Richard Little
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 3598376 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Richard Little |
| NOMBRES | Richard |
| APELLIDO | Little |
| FIRMA | LITTLE R |
| AFILIACIONES | University of Bristol |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-4922-9629 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 71 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 392 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 68 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 3 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1977 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 9 |
The Body Underground
Underground infrastructure systems are typically managed as discrete technical assets rather than as integrated, adaptive systems. This paper develops the Body Underground framework, a structured biological analogy that synthesizes prior clinical and epidemiological metaphors into a multiscale conceptual model linking materials, facilities, networks, and governance. Building on Little’s clinical framing of infrastructure health and Bardet and Lit…
Taking Up the Challenge
Stratégies face à la crise des opioïdes
Contexte : L’Amérique du Nord subit une vague sans précédent de surdoses, souvent liées aux opioïdes. Elle touche les personnes utilisatrices de drogues, mais également celles qui consomment des opioïdes prescrits. Plusieurs stratégies sont utilisées pour réduire les méfaits et les décès liés aux surdoses. Cette étude vise à identifier les stratégies nord-américaines en réponse à la crise, ainsi que les obstacles et les facilitateurs dans leur dé…
What’s Next for a National Infrastructure Policy
In an essay almost 30 years ago, Professor Dick Netzer of NYU asked the question “Do We Really Need a National Infrastructure Policy?” and came to the conclusion that we did not. As the Biden Administration prepares to roll out a multi-trillion dollar infrastructure package, the nation is faced with numerous questions regarding the infrastructure systems necessary to support continued economic growth and environmental sustainability. The purpose …
Covid-19 Is Not the Only Threat We Face
The Historical Expansion of International Society
For most English School writers, the international society is an element that is always present in international relations, but whose depth, character, and influence all fluctuate with historical contingency. The historical wing of the English School focuses on how the contemporary global international society came about as a result of the expansion to planetary scale of what was originally a novel type of international society that emerged in ea…
Symposium Issue
The International System – International Society Distinction
This chapter is a reassessment of the nature of the international system in English School theory. It argues that recent innovative theoretical work has threatened to bypass the system domain. We argue for the need to combine societal norms with a systemic logic, and that these analytics together have explanatory power in considering how the world hangs together. The chapter begins by revisiting classical English School writings on the system/soc…
Nomads, empires, states
Kees van der Pijl London, Pluto Press, 2007, ISBN10 0745326013, ISBN13 9780745326016, 256 pp Although this book was published over half a decade ago and was the winner of the Deutscher Memorial Pri
Intervention and non-intervention in international society
This article aims to show that from the end of the eighteenth century, international order began to be defined in terms of ground rules relating to non-intervention and intervention, with the former being prioritised over the latter. After the Napoleonic wars, within continental Europe there was an attempt to consolidate an intervention ground rule in favour of dynastic legitimacy over the right of self-determination. By contrast, the British and…
Britain’s response to the Spanish Civil War
At first sight, it might seem that taking practices seriously has little that is new to offer members of the English School because they have habitually acknowledged the centrality of practice in International Relations (IR) and attacked any attempt to establish a categorical distinction between theory and practice. Instead, they have worked on the hermeneutic assumption that to develop a theoretical understanding of IR it is necessary to start f…
International Theory
Pasteur in Palestine
Argument We examine the creation and functioning of the “Pasteur Institute in Palestine” focusing on the relationship between biological science, health policy, and the creation of a “new society” within the framework of Zionism. Similar to other bacteriological institutes founded by colonial powers, this laboratory was developed in response to public health needs. But it also had a political role. Dr. Leo Böhm, a Zionist physician, strived to es…
Toward a New Federal Role in Infrastructure Investment
As the United States emerges from the economic collapse of 2008, the question of how to address years of chronic underinvestment in infrastructure remains a pressing issue. Taken together, annual investment in public and quasi-public infrastructure systems of 4% to 6% of GDP ($500-$700 billion) will probably be necessary for the foreseeable future, but in an era of trillion-dollar deficits, no funding source is projected to have the capacity to g…
Toward a National Strategic Investment Framework
America is entering a tumultuous period unrivaled in recent history. We are facing a disruption of our economy only rivaled by the Great Depression. We need to come to grips with our reliance on foreign oil that is at the heart of our national security problems. We are confronted with the challenge of global survival because of climate change. Finally, our economic growth over the past several decades has left many in America behind. These were t…
History, Theory and Methodological Pluralism in the English School
General interest in the English School's (ES) approach to international relations has increased steadily over the past two decades, along with the number of its adherents. These two trends have given rise to contradictory developments. On the one hand, the growing interest in the ES has meant that there are now recurrent attempts by non-ES theorists to locate the ES in the pantheon of IR theory. In the process, however, much of the complexity and…
The Comedy of Errors? A Reply to Mette Eilstrup-Sangiovanni
In her response to our article, Mette Eilstrup-Sangiovanni replaces balance-of-power theory (threat of hegemony begets balancing, which produces a tendency of international systems toward equilibria of power) with a complex congeries of competing and contingent conjectures about when states might balance. While these are certainly part of the extensive literature on the balance of power, lumping them together and calling them a `theory' invites a…
Rethinking Flood Protection
Flood protection is often presumed to be a public good and hence a government responsibility. Unfortunately, the full costs of publicly-funded flood control efforts are often obscured. Moreover, reliance on government protection can create false impressions that individual risks have been minimized, thus encouraging more personal and business investment in disaster-prone regions. Reimbursing these losses after a disaster perpetuates a cycle in wh…
Waltz and World History
This article provides a critique of Waltz's work from the perspective of world history. It shows how Waltz's commitment to a highly parsimonious theoretical approach paradoxically both sets up the possibility of his theory being universally applicable, and undermines its prospects as a viable approach to understanding world history. Using the key concepts from Waltz's work - units, systems, structure, process - we show the detailed grounds on whi…
Debate
Introduction
The balance of power is one of the most influential ideas in international relations (IR). No theoretical concept has been the subject of as much scholarly inquiry and none is more likely to fall from the lips of foreign policy analysts and practitioners. This continued fascination with the balance of power is understandable, for it appears as central to scholarly debates about the basic properties of international systems as it is to policy deba…
The Balance of Power in World History
The balance of power is one of the most influential ideas in international relations, yet it has never been comprehensively examined in pre-modern or non-European contexts. This book redresses this im
The Balance of Power in International Relations
The balance of power has been a central concept in the theory and practice of international relations for the past five hundred years. It has also played a key role in some of the most important attempts to develop a theory of international politics in the contemporary study of international relations. In this 2007 book, Richard Little establishes a framework that treats the balance of power as a metaphor, a myth and a model. He then uses this fr…
The English School of International Relations
The English School of International Relations: A Contemporary Reassessment. By Andrew Linklater and Hidemi Suganami. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. 302p. $80.00 cloth, $29.99 paper. The English School, although still not mainstream, is now increasingly recognized as one of the significant approaches to the study of international relations. In their attempts to map the parameters of the field, for example, both Steven D. Krasner in S…
Oxford Handbook of International Relations
A Foreign Policy Model of U.S. Bilateral Aid Allocation
Two views, founded on divergent rationales, have been used to explain the allocation of official bilateral aid. One view explains the allocation of aid in terms of the humanitarian needs of the recipient, the other in terms of the foreign policy interests of the donor. Although the foreign policy view is now clearly dominant, it has not been developed systematically. This paper initially develops an analytic foreign policy model of aid allocation…
Why International Relations has Failed as an Intellectual Project and What to do About it
A Foreign-Policy Model of the Distribution of British Bilateral Aid, 1960–70
As a consequence of Truman's Point Four Program of 1949, the provision of economic assistance to independent low-income countries became the official policy of the United States. In the early and mid-1950s economic development assistance, though growing, received relatively little attention as the Korean war turned the USA's foreign aid in the direction of military assistance. However, by the start of the 1960s, the transfer of economic assistanc…
Testing Balance-of-Power Theory in World History
The balance of power is one of the most influential theoretical ideas in international relations, but it has not yet been tested systematically in international systems other than modern Europe and its global successor. This article is the product of a collective and multidisciplinary research effort to redress this deficiency. We report findings from eight new case studies on balancing and balancing failure in different international systems tha…
"The Idea of "International System
This article uses a long view of history to examine structural realist ideas about international system. It has three themes: (1) that insufficient thought has been given to defining the necessary and suffi cient conditions for saying that an international system exists; (2) that such conceptions of international system as we do have are overwhelm ingly biased by the structural characteristics of the European experience; and (3) that internationa…
Global Problems and World Order
The English School's Contribution to the Study of International Relations
This article attempts to sketch the broad parameters of the English school's approach to International Relations. Rather than linking the English school to a via media and, in particular, to the idea of international society, it is argued that the school, from an early stage, has been committed to developing a pluralistic approach to the subject, expressed in both ontological and methodological terms. As a consequence, members of the English scho…
Why Nations Cooperate
International Relations and the Methodological Turn
Confusion has arisen in the debate between the advocates of classical and behavioural modes of analysis because epistemological and methodological issues are conflated in the debate. A distinction between logic-in-use and reconstructed logic disentangles these issues and demonstrates that the division between the classical and behavioural approaches cannot be sustained on methodological or epistemological grounds. History and social science canno…
Cognitive Dynamics and International Politics
Journal Article Cognitive Dynamics and International Politics Get access Cognitive Dynamics and International Politics. Edited by Christer Jönsson. London: Pinter. 1982. 210 pp. Index. £15.50. R. Little R. Little 1University of Lancaster Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar International Affairs, Volume 59, Issue 2, Spring 1983, Pages 251–252, https://doi.org/10.2307/2619939 Published: 01 April 1983
The English School of International Relations
The English School of International Relations: A Contemporary Reassessment. By Andrew Linklater and Hidemi Suganami. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. 302p. $80.00 cloth, $29.99 paper. The English School, although still not mainstream, is now increasingly recognized as one of the significant approaches to the study of international relations. In their attempts to map the parameters of the field, for example, both Steven D. Krasner in S…
What Is the Polity
The sovereign state became the dominant political form in a relatively brief period that began in Westphalian Europe and continued with European colonization. Contemporary states face increased challenges from inside and outside, and a global crisis of authority looms. Although the state as a form is highly variable and not about to disappear, a growing number and variety of other polities are moving toward center stage. The initiators of this ro…
Educating the Infrastructure Professional
The United States has the most extensive, complex, and arguably the most sophisticated system of public infrastructure in the world. This linked system of facilities and activities provides the broad range of essential services that support our economic well-being and overall quality of life. In light of the critical role that infrastructure plays in our everyday lives and the many challenges facing the owners and operators of these systems, prof…
Reconceptualizing Anarchy
How can the understandings of world historians about the critical changes in the international system be brought into harmony with the way IR theorists think about system change? One of the main obstacles to this task is Waltz's conception of structure, particularly his much criticized elimination of functional differentiation of units in anarchy. Until this flaw is corrected, the theory remains fundamentally incoherent, having misguidedly sacrif…
Revisiting intervention
Whether the literature is new or old, two observations have repeatedly been made about intervention. The first is that intervention is a ubiquitous and endemic feature of the international arena. Guelke argues, for example, that intervention is ‘inherent in the nature of international society’ and, more recently, Bull sums up the views of a series of authors who all agree, he says, that intervention is a ‘built-in feature of our present internati…
Beyond Westphalia? Capitalism after the ‘Fall’
When the Berlin Wall was breached in 1989 and the Cold War ended, specialists in the field of international relations (IR) readily acknowledged that it was necessary to take stock and assess the historical significance of these events. Unsurprisingly, no agreement has been reached. For most realists, the events reflect no more than an important shift in the power structure of the international system. But for liberals, the forty years of Cold War…
Deconstructing the balance of power
In 1919 when the first tentative steps were taken to establish the study of international relations as an independent discipline, liberals in the United States and Europe believed that the First World War had been caused by European statesmen who had been pursuing policies designed to promote a balance of power. It was gloomily predicted, moreover, that the continuing influence of balance of power thinking would precipitate another world war. One…
The Comedy of Errors? A Reply to Mette Eilstrup-Sangiovanni
In her response to our article, Mette Eilstrup-Sangiovanni replaces balance-of-power theory (threat of hegemony begets balancing, which produces a tendency of international systems toward equilibria of power) with a complex congeries of competing and contingent conjectures about when states might balance. While these are certainly part of the extensive literature on the balance of power, lumping them together and calling them a `theory' invites a…
Toward a National Strategic Investment Framework
America is entering a tumultuous period unrivaled in recent history. We are facing a disruption of our economy only rivaled by the Great Depression. We need to come to grips with our reliance on foreign oil that is at the heart of our national security problems. We are confronted with the challenge of global survival because of climate change. Finally, our economic growth over the past several decades has left many in America behind. These were t…
British Neutrality versus Offshore Balancing in the American Civil War
The American Civil War is an important test case for offensive realism because it was the last occasion when offshore balancing by Britain could have prevented the United States from becoming a regional hegemon. Instead, Britain drew on the norm of nonintervention to justify a policy of neutrality. Offensive realists reject the idea that Britain was constrained by normative considerations but disagree about why Britain failed to operate as an off…
Roundtable
The English School vs. American Realism
This Forum has two main aims. First and foremost, it is designed to assess the relevance of American realism in the wake of developments that are considered to have transformed international relations over the past decade. A second aim, but one that is central to my contribution, is to assess whether or not the resurgent English School provides the foundations for an approach that can account more effectively for developments in the post-Cold War…
Nomads, empires, states
Kees van der Pijl London, Pluto Press, 2007, ISBN10 0745326013, ISBN13 9780745326016, 256 pp Although this book was published over half a decade ago and was the winner of the Deutscher Memorial Pri
Historiography and International Relations
Stafano Guzzini, Realism in International Relations and International Political Economy: The Continuing Story of a Death Foretold , London and New York, Routledge, 1998 Brian C. Schmidt, The Political Discourse of Anarchy: A Disciplinary History of International Relations , Albany, State University of New York Press, 1998 The philosopher and mathematician, Alfred North Whitehead, cautioned many years ago that ‘A science which hesitates to forget …
The French Aid Relationship
A Foreign Policy Model of U.S. Bilateral Aid Allocation
Two views, founded on divergent rationales, have been used to explain the allocation of official bilateral aid. One view explains the allocation of aid in terms of the humanitarian needs of the recipient, the other in terms of the foreign policy interests of the donor. Although the foreign policy view is now clearly dominant, it has not been developed systematically. This paper initially develops an analytic foreign policy model of aid allocation…
A Foreign-Policy Model of the Distribution of British Bilateral Aid, 1960–70
As a consequence of Truman's Point Four Program of 1949, the provision of economic assistance to independent low-income countries became the official policy of the United States. In the early and mid-1950s economic development assistance, though growing, received relatively little attention as the Korean war turned the USA's foreign aid in the direction of military assistance. However, by the start of the 1960s, the transfer of economic assistanc…
The French Aid Relationship
The New Interdependence
Journal Article The New Interdependence: The European Community and the United States and The Study of Global Interdependence: Essays on the Transnationalisation of World Affairs Get access The New Interdependence: The European Community and the United States. Edited by Gordon K. Douglass. Lexington, Mass.: Lexington. 1979. 132 pp.The Study of Global Interdependence: Essays on the Transnationalisation of World Affairs. By James N. Rosenau. London…
The Independence of Nations and World Politics
Journal Article The Independence of Nations and World Politics: The Menu for Choice Get access The Independence of Nations. By David Fromkin. New York: Praeger. 1981. (Distrib. in UK by Holt-Saunders, Eastbourne.)171pp. $9.95. Pb:$5.95.World Politics: The Menu for Choice. By Bruce Russett and Harvey Starr. San Francisco, Oxford: Freeman. 1981. 596pp. £11.95. Richard Little Richard Little 1University of Lancaster Search for other works by this aut…
A contemporary crisis
Journal Article A contemporary crisis: political hostage taking and the experience of Western Europe Get access A contemporary crisis: political hostage taking and the experience of Western Europe. By Clive C. Aston. Westport, Conn., London: Greenwood. 1982. 217pp. Index. (Contributions in Political Science, No. 84.) £21.95. Richard Little Richard Little 1University of Lancaster Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Sch…
Cognitive Dynamics and International Politics
Journal Article Cognitive Dynamics and International Politics Get access Cognitive Dynamics and International Politics. Edited by Christer Jönsson. London: Pinter. 1982. 210 pp. Index. £15.50. R. Little R. Little 1University of Lancaster Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar International Affairs, Volume 59, Issue 2, Spring 1983, Pages 251–252, https://doi.org/10.2307/2619939 Published: 01 April 1983
Negotiating peace
Journal Article Negotiating peace: war termination as a bargaining process Get access Negotiating peace: war termination as a bargaining process. By Paul R. Pillar. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 1983. 282 pp. Index. £21.70. Richard Little Richard Little 1University of Lancaster Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar International Affairs, Volume 60, Issue 3, Summer 1984, Pages 447–448, https://doi.or…
The politics of nuclear balance
Journal Article The politics of nuclear balance: ambiguity and continuity in strategic policies Get access The politics of nuclear balance: ambiguity and continuity in strategic policies. By William H. Baugh. New York, London: Longman. 1984. 276pp. Index. £14.50. Richard Little Richard Little 1University of Lancaster Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar International Affairs, Volume 61, Issue 1, January 1985, P…
Global Problems and World Order
Revisiting intervention
Whether the literature is new or old, two observations have repeatedly been made about intervention. The first is that intervention is a ubiquitous and endemic feature of the international arena. Guelke argues, for example, that intervention is ‘inherent in the nature of international society’ and, more recently, Bull sums up the views of a series of authors who all agree, he says, that intervention is a ‘built-in feature of our present internati…
Deconstructing the balance of power
In 1919 when the first tentative steps were taken to establish the study of international relations as an independent discipline, liberals in the United States and Europe believed that the First World War had been caused by European statesmen who had been pursuing policies designed to promote a balance of power. It was gloomily predicted, moreover, that the continuing influence of balance of power thinking would precipitate another world war. One…
International Relations and the Methodological Turn
Confusion has arisen in the debate between the advocates of classical and behavioural modes of analysis because epistemological and methodological issues are conflated in the debate. A distinction between logic-in-use and reconstructed logic disentangles these issues and demonstrates that the division between the classical and behavioural approaches cannot be sustained on methodological or epistemological grounds. History and social science canno…
The Logic of Anarchy
Why Nations Cooperate
"The Idea of "International System
This article uses a long view of history to examine structural realist ideas about international system. It has three themes: (1) that insufficient thought has been given to defining the necessary and suffi cient conditions for saying that an international system exists; (2) that such conceptions of international system as we do have are overwhelm ingly biased by the structural characteristics of the European experience; and (3) that internationa…
Foreign policy analysis
Journal Article Foreign policy analysis: continuity and change in its second generation Get access Foreign policy analysis: continuity and change in its second generation. Edited by Laura Neack, Jeanne A. K. Heyand Patrick J. Haney. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall. 1995 319pp. Index. £16.75. ISBN 0 13 060575 1. Richard Little Richard Little 1University of Bristol Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Internation…
Neorealism and the English School
The aim of this article is to reassess the contribution made by members of the English School to the analysis of international relations in the light of Buzan's attempt to harness their analysis to neorealism. It is argued that while Buzan displays a subtle appreciation of the strengths of both these schools, he fails to acknowledge fully the logic underpinning the position adopted by the English School. When this logic has been exposed, it becom…
The growing relevance of pluralism?
During the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s it began to be argued in the field of International Relations that the nature of international politics and the structure of the international system was undergoing a transformation. It was argued, in particular, that the division between international and domestic politics was breaking down and that, as a consequence, not only were the boundaries separating states dissolving, but also, that internat…
Friedrich Gentz, Rationalism and the Balance of Power
Friedrich Gentz was a quintessential rationalist who lived through a period of revolutionary change and unheaval in Europe. From the start of the French Revolution to the consolidation of the Concert of Europe in the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars, Gentz was passionately involved with the action unfolding on the European stage, initially as an observer and commentator, but later as a minor participant. He achieved fame in his lifetime, becoming…
Reconceptualizing Anarchy
How can the understandings of world historians about the critical changes in the international system be brought into harmony with the way IR theorists think about system change? One of the main obstacles to this task is Waltz's conception of structure, particularly his much criticized elimination of functional differentiation of units in anarchy. Until this flaw is corrected, the theory remains fundamentally incoherent, having misguidedly sacrif…
Issues in World Politics
Issues in World Politics
The dramatic television pictures of the dismantling of the Berlin Wall, that powerful symbol of the Cold War, may already have faded from memory, but the hopes and expectations generated by the set of events between 1989 and 1991 known collectively as the end of the Cold War, have not. Accounts of world politics written in the 1990s have all highlighted the idea that we are living in an exciting new world in which political leaders struggle to co…
Plastic man and the state of nature
David Boucher, Political Theories of International Relations. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. Pp.431. £40.00, ISBN 0–19–878053–2 (hb) and £15.99, ISBN 0–19–878054–0 (pb)
Educating the Infrastructure Professional
The United States has the most extensive, complex, and arguably the most sophisticated system of public infrastructure in the world. This linked system of facilities and activities provides the broad range of essential services that support our economic well-being and overall quality of life. In light of the critical role that infrastructure plays in our everyday lives and the many challenges facing the owners and operators of these systems, prof…
Political science (57 obras) · Law (49 obras) · Politics (42 obras) · Sociology (40 obras) · International Relations and Foreign Policy (32 obras) · International relations (29 obras) · Law (28 obras) · Economics (24 obras) · Computer Science (22 obras) · Philosophy (22 obras)