonal spaces between people and those who support …
Service Personalization as a Response to Noncompliance with Routine Childhood Vaccination
Governmental reaction to citizens’ noncompliance with policy is often portrayed as a retrospective enforcement effort, in which incentives and information serve as the main mechanisms to change citizens’ noncompliant behavior. This study suggests that government may adapt existing policy arrangements to encourage compliance rather than enforce implementation. Such responses recognize that noncompliance is an ongoing decision‐making process rather…
Consultation
Journal Article Consultation: A Cure for Local Government? Get access Catherine Needham Catherine Needham Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Parliamentary Affairs, Volume 55, Issue 4, 1 October 2002, Pages 699–714, https://doi.org/10.1093/parlij/55.4.699 Published: 01 October 2002
Dealing with drift
Reform of social care for older and disabled people has become a pressing political issue, given demographic change and shifting public expectations. In the UK, social insurance for long‐term care wasn't included in the post‐war welfare state and remains unfinished business. Drawing on semi‐structured interviews with policy stakeholders and analysis of policy documents, the concept of policy drift is used here to explain the incomplete and variab…
Participatory research meets validated outcome measures
Funding for care service research is increasingly subject to the satisfaction of two requirements: public involvement and adoption of validated outcome tools. This study identifies competing paradigms within these requirements and reveals significant challenges faced by researchers who seek to satisfy them. The focus here is on a study co‐produced between academic researchers and people with experience of adult social care services. It examines t…
Implementing England’s Care Act 2014
Many countries are reforming long-term care to deal with the social risks created by demographic and social change. However, the passage of legislation is often followed by a new set of challenges as policy is implemented. This article examines England’s Care Act 2014 through Compton and ‘t Hart’s criteria of policy endurance to demonstrate the importance of assessing effectiveness at multiple time points. Early success in ‘implementation readine…
Breaking Up Is Risky Business
The marketisation of disability support driven by individualised funding brings new dilemmas for multi-agency collaboration, in particular how to provide personalised supports while remaining commercially viable. This article explores the challenges, risks and adaptations of organisations to navigate the tensions of personalisation and collaboration. Framed by street-level research and using the context of Australia’s National Disability Insuranc…
Fighting the Last War
The concept of policy transfer (or ‘lesson-drawing’) has been used by theorists of public policy to explain how programmes developed in one context emerge in another. This article explores how far the insights of policy transfer can be used to understand better how campaign strategies move cross-nationally in cases where lender and borrower campaigns can be identified. Drawing on the policy transfer literature, it puts forward the following hypot…
Tailored and Seamless
This article reviews the design and delivery features of individualised budgets for disabled and older adults to understand the mechanisms for disaggregation and collaboration in the way support is organised and delivered. Individualised funding is often assumed to be a fragmenting force, breaking down mass provision into personalised and tailored support and stimulating diverse provider markets. However, disability campaigners and policy makers …
Law but not law
This article explores unenacted policy – where legislation is passed but the policy is not implemented. It argues that this should be seen as a form of policy failure and that this has been underexplored to date. It tackles the puzzle of explaining why governments would go to all the trouble of passing legislation without then moving to enact the law. The article draws on the recent example of long-term care funding reform in England, which has t…
Consultation
Journal Article Consultation: A Cure for Local Government? Get access Catherine Needham Catherine Needham Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Parliamentary Affairs, Volume 55, Issue 4, 1 October 2002, Pages 699–714, https://doi.org/10.1093/parlij/55.4.699 Published: 01 October 2002
Brand Leaders
The ‘permanent campaign’ is said to have reached its apogee in the incumbent communications strategies of Bill Clinton and Tony Blair. However, their assiduous courting of public opinion from within office has been used to explain both the high approval ratings of these leaders and their unpopularity for long periods of their incumbency. This apparent paradox suggests that the permanent campaign model is too blunt an instrument to usefully descri…
Introduction
There is a pervasive sense of crisis around political parties in advanced and emerging democracies, as they lose members, supporters and legitimacy as institutions. The scale of the problem is contested. Commentators disagree about whether parties are in terminal decline or merely readjusting to a series of social, economic and technological changes. Even as their membership and support bases erode, parties continue to dominate legislative and ex…
Customer Care and the Public Service Ethos
The Labour governments that have been in power in the UK since 1997 have reconceptualized the public service ethos. In an apparent departure from their Conservative predecessors, Labour ministers have argued that the distinctive culture of public service can enhance rather than impede service quality and deliver high levels of customer care. This article utilizes interviews and content analysis data to explore the ethical dimension of public serv…
The Reform of Public Services under New Labour
Drawing on interviews conducted by the author with politicians, bureaucrats and citizens, alongside content analysis of government documents, the book explains how New Labour has consumerized public s
Creating Citizen Consumers
Choice in public services
This chapter explores New Labour’s approach to choice at each of Hall’s three levels, and considers how 6 and Peck’s themes of modernisation are manifest in detailed policy settings. It also examines changes over Blair’s two-and-a-half terms as Prime Minister and between different public services. The chapter highlights the government’s growing fascination with choice, and the tendency to offer distinctive models of choice to different welfare us…
Debate
This article began life as a debate for MSc students in a public management class at Queen Mary, University of London, convened by the authors. In seeking to explain the significance of consumerism in contemporary public service reform, the authors took different positions on the normative appeal of consumer-oriented public service reforms. In this article George Jones begins by setting out the advantages of consumerism in public services. In the…
Realising the Potential of Co-production
The concept of co-production – also called co-creation – is gaining widespread attention as a way to increase user involvement in service provision in the UK. It is usually taken as self-evident that more co-production will improve services. However, it is necessary to be clear about how far and in what ways co-production can improve public services. This article looks at the purported advantages of co-production, and considers how these can best…
Interpreting personalization in England's National Health Service
Different versions of choice are at work in England's National Health Service. A hard version of choice associated with provider competition (and patient exit) appears to be giving way to a 'softer' concept of 'personalization', emphasizing choice and voice at the micro level, but also drawing on solidaristic themes. As personalization becomes increasingly central to health reform, it is important to interpret the ways in which a personalization …
Policing With a Smile
A recurrent theme in New Labour’s public service reforms has been a tendency to orient services to the user as a consumer or customer of those services. However a consumerist approach – and particularly the ‘customer is always right’ imperative – appears problematic in relation to criminal justice. This article uses content analysis to explore the use of consumerist narratives by selected members of the UK criminal justice policy network (Prime M…
Fighting the Last War
The concept of policy transfer (or ‘lesson-drawing’) has been used by theorists of public policy to explain how programmes developed in one context emerge in another. This article explores how far the insights of policy transfer can be used to understand better how campaign strategies move cross-nationally in cases where lender and borrower campaigns can be identified. Drawing on the policy transfer literature, it puts forward the following hypot…
Globalisation, Markets and Healthcare Policy
Personalization
Personalization has become a unifying theme and a dominant narrative across public services in England. Key to understanding the dominance of personalization is the recognition that it is a story that is told about public services, their history and the roles and experiences of the people who use them and work in them. Like other stories it is compelling, emotionally resonant, but also multi‐interpretable. This article identifies five key themes …
Debate
In the early 21st century, elements of the English welfare state are in the middle of a ‘transformation’ process based on the concepts of personalisation and self-directed support (HM Government, 2007; Glasby and Littlechild, 2009; Carr, 2010; Needham, 2010). Beginning in adult social care, these approaches seek to recast users of state welfare away from being passive recipients of prepurchased services towards a situation where they are active c…
Conclusion
Throughout history, most revolutions fail in the first instance. Some never really ignite and others end with a whimper in a short space of time. However, even revolutions that seem to be ‘successful’ at the time often fail to bring about anticipated results. Sometimes this is because previous elites are unwilling to give up power and find ways of going with the flow in the short term, but quietly re-emerge near the top of the new system. ‘Turkey…
Introduction
For anyone working in or receiving adult social care services, the personalisation agenda is of fundamental importance. Different people may love it or loathe it – may be fully supportive, completely opposed and/or just confused – but the shifts in policy and practice that personalisation might imply are potentially far-reaching and certainly hard to ignore. Of all the changes that have taken place in adult social care (and increasingly in other …
Taking stock of personalisation
There has been growing interest in narrative approaches to policy that focus on how policies are framed as stories in order to build coalitions of support (Hajer, 1995;Yanow, 1996, 2000; Fischer, 2003). Such interpretive approaches to policy have also drawn attention to the ways in which academics themselves offer narrative interpretations of those policies: ‘stories about stories’ (Yanow, 1996). This layering of interpretation is very evident in…
The Spaces of Personalisation
The cluster of reforms to English social care associated with personalisation mark a break with recent thinking about what spaces are considered relevant and appropriate for people with an assessed social care need. The promise of personalisation from a spatial perspective appears to be twofold: expanding the physical spaces that are available to people, while at the same time contracting interpersonal spaces between people and those who support …
Service Personalization as a Response to Noncompliance with Routine Childhood Vaccination
Governmental reaction to citizens’ noncompliance with policy is often portrayed as a retrospective enforcement effort, in which incentives and information serve as the main mechanisms to change citizens’ noncompliant behavior. This study suggests that government may adapt existing policy arrangements to encourage compliance rather than enforce implementation. Such responses recognize that noncompliance is an ongoing decision‐making process rather…
Individual Funding for Disability Support
A range of different countries have experimented with the concept of individualised funding and self‐directed support, particularly for long term care. With the introduction of the National Disability Insurance Scheme, individual funding looks set to be an area of future development in Australia. Individual funding is concerned with making the financial aspects of care more explicit at the level of the individual. Supporters suggest that it has t…
Personalization
The article explores the relationship between personalization reforms of social care services in England and the redevelopment of day centres for older people and people with a disability. Recognizing the ways in which personalization reforms have been driven by a rejection of institutionalization, it considers how intersecting story-lines delegitimize the day centre model and promote alternative shared spaces such as ‘community hubs’. Using resp…
Debates in personalisation
Part 1: Introduction and Overview Introduction ~ Catherine Needham and Jon Glasby Taking Stock of Personalisation ~ Catherine Needham and Jon Glasby Making it Real: from Putting People First to Think Local, Act Personal ~ Sarah Carr Part 2: The Challenges of Personalisation Resource Allocation Systems: complex and counterproductive? ~ Lucy Series Safeguarding, risk and personalisation ~ Jill Manthorpe Can personalisation work for older people? ~ …
Generating ‘good enough’ evidenc for co-production
Co-production is not a new concept but it is one with renewed prominence and reach in contemporary policy discourse. It refers to joint working between people or groups who have traditionally been separated into categories of user and producer. The article focuses on the coproduction of public services, offering theory-based and knowledge-based routes to evidencing co-production. It cites a range of ‘good enough’ methodologies which community org…
Micro‐provision of Social Care Support for Marginalized Communities – Filling the Gap or Building Bridges to the Mainstream
As E nglish social care services reconstruct themselves in response to the personalization agenda, there is increased interest in the contribution of micro‐providers – very small community‐based organizations, which can work directly with individuals. These micro‐providers are assumed to be able to cater for the ‘seldom heard’ groups which have been marginalized within mainstream social care services. This article reviews recent literature from t…
Political science (46 obras) · Healthcare innovation and challenges (35 obras) · Public relations (30 obras) · Business (29 obras) · Law (27 obras) · Social Policy and Reform Studies (25 obras) · Sociology (25 obras) · Law (24 obras) · Computer Science (22 obras) · Personalization (18 obras)