Mark Kramer
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 3596192 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Mark Kramer |
| NOMBRES | Mark |
| APELLIDO | Kramer |
| FIRMA | KRÄMER M |
| AFILIACIONES | Harvard University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-9979-7202 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 67 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 230 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 67 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1980 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2025 |
| ÍNDICE H | 10 |
The Fate of the Soviet Bloc's Military Alliance
When Mikhail Gorbachev became the leader of the Soviet Union in 1985, the Warsaw Pact was a robust military alliance. It was capable of waging a large-scale war in Europe and was an instrument of Soviet hegemony in Eastern Europe, keeping orthodox Communist regimes in power. The alliance over the years had also become an effective mechanism of political coordination and consultation. In April 1985, the Warsaw Pact leaders met in Warsaw and renewe…
Prelude to the Establishment of Communism in Slovakia
The unified Czechoslovak state broke apart in early 1939 after German troops occupied the Czech lands and enabled Slovakia to declare itself an independent country. From that point until April 1945, as events in Slovakia and the Czech lands proceeded along very different tracks, the Slovak and Czechoslovak communist parties often had tense relations. The six years of separation of the two erstwhile components of Czechoslovakia, and the postwar op…
Accounting for edge uncertainty in stochastic actor-oriented models for dynamic network analysis
Stochastic actor-oriented models (SAOMs) were designed in the social network setting to capture network dynamics representing a variety of influences on network change. The standard framework assumes the observed networks are free of false positive and false negative edges, which may be an unrealistic assumption. We propose a hidden Markov model (HMM) extension to these models, consisting of two components: 1) a latent model, which assumes that t…
The status–power arena
Despite the urgency of this issue, AI still struggles to represent social life. This article presents a comprehensive agent-based model that investigates status-power dynamics in groups. Kemper’s sociological status–power theory of social relationships, and a literature review on school children in middle youth, is its basis. The model allows us to investigate causation of the near-ubiquitous phenomenon that females have lower social status on av…
The Acute Effects of Schoolbag Loading on Posture and Gait Mechanics in 10- to 13-Year-Old Children
Most schoolchildren carry schoolbags, of which a substantial proportion carry loads that exceed 15% of their body mass. Although the effects of loading have been investigated to varying degrees, the status of schoolbag loading and the acute affects thereof on gait and posture have not been thoroughly investigated within the South African context. A total of 60 participants in the 10-13-year age range volunteered for the present study. Significant…
The Dissolution of the Soviet Union
In late December 1991—some 74 years after the Bolsheviks had taken power in Russia under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin—the Soviet Communist regime and the Soviet state itself ceased to exist. The demise of the Soviet Union occurred less than seven years after Mikhail Gorbachev became the leader of the Soviet Communist Party. Soon after taking office in March 1985, Gorbachev had launched a series of drastic political and economic changes that h…
Letters
Simulating emerging coastal tourism vulnerabilities
Coastal tourism destinations face a range of climate-related changes. Prevailing challenges include understanding emerging changes and future uncertainties. A dynamic vulnerability approach is a promising way to analyse emerging socio-ecological vulnerabilities. This research presents an innovative coupling of the human-environment system in the agent-based model Coasting, and is applied to Curaçao's coastal tourism. We observe how operator numbe…
The Soviet Legacy in Russian Foreign Policy
Today, Russia’s Soviet-era institutions stamp out any idealism. It will take more than one generation to change that. —Lev Gudkov, October 20171 First of all, we must recognize that the collapse of the Soviet Union was the greatest geopolitical catastrophe of the [twentieth] century. —Vladimir Putin, April 20052 AFTER THE SOVIET UNION BROKE APART in late December 1991 and the Russian Federation emerged as an independent country, Russian political…
The Cold War and East-Central Europe,1945–1989
Eight experts on the history of East-Central Europe offer commentaries about the book Imposing, Maintaining, and Tearing Open the Iron Curtain: The Cold War and East-Central Europe, 1945–1990, edited by Mark Kramer and Vít Smetana. The commentators discuss the main contributions of the book and highlight the important questions it raises as well as the issues requiring further research
Nato Enlargement—Was There a Promise
Joshua Shifrinson's article “Deal or No Deal?” presents a flawed account of the negotiations in 1990 that led to the reunification of Germany.1 His observations at the end of the piece about Russian foreign policy under Vladimir Putin overlook the continuity of Russian policy toward neighboring countries since 1992, long before Putin came to power.2In an article published in April 2009, I set out to determine whether it was true that, at some poi…
The New Russian Chill in the Baltic
Nearly every senior official in Poland and the Baltic countries expressed great unease. Political leaders and military commanders in the region increasingly warned that Putin was intent on undermining NATO's resolve to protect their countries
The Unintended Revolution. Commentary on «Criticism as Crisis, or Why the Soviet Union still Collapsed?»
Do More Than Give
Preface vii Acknowledgments xi The Authors xv 1 Catalytic Philanthropy 1 2 Commit to Your Cause 19 3 Practice 1: Advocate for Change 37 4 Practice 2: Blend Profit with Purpose 63 5 Practice 3: Forge Nonprofit Peer Networks 87 6 Practice 4: Empower the People 119 7 Practice 5: Lead Adaptively 143 8 Practice 6: Learn in Order to Change 165 9 Toward a More Catalytic Future 185 Appendix A: Research Methodology 191 Appendix B: Peer Survey Questions 19…
Prager Frühling
2 vols, vol. 1: Beitrage, vol. 2: Dokumente, Cologne, Bohlau Verlag, 2008, 1296 and 1589 pp These two huge volumes, amounting to nearly 2,900 densely printed pages and weighing together nearly five
The Demise of the Soviet Bloc
In the mid-1980s, just before Mikhail Gorbachev became General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), the East–West divide in Europe seemed as stark as ever. Both the Warsaw P
Investigating the force multiplier effect of citizen event reporting by social simulation
Domestic–External Linkages and the Cold War in 1953 and 1989
Drawing on theories of international relations (IR) and comparative politics, this article explains why the cold war ended in 1989 rather than 1953. Numerous scholars have used IR theory to discuss the end of the cold war, but most of the circumstances they highlight were also present in the spring of 1953, right after the death of Joseph Stalin. This article presents three broad theoretical approaches that deal with the connection between domest…
The Myth of a No-Nato-Enlargement Pledge to Russia
Ukraine's Orange Evolution
Democratic progress in Ukraine is still precarious, but the gains of the past few years mark a dramatic turnaround
Russian Policy Toward the Commonwealth of Independent States
Moscow has made it abundantly clear that the Commonwealth of Independent States is a Russian sphere of influence where the role of other great powers must be minimized
The Russian Military
The Russian Military: Power and Policy. Edited by Steven E. Miller and Dmitri V. Trenin. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2004. 272p. $50.00 cloth, $25.00 paper. When Russia became an independent state at the end of 1991, it inherited the bulk of the Soviet armed forces and the Soviet defense industry. The Russian government initially tried to persuade the other former Soviet republics to preserve a unified military force, but in May 1992, after those effor…
The Collapse of East European Communism and the Repercussions within the Soviet Union (Part 3)
This is the concluding part of a three-part article that discusses the transformation of Soviet-East European relations in the late 1980s and the impact of the sweeping changes in Eastern Europe on the Soviet Union. This final segment is divided into two main parts: First, it provides an extended analysis of the bitter public debate that erupted in the Soviet Union in 1990 and 1991 about the “loss” of Eastern Europe and the collapse of the Warsaw…
Guerrilla Warfare, Counterinsurgency and Terrorism in the North Caucasus
The Perils of Counterinsurgency
January 01 2005 The Perils of Counterinsurgency: Russia's War in Chechnya Mark Kramer Mark Kramer Director of the Cold War Studies Project at Harvard University and a Senior Fellow of Harvard's Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies. Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Author and Article Information Mark Kramer Director of the Cold War Studies Project at Harvard University and a Senior Fellow of Harvard's Dav…
Guerrilla Warfare, Counterinsurgency and Terrorism in the North Caucasus
The Soviet Union and the 1956 Crises in Hungary and Poland
The overlapping crises in Hungary and Poland in the autumn of 1956 posed a severe challenge for leaders of the Soviet Communist Party (CPSU). After a tense stand-off with Poland, the CPSU Presidium (as the Politburo was then called) decided to refrain from military intervention and to seek a political compromise. The crisis in Hungary was far less easily defused. For a brief while it appeared that Hungary might be able to break away from the comm…
The Perils of Counterinsurgency
January 01 2005 The Perils of Counterinsurgency: Russia's War in Chechnya Mark Kramer Mark Kramer Director of the Cold War Studies Project at Harvard University and a Senior Fellow of Harvard's Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies. Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Author and Article Information Mark Kramer Director of the Cold War Studies Project at Harvard University and a Senior Fellow of Harvard's Dav…
The Early Post-Stalin Succession Struggle and Upheavals in East-Central Europe
The death of Josif Stalin was followed by momentous changes in the Soviet bloc. Part 1 of this two-part article considers how and why these changes came about, looking at the interaction between domestic and external events. It explores the nature of Soviet decision making, the impact of events in East-Central Europe, the implementation of Moscow's new policy, and the use of Soviet troops to put down a large-scale uprising in East Germany. Politi…
The Myth of a No-Nato-Enlargement Pledge to Russia
Russian Policy Toward the Commonwealth of Independent States
Moscow has made it abundantly clear that the Commonwealth of Independent States is a Russian sphere of influence where the role of other great powers must be minimized
The Collapse of East European Communism and the Repercussions within the Soviet Union (Part 1)
The largely peaceful collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe in 1989 reflected the profound changes that Mikhail Gorbachev had carried out in Soviet foreign policy. Successful though the process was in Eastern Europe, it had destabilizing repercussions within the Soviet Union. The effects were both direct and indirect. The first part of this two-part article looks at Gorbachev's policy toward Eastern Europe, the collapse of Communism in the regio…
The Early Post-Stalin Succession Struggle and Upheavals in East-Central Europe
The East German uprising and the downfall of Lavrentii Beria had profound short- and long-term effects on Soviet policy toward Germany and on the political configuration of the Eastern bloc. This article, the final segment of a three-part analysis of Soviet—East European relations in the early post-Stalin era, discusses the changes in the Soviet bloc at some length. It then ties together the three parts of the analysis by exploring the theoretica…
Realism, ideology, and the end of the Cold War
William Wohlforth has provided a clear, concise response to the final section of my article on ‘Ideology and the Cold War’. Because Wohlforth's own research on the end of the Cold War has been so stimulating and valuable, I had to devote special attention to his work. I welcome the opportunity to reply to his latest comments. Although I agree with him on some points, I disagree on others. In what follows, I will explain why
Ideology and the Cold War
Western scholars have long disagreed about the role that ideology played in the Cold War. The release of crucial documentation from the former East-bloc archives has shed new light on this question, but no consensus is likely to emerge. Even if all the archives are eventually opened, the new evidence will not—and cannot—provide full vindication for either realism or an ideology-based approach. A key task for scholars will be to reexamine the broa…
Self-reported behavior patterns of patients attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic
Records of the sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic visits of 12,728 patients in Columbus, Ohio were analyzed to better understand the behavior patterns of these patients. Among heterosexual men, a greater proportion of Blacks than Whites reported a previous history of urethritis. After controlling for previous STD among heterosexual men with discharge or dysuria, we found that Black men sought treatment sooner and were more likely to curtai…
The Early Post-Stalin Succession Struggle and Upheavals in East-Central Europe
Part 2 of this three-part article discusses the aftermath of the June 1953 East German uprising, particularly the arrest on 26 June of Lavrentii Beria, who until then had been one of the most powerful figures in Moscow. Beria's arrest came not because of any high-level disagreements about policy, but simply because Beria's rivals wanted to remove him from the post-Stalin succession struggle. Newly released documents shed valuable light on the plo…
Blue-collar workers and the post-communist transitions in Poland, Russia, and Ukraine
The three articles that follow are part of a larger project analysing the responses of blue-collar workers to the post-communist transitions in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. The project, covering the period from 1989 to the end of 1993, includes a set of focused case studies designed to re-evaluate and test theories of political and social change. The research was jointly directed by Mark Kramer and Linda Cook and was funded by the …
The role of the CPSU international department in soviet foreign relations and national security policy
The Demise of the Soviet Bloc
In the mid-1980s, just before Mikhail Gorbachev became General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), the East–West divide in Europe seemed as stark as ever. Both the Warsaw P
The Collapse of East European Communism and the Repercussions within the Soviet Union (Part 2)
This is the second part of a three-part article that looks at the collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe and the repercussions of those events in the Soviet Union. The first part focused on the “direct” spillover from Eastern Europe into the Soviet Union, whereas this segment examines the “indirect” spillover, which took four forms:(1) the discrediting of Marxist-Leninist ideology, (2) the heightened sense of the Soviet regime's own vulnerabilit…
Polish workers and the post-communist transition, 1989–1993
Despite the political leverage that blue-collar workers exercised in Poland during the communist era, and despite the much greater freedom for social groups to organize once communism was gone, labor movements were not of major political or economic importance in Poland after 1989. Numerous instances of labor unrest cropped up, and pressure from workers' groups was one of the factors inhibiting large-scale privatization; but overall, organized la…
Tactical Nuclear Weapons, Soviet Command Authority, and the Cuban Missile Crisis
(1993). Tactical Nuclear Weapons, Soviet Command Authority, and the Cuban Missile Crisis: A Note. The International History Review: Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 740-751
Polish workers and the post‐communist transition, 1989–93
(1995). Polish workers and the post‐communist transition, 1989–93. Europe-Asia Studies: Vol. 47, No. 4, pp. 669-712
Collective protests and democratization in Poland 1989–1993
Book Review| June 01 2002 Collective protests and democratization in Poland 1989–1993: was civil society really “rebellious”?: Mark Kramer Mark Kramer * Harvard University, Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies, 1737 Cambridge Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA * Tel.: +1-617-495-5389; fax: +1-617-495-8319. E-mail address:[email protected] (M. Kramer). Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar * Tel.: +…
Declassified materials from CPSU Central Committee plenums [Sources, context, highlights]
Mark Kramer. Declassified materials from CPSU Central Committee plenums. The recent declassification of transcripts and other materials from CPSU Central Committee plenums has provided a rich new source of information about the whole Soviet period, particularly the post-Stalin period. Under Stalin, the Central Committee almost never met (especially after the 1930s), but in the post-Stalin period it convened more frequently and at times discussed …
Stalin and the Bomb
Journal Article Stalin and the Bomb: The Soviet Union and Atomic Energy, 1939–1956, by David Holloway Get access Stalin and the Bomb: The Soviet Union and Atomic Energy, 1939-1956 by David Holloway. New Haven, Yale University Press, 1994. 480 pp. $30.00. Mark Kramer Mark Kramer Harvard University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Political Science Quarterly, Volume 111, Issue 1, Spring 1996, Pages 168–169, h…
Eastern Europe Goes to Market
Remembering the Cuban Missile Crisis
Simulating emerging coastal tourism vulnerabilities
Coastal tourism destinations face a range of climate-related changes. Prevailing challenges include understanding emerging changes and future uncertainties. A dynamic vulnerability approach is a promising way to analyse emerging socio-ecological vulnerabilities. This research presents an innovative coupling of the human-environment system in the agent-based model Coasting, and is applied to Curaçao's coastal tourism. We observe how operator numbe…
Self-reported behavior patterns of patients attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic
Records of the sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic visits of 12,728 patients in Columbus, Ohio were analyzed to better understand the behavior patterns of these patients. Among heterosexual men, a greater proportion of Blacks than Whites reported a previous history of urethritis. After controlling for previous STD among heterosexual men with discharge or dysuria, we found that Black men sought treatment sooner and were more likely to curtai…
Establishing efficient interview periods for gonorrhea patients
From February through December 1978, venereal disease casefinders in Polk County, Iowa used an expanded interview period of at least 120 days to interview 983 gonorrhea patients for sexual partner information. We grouped patients according to sex and clinical findings and evaluated the percentage of all new cases identified by time intervals within the expanded interview period. Ninety-one per cent of all untreated, infected sexual partners of sy…
Poland's politicized army
Journal Article Poland's politicized army: communists in uniform and The Soviet Union and the Czechoslovak army, 1948–1983: uncertain allegiance Get access Poland's politicized army: communists in uniform. By George C. Malcher. New York: Praeger. 1984. 287 pp. Index. $32.95. ISBN 0 03 071736 1.The Soviet Union and the Czechoslovak army, 1948–1983: uncertain allegiance. By Condoleezza Rice. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 1984. 303 pp. …
The Soviet Union, the West and the Nuclear Arms Race
Soviet Military Policy
Essay| October 01 1989 Soviet Military Policy Mark Kramer Mark Kramer Research Fellow, Center for Foreign Policy Development, Brown University Mark Kramer is a fellow of Harvard University’s Russian Research Center and an adjunct research fellow at Harvard’s Center for Science and International Affairs. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Current History (1989) 88 (540): 337–340. https://doi.org/10.1525/curh.…
Beyond the Brezhnev Doctrine
The role of the CPSU international department in soviet foreign relations and national security policy
Remembering the Cuban Missile Crisis
Soviet Foreign Policy after the Cold War
Essay| October 01 1991 Soviet Foreign Policy after the Cold War Mark Kramer Mark Kramer Mark Kramer teaches international relations at Brown University, where he is a research fellow at the Center for Foreign Policy Development. He is also a fellow of the Harvard University Russian Research Center and an adjunct research fellow at the Harvard Center for Science and International Affairs. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed …
The Armies of the Post-Soviet States
Essay| October 01 1992 The Armies of the Post-Soviet States Mark Kramer Mark Kramer Mark Kramer is a research fellow and deputy director of the European Security Project at Brown University’s Center for Foreign Policy Development. He is also a fellow of Harvard University’s Russian Research Center and an adjunct research fellow at Harvard’s Center for Science and International Affairs. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Go…
Eastern Europe Goes to Market
The Global Arms Trade After the Persian Gulf War
(1992). The Global Arms Trade After the Persian Gulf War. Security Studies: Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 260-309
Tactical Nuclear Weapons, Soviet Command Authority, and the Cuban Missile Crisis
(1993). Tactical Nuclear Weapons, Soviet Command Authority, and the Cuban Missile Crisis: A Note. The International History Review: Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 740-751
New Perspectives on the Cuban Missile Crisis
Book Review| July 01 1994 New Perspectives on the Cuban Missile Crisis The Cuban Missile Crisis: At the BrinkZvi Dor-NerElizabeth DeaneOne Minute to Midnight: The Real Story of the Cuban Missile CrisisSid FedersLee MillerAlexandra GleysteenMaria ShriverThe Missiles of October: What the World Didn't KnowSherry JonesFoster WileyPeter Jennings Mark Kramer Mark Kramer Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar The Publi…
Polish workers and the post‐communist transition, 1989–93
(1995). Polish workers and the post‐communist transition, 1989–93. Europe-Asia Studies: Vol. 47, No. 4, pp. 669-712
The Cuban missile crisis and nuclear proliferation
The future of the defence industries in central and eastern Europe
Journal Article The future of the defence industries in central and eastern Europe Get access The future of the defence industries in central and eastern Europe. Edited By Ian Anthony. Oxford: Oxford University Press for SIPRI, Stockholm. 1994. 142pp. Index. £25.00; ISBN 0 19 829184 1. Pb.: £16.50; ISBN 0 19 829189 2. Mark Kramer Mark Kramer 1Brown University and Harvard University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google …
Blue-collar workers and the post-communist transitions in Poland, Russia, and Ukraine
The three articles that follow are part of a larger project analysing the responses of blue-collar workers to the post-communist transitions in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. The project, covering the period from 1989 to the end of 1993, includes a set of focused case studies designed to re-evaluate and test theories of political and social change. The research was jointly directed by Mark Kramer and Linda Cook and was funded by the …
Polish workers and the post-communist transition, 1989–1993
Despite the political leverage that blue-collar workers exercised in Poland during the communist era, and despite the much greater freedom for social groups to organize once communism was gone, labor movements were not of major political or economic importance in Poland after 1989. Numerous instances of labor unrest cropped up, and pressure from workers' groups was one of the factors inhibiting large-scale privatization; but overall, organized la…
Stalin and the Bomb
Journal Article Stalin and the Bomb: The Soviet Union and Atomic Energy, 1939–1956, by David Holloway Get access Stalin and the Bomb: The Soviet Union and Atomic Energy, 1939-1956 by David Holloway. New Haven, Yale University Press, 1994. 480 pp. $30.00. Mark Kramer Mark Kramer Harvard University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Political Science Quarterly, Volume 111, Issue 1, Spring 1996, Pages 168–169, h…
Travels with a Hungry Bear
The Prague spring 1968
This is an account of a Cold War crisis as seen from both sides of the Iron Curtain. It is based on the previously closed archives of each member-state of the Warsaw Pact and also offers top-level documents from Kremlin Politburo meetings, multi-lateral sessions of the Warsaw Pact leading up to the decision to invade, and also transcripts of KGB-recorded telephone conversations between Leonid Brezhnev and Alexander Dubcek. Once classified America…
The Soviet Union and the 1956 Crises in Hungary and Poland
The overlapping crises in Hungary and Poland in the autumn of 1956 posed a severe challenge for leaders of the Soviet Communist Party (CPSU). After a tense stand-off with Poland, the CPSU Presidium (as the Politburo was then called) decided to refrain from military intervention and to seek a political compromise. The crisis in Hungary was far less easily defused. For a brief while it appeared that Hungary might be able to break away from the comm…
The Early Post-Stalin Succession Struggle and Upheavals in East-Central Europe
Part 2 of this three-part article discusses the aftermath of the June 1953 East German uprising, particularly the arrest on 26 June of Lavrentii Beria, who until then had been one of the most powerful figures in Moscow. Beria's arrest came not because of any high-level disagreements about policy, but simply because Beria's rivals wanted to remove him from the post-Stalin succession struggle. Newly released documents shed valuable light on the plo…
The Early Post-Stalin Succession Struggle and Upheavals in East-Central Europe
The East German uprising and the downfall of Lavrentii Beria had profound short- and long-term effects on Soviet policy toward Germany and on the political configuration of the Eastern bloc. This article, the final segment of a three-part analysis of Soviet—East European relations in the early post-Stalin era, discusses the changes in the Soviet bloc at some length. It then ties together the three parts of the analysis by exploring the theoretica…
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