Nicky Belle
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 3485490 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Nicky Belle |
| NOMBRES | Nicky |
| APELLIDO | Belle |
| FIRMA | BELLE N |
| AFILIACIONES | Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-0825-2857 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 27 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 575 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 27 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1984 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2024 |
| ÍNDICE H | 11 |
Reducing administrative burdens to increase the take-up of public services
The literature on administrative burdens has directed attention to why citizens struggle to engage with state services that would benefit them. In a paired conjoint experiment with Italian adults, COVID-19 vaccination intention is positively impacted by reducing administrative burdens, after controlling for vaccine’s efficacy and side effects: automatic enrolment of citizens through pre-scheduled appointments, offering a convenient location, less…
Patient expectations do matter - Experimental evidence on antibiotic prescribing decisions among hospital-based physicians
BACKGROUND: The global public health crisis of antibiotic resistance is being driven in part by over prescription of antibiotics. We aimed to assess the relative weight of patient expectations, clinical uncertainty, and past behaviour on hospital-based physicians' antibiotic prescribing decisions. METHODS: A discrete choice experiment was administered among hospital-based physicians in Tuscany, Italy. Respondents were asked to choose in which of …
Information use in public administration and policy decision‐making
This article presents a research synthesis of 162 studies focusing on information use for decision‐making in public administration, management, and policy. The findings reveal that a significant proportion of work is centered around performance management and policy implementation. Notably, around one third of the reviewed studies adopt a behavioral science perspective. The analysis predominantly includes civil servants and citizens as the subjec…
Experimental evidence on the determinants of citizens' expectations toward public services
We conducted three randomized experiments to investigate whether and to what extent citizens' expectations toward waiting times for public service delivery are influenced by reference points, either in the form of social or numerical references. Consistent with our theoretical expectations, our results provide convergent evidence of reference dependence. Specifically, informing citizens that waiting times are longer (shorter) relative to a social…
Give, take, or match? Styles of reciprocity, job satisfaction, and work motivation
In four online experiments involving 16,461 public professionals, we examined the causal effects of reciprocity styles at work on colleagues' expected job satisfaction and motivation. Our findings indicate that giving, which involves helping others when the benefit outweighs personal cost, is the supervisory reciprocity style that maximizes expected satisfaction among subordinates (Study 1). Additionally, it is expected that public employee motiv…
Performance-related pay, fairness perceptions, and effort in public management tasks
This randomized study explores the causal mechanisms linking contingent pay to individual performance on a series of tasks mimicking real public management activities. Employing a parallel encouragement design in a laboratory setting, we disentangle the overall, direct, and indirect performance effects of perceived fairness as well as a pay scheme that reproduces the merit system provisions adopted by the Italian government. The overall performan…
Self-determination theory goes public
This study puts self-determination theory to an empirical test through a series of discrete choice experiments across three samples of public healthcare workers, for a total of 4,743 subjects. The three replications provide convergent evidence in support of the hypotheses that autonomy, competence, and three types of relatedness – with supervisors, peers, and beneficiaries – simultaneously and independently increase employee satisfaction. Meaning…
Liberté, Égalité, Crédibilité
During a global pandemic, individual views of government can be linked to citizens' trust and cooperation with government and their propensity to resist state policies or to take action that influences the course of a pandemic. This article explores citizens' assessments of government responses to COVID‐19 as a function of policy substance (restrictions on civil liberties), information about performance, and socioeconomic inequity in outcomes. We…
Your Money, Your Life, or Your Freedom? A Discrete‐Choice Experiment on Trade‐Offs During a Public Health Crisis
We conducted a discrete‐choice conjoint analysis on a sample of residents in Italy to explore trade‐offs between human lives, individual freedoms, and the economy that governments and their citizens face while coping with a public health crisis. Our results indicate that people prefer to avoid income losses over reduction in the number of victims by the same percentage. The relative preference for saving income over saving lives widens as the siz…
Nudging Public Employees Through Descriptive Social Norms in Healthcare Organizations
We draw on the focus theory of normative conduct and nudge theory to experimentally test the effect of descriptive social norms on desired behaviors that public employees may engage in at suboptimal levels, namely, vaccination and help‐seeking. Through a series of framed randomized controlled trials with 19,984 public healthcare professionals, we demonstrate that descriptive norms—doing what the majority of others do—trigger conformity. Specifica…
Thanks, but No Thanks
Over the last decades, one of the most significant changes in the workplaces of government agencies around the world has been the introduction of telework. The relatively scant public administration research on this innovation and on its semantic or substantive variations such as telecommuting, home-work, remote work, and smart work has examined its effects on teleworkers and only recently on non-teleworkers. However, scholars have overlooked the…
To consent, or not to consent? The publicness effect on citizens’ willingness to grant access to personal data in the face of a health crisis
This study contributes to the nascent behavioral governance scholarship by experimentally testing whether individuals' likelihood of lifting their privacy rights in the face of a health crisis varies based on the public versus private nature of the entity accessing their personal data and the length of time during which records can be used. We run an online, randomized control trial with 1,500 citizens representative of the Italian general adult …
The impact of bounded subadditivity on administrative behaviour among public and private workers
We use a mixed‐methods sequential explanatory design to explore whether and how bounded subadditivity, and the resulting certainty effect, may lead public and private employees to prioritize their activities in ways that are suboptimal for their organizations. In a randomized controlled trial, private sector workers were more likely to join a project to which they were able to provide a small contribution that would turn the probability of succes…
Only hearing what they want to hear
While performance information is often used to communicate the importance of public policies and stimulate civic engagement, we know little about the processes that connect the two. This study proposes a conceptual model that links performance information to a specific form of public engagement: coproduction. Drawing on insights from information aversion theory, we argue that the effect of performance information on engagement in coproduction dep…
Performance information in politics
Performance information research has grown rapidly over the last decade with much research emphasizing the importance of how information is framed, presented, and communicated by using a distinct rhetorical appeal. In this study, we examine how the framing, format, and rhetoric of performance information influences preferences among elected politicians. We study the direct effects of how information is presented. We also argue that performance in…
Prospect Theory Goes Public
This article tests a broad range of cognitive biases branching out from prospect theory in the context of public policy and management. Results illuminate systematic deviations from rationality. In experiments 1 through 5, the framing of outcomes influenced decisions across policy and management domains. In experiment 6, public employees were prone to an anchoring bias when setting standards for responsiveness. Experiment 7 shows that public work…
Behavioral Public Administration ad fontes
This article provides a comprehensive overview of how policy makers, practitioners, and scholars can fruitfully use behavioral science to tackle public administration, management, and policy issues. The article systematically reviews 109 articles in the public administration discipline that are inspired by the behavioral sciences to identify emerging research trajectories, significant gaps, and promising applied research directions. In an attempt…
Framing Effects under Different Uses of Performance Information
Combining insights from public administration, accounting, and psychology, this article explores the microprocesses by which public managers use performance information, investigating whether the type of performance information use and the request to justify decisions affect the way in which information is processed. The study draws on data from a series of artifactual survey experiments with Italian municipal executives. Findings show that manag…
What Causes Unethical Behavior? A Meta‐Analysis to Set an Agenda for Public Administration Research
This article uses meta‐analysis to synthesize 137 experiments in 73 articles on the causes of unethical behavior. Results show that exposure to in‐group members who misbehave or to others who benefit from unethical actions, greed, egocentrism, self‐justification, exposure to incremental dishonesty, loss aversion, challenging performance goals, or time pressure increase unethical behavior. In contrast, monitoring of employees, moral reminders, and…
Translating policy transparency into policy understanding and policy support
While transparency is viewed as a means of improving citizen understanding of public policies and eliciting policy support, there are few empirical assessments of these relationships. We address this gap in the literature using an experimental design. We predict that exposure to less detailed policy information improves policy understanding, and that this effect varies according to presentation format. Further, we predict that policy understandin…
Performance‐Related Pay and the Crowding Out of Motivation in the Public Sector
This article advances our understanding of the effects of monetary rewards on public employee performance and of the contingencies that may moderate these effects. In a randomized control‐group experiment with nurses working at a local health authority in Italy, performance‐related pay ( PRP ) had a larger effect on task performance when the rewards were kept secret than when they were disclosed. The negative interaction between PRP and visibilit…
Assessing Public Preferences and the Level of Transparency in Government Using an Exploratory Approach
Any information disclosed by governments should serve the purpose it is meant to fulfill. This is an underlying pillar of transparency. Our article assesses whether the information citizens consider to be most relevant for interaction with the authorities is actually disclosed. Our research was conducted on the population of the 117 Italian provincial capitals. A sample of 500 Italian citizens were interviewed with the purpose of understanding wh…
NPM, administrative reforms and public service motivation
This article makes use of the Italian case of administrative reform to investigate the changes in the public service motivation (PSM) of public employees and managers after two decades of new public management (NPM)-inspired reforms. It emerges that NPM reforms may be associated with a reduction of the stock of PSM; however, important qualifications apply. By providing so far entirely unavailable evidence about PSM in both the public and the priv…
Leading to Make a Difference
Scholars have recently begun to investigate job design as one of the contingencies that moderates1 the performance effects of transformational leadership in public sector organizations. Drawing on this stream of research, we used a completely randomized true experimental research design to explore the potential of two extra-task job characteristics—beneficiary contact and self-persuasion interventions—to enhance the effects of transformational le…
Why Helping Others Is a Path to Success
Behavioral Public Administration ad fontes
This article provides a comprehensive overview of how policy makers, practitioners, and scholars can fruitfully use behavioral science to tackle public administration, management, and policy issues. The article systematically reviews 109 articles in the public administration discipline that are inspired by the behavioral sciences to identify emerging research trajectories, significant gaps, and promising applied research directions. In an attempt…
Leading to Make a Difference
Scholars have recently begun to investigate job design as one of the contingencies that moderates1 the performance effects of transformational leadership in public sector organizations. Drawing on this stream of research, we used a completely randomized true experimental research design to explore the potential of two extra-task job characteristics—beneficiary contact and self-persuasion interventions—to enhance the effects of transformational le…
Experimental Evidence on the Relationship between Public Service Motivation and Job Performance
Prospect Theory Goes Public
This article tests a broad range of cognitive biases branching out from prospect theory in the context of public policy and management. Results illuminate systematic deviations from rationality. In experiments 1 through 5, the framing of outcomes influenced decisions across policy and management domains. In experiment 6, public employees were prone to an anchoring bias when setting standards for responsiveness. Experiment 7 shows that public work…
What Causes Unethical Behavior? A Meta‐Analysis to Set an Agenda for Public Administration Research
This article uses meta‐analysis to synthesize 137 experiments in 73 articles on the causes of unethical behavior. Results show that exposure to in‐group members who misbehave or to others who benefit from unethical actions, greed, egocentrism, self‐justification, exposure to incremental dishonesty, loss aversion, challenging performance goals, or time pressure increase unethical behavior. In contrast, monitoring of employees, moral reminders, and…
Framing Effects under Different Uses of Performance Information
Combining insights from public administration, accounting, and psychology, this article explores the microprocesses by which public managers use performance information, investigating whether the type of performance information use and the request to justify decisions affect the way in which information is processed. The study draws on data from a series of artifactual survey experiments with Italian municipal executives. Findings show that manag…
Performance‐Related Pay and the Crowding Out of Motivation in the Public Sector
This article advances our understanding of the effects of monetary rewards on public employee performance and of the contingencies that may moderate these effects. In a randomized control‐group experiment with nurses working at a local health authority in Italy, performance‐related pay ( PRP ) had a larger effect on task performance when the rewards were kept secret than when they were disclosed. The negative interaction between PRP and visibilit…
Translating policy transparency into policy understanding and policy support
While transparency is viewed as a means of improving citizen understanding of public policies and eliciting policy support, there are few empirical assessments of these relationships. We address this gap in the literature using an experimental design. We predict that exposure to less detailed policy information improves policy understanding, and that this effect varies according to presentation format. Further, we predict that policy understandin…
NPM, administrative reforms and public service motivation
This article makes use of the Italian case of administrative reform to investigate the changes in the public service motivation (PSM) of public employees and managers after two decades of new public management (NPM)-inspired reforms. It emerges that NPM reforms may be associated with a reduction of the stock of PSM; however, important qualifications apply. By providing so far entirely unavailable evidence about PSM in both the public and the priv…
Nudging Public Employees Through Descriptive Social Norms in Healthcare Organizations
We draw on the focus theory of normative conduct and nudge theory to experimentally test the effect of descriptive social norms on desired behaviors that public employees may engage in at suboptimal levels, namely, vaccination and help‐seeking. Through a series of framed randomized controlled trials with 19,984 public healthcare professionals, we demonstrate that descriptive norms—doing what the majority of others do—trigger conformity. Specifica…
Liberté, Égalité, Crédibilité
During a global pandemic, individual views of government can be linked to citizens' trust and cooperation with government and their propensity to resist state policies or to take action that influences the course of a pandemic. This article explores citizens' assessments of government responses to COVID‐19 as a function of policy substance (restrictions on civil liberties), information about performance, and socioeconomic inequity in outcomes. We…
Your Money, Your Life, or Your Freedom? A Discrete‐Choice Experiment on Trade‐Offs During a Public Health Crisis
We conducted a discrete‐choice conjoint analysis on a sample of residents in Italy to explore trade‐offs between human lives, individual freedoms, and the economy that governments and their citizens face while coping with a public health crisis. Our results indicate that people prefer to avoid income losses over reduction in the number of victims by the same percentage. The relative preference for saving income over saving lives widens as the siz…
Information use in public administration and policy decision‐making
This article presents a research synthesis of 162 studies focusing on information use for decision‐making in public administration, management, and policy. The findings reveal that a significant proportion of work is centered around performance management and policy implementation. Notably, around one third of the reviewed studies adopt a behavioral science perspective. The analysis predominantly includes civil servants and citizens as the subjec…
Thanks, but No Thanks
Over the last decades, one of the most significant changes in the workplaces of government agencies around the world has been the introduction of telework. The relatively scant public administration research on this innovation and on its semantic or substantive variations such as telecommuting, home-work, remote work, and smart work has examined its effects on teleworkers and only recently on non-teleworkers. However, scholars have overlooked the…
Only hearing what they want to hear
While performance information is often used to communicate the importance of public policies and stimulate civic engagement, we know little about the processes that connect the two. This study proposes a conceptual model that links performance information to a specific form of public engagement: coproduction. Drawing on insights from information aversion theory, we argue that the effect of performance information on engagement in coproduction dep…
To consent, or not to consent? The publicness effect on citizens’ willingness to grant access to personal data in the face of a health crisis
This study contributes to the nascent behavioral governance scholarship by experimentally testing whether individuals' likelihood of lifting their privacy rights in the face of a health crisis varies based on the public versus private nature of the entity accessing their personal data and the length of time during which records can be used. We run an online, randomized control trial with 1,500 citizens representative of the Italian general adult …
Assessing Public Preferences and the Level of Transparency in Government Using an Exploratory Approach
Any information disclosed by governments should serve the purpose it is meant to fulfill. This is an underlying pillar of transparency. Our article assesses whether the information citizens consider to be most relevant for interaction with the authorities is actually disclosed. Our research was conducted on the population of the 117 Italian provincial capitals. A sample of 500 Italian citizens were interviewed with the purpose of understanding wh…
Experimental evidence on the determinants of citizens' expectations toward public services
We conducted three randomized experiments to investigate whether and to what extent citizens' expectations toward waiting times for public service delivery are influenced by reference points, either in the form of social or numerical references. Consistent with our theoretical expectations, our results provide convergent evidence of reference dependence. Specifically, informing citizens that waiting times are longer (shorter) relative to a social…
Performance-related pay, fairness perceptions, and effort in public management tasks
This randomized study explores the causal mechanisms linking contingent pay to individual performance on a series of tasks mimicking real public management activities. Employing a parallel encouragement design in a laboratory setting, we disentangle the overall, direct, and indirect performance effects of perceived fairness as well as a pay scheme that reproduces the merit system provisions adopted by the Italian government. The overall performan…
The impact of bounded subadditivity on administrative behaviour among public and private workers
We use a mixed‐methods sequential explanatory design to explore whether and how bounded subadditivity, and the resulting certainty effect, may lead public and private employees to prioritize their activities in ways that are suboptimal for their organizations. In a randomized controlled trial, private sector workers were more likely to join a project to which they were able to provide a small contribution that would turn the probability of succes…
Why Helping Others Is a Path to Success
Cooperation between developing countries and the pharmaceutical industry in the control of parasitic diseases
Experimental Evidence on the Relationship between Public Service Motivation and Job Performance
Why Helping Others Is a Path to Success
Assessing Public Preferences and the Level of Transparency in Government Using an Exploratory Approach
Any information disclosed by governments should serve the purpose it is meant to fulfill. This is an underlying pillar of transparency. Our article assesses whether the information citizens consider to be most relevant for interaction with the authorities is actually disclosed. Our research was conducted on the population of the 117 Italian provincial capitals. A sample of 500 Italian citizens were interviewed with the purpose of understanding wh…
NPM, administrative reforms and public service motivation
This article makes use of the Italian case of administrative reform to investigate the changes in the public service motivation (PSM) of public employees and managers after two decades of new public management (NPM)-inspired reforms. It emerges that NPM reforms may be associated with a reduction of the stock of PSM; however, important qualifications apply. By providing so far entirely unavailable evidence about PSM in both the public and the priv…
Leading to Make a Difference
Scholars have recently begun to investigate job design as one of the contingencies that moderates1 the performance effects of transformational leadership in public sector organizations. Drawing on this stream of research, we used a completely randomized true experimental research design to explore the potential of two extra-task job characteristics—beneficiary contact and self-persuasion interventions—to enhance the effects of transformational le…
Performance‐Related Pay and the Crowding Out of Motivation in the Public Sector
This article advances our understanding of the effects of monetary rewards on public employee performance and of the contingencies that may moderate these effects. In a randomized control‐group experiment with nurses working at a local health authority in Italy, performance‐related pay ( PRP ) had a larger effect on task performance when the rewards were kept secret than when they were disclosed. The negative interaction between PRP and visibilit…
What Causes Unethical Behavior? A Meta‐Analysis to Set an Agenda for Public Administration Research
This article uses meta‐analysis to synthesize 137 experiments in 73 articles on the causes of unethical behavior. Results show that exposure to in‐group members who misbehave or to others who benefit from unethical actions, greed, egocentrism, self‐justification, exposure to incremental dishonesty, loss aversion, challenging performance goals, or time pressure increase unethical behavior. In contrast, monitoring of employees, moral reminders, and…
Translating policy transparency into policy understanding and policy support
While transparency is viewed as a means of improving citizen understanding of public policies and eliciting policy support, there are few empirical assessments of these relationships. We address this gap in the literature using an experimental design. We predict that exposure to less detailed policy information improves policy understanding, and that this effect varies according to presentation format. Further, we predict that policy understandin…
Prospect Theory Goes Public
This article tests a broad range of cognitive biases branching out from prospect theory in the context of public policy and management. Results illuminate systematic deviations from rationality. In experiments 1 through 5, the framing of outcomes influenced decisions across policy and management domains. In experiment 6, public employees were prone to an anchoring bias when setting standards for responsiveness. Experiment 7 shows that public work…
Behavioral Public Administration ad fontes
This article provides a comprehensive overview of how policy makers, practitioners, and scholars can fruitfully use behavioral science to tackle public administration, management, and policy issues. The article systematically reviews 109 articles in the public administration discipline that are inspired by the behavioral sciences to identify emerging research trajectories, significant gaps, and promising applied research directions. In an attempt…
Framing Effects under Different Uses of Performance Information
Combining insights from public administration, accounting, and psychology, this article explores the microprocesses by which public managers use performance information, investigating whether the type of performance information use and the request to justify decisions affect the way in which information is processed. The study draws on data from a series of artifactual survey experiments with Italian municipal executives. Findings show that manag…
Performance information in politics
Performance information research has grown rapidly over the last decade with much research emphasizing the importance of how information is framed, presented, and communicated by using a distinct rhetorical appeal. In this study, we examine how the framing, format, and rhetoric of performance information influences preferences among elected politicians. We study the direct effects of how information is presented. We also argue that performance in…
The impact of bounded subadditivity on administrative behaviour among public and private workers
We use a mixed‐methods sequential explanatory design to explore whether and how bounded subadditivity, and the resulting certainty effect, may lead public and private employees to prioritize their activities in ways that are suboptimal for their organizations. In a randomized controlled trial, private sector workers were more likely to join a project to which they were able to provide a small contribution that would turn the probability of succes…
Only hearing what they want to hear
While performance information is often used to communicate the importance of public policies and stimulate civic engagement, we know little about the processes that connect the two. This study proposes a conceptual model that links performance information to a specific form of public engagement: coproduction. Drawing on insights from information aversion theory, we argue that the effect of performance information on engagement in coproduction dep…
Your Money, Your Life, or Your Freedom? A Discrete‐Choice Experiment on Trade‐Offs During a Public Health Crisis
We conducted a discrete‐choice conjoint analysis on a sample of residents in Italy to explore trade‐offs between human lives, individual freedoms, and the economy that governments and their citizens face while coping with a public health crisis. Our results indicate that people prefer to avoid income losses over reduction in the number of victims by the same percentage. The relative preference for saving income over saving lives widens as the siz…
Nudging Public Employees Through Descriptive Social Norms in Healthcare Organizations
We draw on the focus theory of normative conduct and nudge theory to experimentally test the effect of descriptive social norms on desired behaviors that public employees may engage in at suboptimal levels, namely, vaccination and help‐seeking. Through a series of framed randomized controlled trials with 19,984 public healthcare professionals, we demonstrate that descriptive norms—doing what the majority of others do—trigger conformity. Specifica…
Thanks, but No Thanks
Over the last decades, one of the most significant changes in the workplaces of government agencies around the world has been the introduction of telework. The relatively scant public administration research on this innovation and on its semantic or substantive variations such as telecommuting, home-work, remote work, and smart work has examined its effects on teleworkers and only recently on non-teleworkers. However, scholars have overlooked the…
To consent, or not to consent? The publicness effect on citizens’ willingness to grant access to personal data in the face of a health crisis
This study contributes to the nascent behavioral governance scholarship by experimentally testing whether individuals' likelihood of lifting their privacy rights in the face of a health crisis varies based on the public versus private nature of the entity accessing their personal data and the length of time during which records can be used. We run an online, randomized control trial with 1,500 citizens representative of the Italian general adult …
Self-determination theory goes public
This study puts self-determination theory to an empirical test through a series of discrete choice experiments across three samples of public healthcare workers, for a total of 4,743 subjects. The three replications provide convergent evidence in support of the hypotheses that autonomy, competence, and three types of relatedness – with supervisors, peers, and beneficiaries – simultaneously and independently increase employee satisfaction. Meaning…
Liberté, Égalité, Crédibilité
During a global pandemic, individual views of government can be linked to citizens' trust and cooperation with government and their propensity to resist state policies or to take action that influences the course of a pandemic. This article explores citizens' assessments of government responses to COVID‐19 as a function of policy substance (restrictions on civil liberties), information about performance, and socioeconomic inequity in outcomes. We…
Patient expectations do matter - Experimental evidence on antibiotic prescribing decisions among hospital-based physicians
BACKGROUND: The global public health crisis of antibiotic resistance is being driven in part by over prescription of antibiotics. We aimed to assess the relative weight of patient expectations, clinical uncertainty, and past behaviour on hospital-based physicians' antibiotic prescribing decisions. METHODS: A discrete choice experiment was administered among hospital-based physicians in Tuscany, Italy. Respondents were asked to choose in which of …
Information use in public administration and policy decision‐making
This article presents a research synthesis of 162 studies focusing on information use for decision‐making in public administration, management, and policy. The findings reveal that a significant proportion of work is centered around performance management and policy implementation. Notably, around one third of the reviewed studies adopt a behavioral science perspective. The analysis predominantly includes civil servants and citizens as the subjec…
Experimental evidence on the determinants of citizens' expectations toward public services
We conducted three randomized experiments to investigate whether and to what extent citizens' expectations toward waiting times for public service delivery are influenced by reference points, either in the form of social or numerical references. Consistent with our theoretical expectations, our results provide convergent evidence of reference dependence. Specifically, informing citizens that waiting times are longer (shorter) relative to a social…
Give, take, or match? Styles of reciprocity, job satisfaction, and work motivation
In four online experiments involving 16,461 public professionals, we examined the causal effects of reciprocity styles at work on colleagues' expected job satisfaction and motivation. Our findings indicate that giving, which involves helping others when the benefit outweighs personal cost, is the supervisory reciprocity style that maximizes expected satisfaction among subordinates (Study 1). Additionally, it is expected that public employee motiv…
Political science (21 obras) · Psychology (18 obras) · Economics (15 obras) · Public Policy and Administration Research (14 obras) · Public relations (13 obras) · Business (12 obras) · Social Psychology (12 obras) · Social Psychology (11 obras) · Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies (10 obras) · Sociology (8 obras)