Eleanor Singer
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 3631324 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Eleanor Singer |
| NOMBRES | Eleanor |
| APELLIDO | Singer |
| FIRMA | SINGER E |
| AFILIACIONES | University of Michigan |
| VERIFICADO | No |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 72 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 1052 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 71 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 1 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1905 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2019 |
| ÍNDICE H | 17 |
The Effect of Framing and Placement on Linkage Consent
Numerous surveys link interview data to administrative records, conditional on respondent consent, in order to explore new and innovative research questions. Optimizing the linkage consent rate is a critical step toward realizing the scientific advantages of record linkage and minimizing the risk of linkage consent bias. Linkage consent rates have been shown to be particularly sensitive to certain design features, such as where the consent questi…
Ethical Issues in Surveys
This chapter traces the ethical standards for survey research back to the more general ethical principles underlying those standards and examines their expression in the ethics codes of the major international survey organizations as well as in laws governing research in the United States and in Europe. The chapter argues that in the case of survey research, the most serious risk of harm to which participants are subject is a breach of confidenti…
The role of perceived benefits and costs in patients’ medical decisions
Background Many decisions can be understood in terms of actors’ valuations of benefits and costs. The article investigates whether this is also true of patient medical decision making. It aims to investigate (i) the importance patients attach to various reasons for and against nine medical decisions; (ii) how well the importance attached to benefits and costs predicts action or inaction; and (iii) how such valuations are related to decision confi…
The Effect of Question Wording on Attitudes toward Prenatal Testing and Abortion
Journal Article The Effect of Question Wording on Attitudes toward Prenatal Testing and Abortion Get access Eleanor Singer, Eleanor Singer * Eleanor Singer is a research professor emerita of the Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. Mick P. Couper is a research professor in the Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, and researc…
The Use and Effects of Incentives in Surveys
This article is intended to supplement rather than replace earlier reviews of research on survey incentives, especially those by Singer (2002); Singer and Kulka (2002); and Cantor, O'Hare, and O'Connor (2008). It is based on a systematic review of articles appearing since 2002 in major journals, supplemented by searches of the Proceedings of the American Statistical Association's Section on Survey Methodology for unpublished papers. The article b…
Communicating Disclosure Risk in Informed Consent Statements
For several years, we have experimented with various ways of communicating disclosure risk and harm to respondents in order to determine how these affect their willingness to participate in surveys. These experiments, which used vignettes administered to an online panel as well as a mail survey sent to a national probability sample, have demonstrated that (a) the probability of disclosure alone has no apparent effect on people's willingness to pa…
The Role of Numeracy in Informed Consent for Surveys
If empirical estimates of disclosure risk are included in informed consent statements for surveys or other forms of research, participants must be able to understand the information provided. Using data from an online vignette-based experiment, this article explores the role that numeracy or quantitative literacy may play in comprehension of disclosure risk. Results suggest that less numerate persons are less sensitive to extreme differences in t…
Do Incentives Exert Undue Influence on Survey Participation? Experimental Evidence
MONETARY INCENTIVES ARE INCREASINGLY used to help motivate survey participation. Research Ethics Committees have begun to ask whether, and under what conditions, the use of monetary incentives to induce participation might be coercive. The article reports research from an online vignette-based study bearing on this question, concluding that at present the evidence suggests that larger incentives do not induce research participants to accept highe…
Trends in U.S. Attitudes Toward Genetic Testing, 1990–2004
This research note examines changes in beliefs and attitudes over a 14-year period, from 1990, when the revolution in genomic science was just beginning, to 2004, the most recent time point for which data are available. The analysis makes clear that there is no simple causal path from changes in technology to changes in values and beliefs, at least over the period of time during which we have been able to track this process. At the same time, cla…
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Visual Analog Scales
The use of visual analog scales (VAS) in survey research has been relatively rare, in part because of operational difficulties. However web surveys permit the use of continuous input devices such as slider bars, making VAS more feasible. The authors conducted an experiment to explore the utility of a VAS in a web survey, comparing it to radio button input and numeric entry in a text box on a series of bipolar questions eliciting views on genetic …
Experiments in Producing Nonresponse Bias
While nonresponse rates in household surveys are increasing in most industrialized nations, the increasing rates do not always produce nonresponse bias in survey estimates. The linkage between nonresponse rates and nonresponse bias arises from the presence of a covariance between response propensity and the survey variables of interest. To understand the covariance term, researchers must think about the common influences on response propensity an…
U.S. Attitudes toward Genetic Testing, 1990-2000
Journal Article U.S. Attitudes toward Genetic Testing, 1990–2000 Get access Eleanor Singer, Eleanor Singer Eleanor Singer is Research Professor at the Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan. Address correspondence to Eleanor Singer, SRC, Box 1248 University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI 48106, USA, email: [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar John Van Hoew…
A Telescope on Society
Methods for Testing and Evaluating Survey Questionnaires
Contributors. Preface. 1. Methods for Testing and Evaluating Survey Questions (Stanley Presser, et al.). PART I: COGNITIVE INTERVIEWS. 2. Cognitive Interviewing Revisited: A Useful Technique, in Theory (Gordon B. Willis). 3. The Dynamics of Cognitive Interviewing (Paul Beatty). 4. Data Quality in Cognitive Interviews: The Case of Verbal Reports (Fred G. Conrad and Johnny Blair). 5. Do Different Cognitive Interview Techniques Produce Different Res…
Research Synthesis
Journal Article Research Synthesis: Protection of Human Subjects of Research: Recent Developments and Future Prospects for the Social Sciences Get access ELEANOR SINGER, ELEANOR SINGER Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar FELICE J. LEVINE FELICE J. LEVINE Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Public Opinion Quarterly, Volume 67, Issue 1, March 2003, Pages 148–164, https://doi.…
Understanding the Effects of Audio-Casi on Self-Reports of Sensitive Behavior
Journal Article Understanding the Effects of Audio-CASI on Self-Reports of Sensitive Behavior Get access MICK P. COUPER, MICK P. COUPER Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar ELEANOR SINGER, ELEANOR SINGER Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar ROGER TOURANGEAU ROGER TOURANGEAU Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Public Opinion Quarterly, Volu…
Attitudes and Behavior
Journal Article Attitudes and Behavior: The Impact of Privacy and Confidentiality Concerns on Participation in the 2000 Census Get access ELEANOR SINGER, ELEANOR SINGER Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar JOHN VAN HOEWYK, JOHN VAN HOEWYK Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar RANDALL J. NEUGEBAUER RANDALL J. NEUGEBAUER Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic …
Context Effects in Attitude Surveys
The authors present the results from parallel experiments in two surveys about privacy attitudes. Concerned that the order of the questions might affect the answers, they systematically varied the order of some of the key questions in the questionnaire. In both surveys, four of five question order experiments produced significant effects on responses to the items involved, but the question order variables did not affect responses to attitude item…
The Effects of Response Rate Changes on the Index of Consumer Sentiment
From 1979 to 1996, the Survey of Consumer Attitudes response rate remained roughly 70 percent. But number of calls to complete an interview and proportion of interviews requiring refusal conversion doubled. Using call-record histories, we explore what the consequences of lower response rates would have been if these additional efforts had not been undertaken. Both number of calls and initially cooperating (vs. initially refusing) are related to t…
Leverage-Saliency Theory of Survey Participation
Journal Article Leverage-Saliency Theory of Survey Participation: Description and an Illustration Get access ROBERT M. GROVES, ROBERT M. GROVES Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar ELEANOR SINGER, ELEANOR SINGER Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar AMY CORNING AMY CORNING Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Public Opinion Quarterly, Volume…
Experiments with Incentives in Telephone Surveys
In an effort to counter the problem of noncooperation, survey organizations are offering incentives to respondents with increasing frequency, some at the outset of the survey, as has traditionally been done in mail surveys, and some only after the person has refused, in an attempt to convert the refusal. This article reports on a series of experiments carried out over a period of about 2 years with a monthly telephone survey, the Survey of Consum…
Knowing Versus Feeling as Factors in Willingness to Provide Information to the Census
In Memoriam
Journal Article Obituary for Albert E. Gollin, 1930-1999 Get access ELEANOR SINGER ELEANOR SINGER Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Public Opinion Quarterly, Volume 63, Issue 3, November 1999, Pages 435–436, https://doi.org/10.1086/297729 Published: 01 November 1999
Differential Incentives
Journal Article Differential Incentives: Beliefs about Practices, Perceptions of Equity, and Effects on Survey Participation Get access ELEANOR SINGER, ELEANOR SINGER Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar ROBERT M. GROVES, ROBERT M. GROVES Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar AMY CORNING AMY CORNING Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Publi…
Attitudes toward Genetic Testing and Fetal Diagnosis, 1990-1996
With few exceptions, existing research on attitudes toward genetic testing and prenatal diagnosis is based on small studies using nonprobability samples of specialized populations. In this paper, we use a nationally representative sample from the General Social Survey to report on attitudinal change between 1990 and 1996, and to explore socio-demographic predictors of public views on genetic technology and reproduction in the context of changing …
The Effects of Response Rate Changes on the Index of Consumer Sentiment
From 1979 to 1996, the Survey of Consumer Attitudes response rate remained roughly 70 percent. But number of calls to complete an interview and proportion of interviews requiring refusal conversion doubled. Using call-record histories, we explore what the consequences of lower response rates would have been if these additional efforts had not been undertaken. Both number of calls and initially cooperating (vs. initially refusing) are related to t…
Leverage-Saliency Theory of Survey Participation
Journal Article Leverage-Saliency Theory of Survey Participation: Description and an Illustration Get access ROBERT M. GROVES, ROBERT M. GROVES Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar ELEANOR SINGER, ELEANOR SINGER Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar AMY CORNING AMY CORNING Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Public Opinion Quarterly, Volume…
Experiments with Incentives in Telephone Surveys
In an effort to counter the problem of noncooperation, survey organizations are offering incentives to respondents with increasing frequency, some at the outset of the survey, as has traditionally been done in mail surveys, and some only after the person has refused, in an attempt to convert the refusal. This article reports on a series of experiments carried out over a period of about 2 years with a monthly telephone survey, the Survey of Consum…
Experiments in Producing Nonresponse Bias
While nonresponse rates in household surveys are increasing in most industrialized nations, the increasing rates do not always produce nonresponse bias in survey estimates. The linkage between nonresponse rates and nonresponse bias arises from the presence of a covariance between response propensity and the survey variables of interest. To understand the covariance term, researchers must think about the common influences on response propensity an…
The Use and Effects of Incentives in Surveys
This article is intended to supplement rather than replace earlier reviews of research on survey incentives, especially those by Singer (2002); Singer and Kulka (2002); and Cantor, O'Hare, and O'Connor (2008). It is based on a systematic review of articles appearing since 2002 in major journals, supplemented by searches of the Proceedings of the American Statistical Association's Section on Survey Methodology for unpublished papers. The article b…
The Effect of Interviewer Characteristics and Expectations on Response
This study reports on two sets of findings related to interviewer effects, derived from a national RDD sample of the adult population. The first of these concerns the effect of interviewer characteristics and expectations on overall cooperation rates; the second, the effect of interviewer characteristics and expectations on item nonresponse and response quality. We found that interviewers' age, the size of the interviewing assignment, and intervi…
Informed Consent
The study described in this paper was designed to measure the effects of variations in (1) the amount of information provided to respondents about the content of a survey ahead of time, (2) the assurance of confidentiality given to respondents, and (3) the request for and timing of a signature to document consent on three aspects of social surveys: (a) overall response rate, (b) response rates to individual questions, and (c) response quality. Th…
The Impact of Privacy and Confidentiality Concerns on Survey Participation
This study investigates the relationship between concerns about confidentiality and privacy, on the one hand, and mail returns to the 1990 census, on the other. Such concerns significantly affect mail returns, even when demographic variables known to be related to both concerns and survey participation are controlled. However, their impact is not very large, and the effects of confidentiality and privacy concerns vary for black and white responde…
Do Incentives Exert Undue Influence on Survey Participation? Experimental Evidence
MONETARY INCENTIVES ARE INCREASINGLY used to help motivate survey participation. Research Ethics Committees have begun to ask whether, and under what conditions, the use of monetary incentives to induce participation might be coercive. The article reports research from an online vignette-based study bearing on this question, concluding that at present the evidence suggests that larger incentives do not induce research participants to accept highe…
Does the Payment of Incentives Create Expectation Effects
Journal Article Does the Payment of Incentives Create Expectation Effects? Get access ELEANOR SINGER, ELEANOR SINGER Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar JOHN VAN HOEWYK, JOHN VAN HOEWYK Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar MARY P. MAHER MARY P. MAHER Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Public Opinion Quarterly, Volume 62, Issue 2, August …
Attitudes and Behavior
Journal Article Attitudes and Behavior: The Impact of Privacy and Confidentiality Concerns on Participation in the 2000 Census Get access ELEANOR SINGER, ELEANOR SINGER Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar JOHN VAN HOEWYK, JOHN VAN HOEWYK Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar RANDALL J. NEUGEBAUER RANDALL J. NEUGEBAUER Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic …
Confidentiality Assurances in Surveys
In den letzten drei Jahrzehnten hat die Bereitschaft der Öffentlichkeit, sich an Umfragen zu beteiligen, immer mehr abgenommen. Dies wird mit einem wachsenden Interesse am Datenschutz begründet. Der Bericht gibt zunächst einen Überblick über die jüngere Literatur zum Thema Vertraulichkeitsversicherungen und Anwortbereitschaft. Anschließend wird über drei Experimente berichtet, welche die Auswirkungen von Vertraulichkeit auf die Erwartungen der Be…
Mortality and mental health
Trends
Journal Article Trends: Genetic Testing, Engineering, and Therapy: Awareness and Attitudes Get access ELEANOR SINGER, ELEANOR SINGER Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar AMY CORNING, AMY CORNING Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar MARK LAMIAS MARK LAMIAS Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Public Opinion Quarterly, Volume 62, Issue 4, Feb…
Research Synthesis
Journal Article Research Synthesis: Protection of Human Subjects of Research: Recent Developments and Future Prospects for the Social Sciences Get access ELEANOR SINGER, ELEANOR SINGER Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar FELICE J. LEVINE FELICE J. LEVINE Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Public Opinion Quarterly, Volume 67, Issue 1, March 2003, Pages 148–164, https://doi.…
Differential Incentives
Journal Article Differential Incentives: Beliefs about Practices, Perceptions of Equity, and Effects on Survey Participation Get access ELEANOR SINGER, ELEANOR SINGER Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar ROBERT M. GROVES, ROBERT M. GROVES Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar AMY CORNING AMY CORNING Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Publi…
Interviewer Expectation Effects
Interviewers' evaluations of the general difficulty of a survey have no effect on the cooperation rate they obtain, but do affect responses to individual questions. Although these effects are not large, interviewers who expect more difficulty with a study, or who expect certain parts of it to be difficult to ask, tend to get higher nonresponse rates tosensitive questions and lower estimates of sensitive behavior. Such expectations affected one of…
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Visual Analog Scales
The use of visual analog scales (VAS) in survey research has been relatively rare, in part because of operational difficulties. However web surveys permit the use of continuous input devices such as slider bars, making VAS more feasible. The authors conducted an experiment to explore the utility of a VAS in a web survey, comparing it to radio button input and numeric entry in a text box on a series of bipolar questions eliciting views on genetic …
Understanding the Effects of Audio-Casi on Self-Reports of Sensitive Behavior
Journal Article Understanding the Effects of Audio-CASI on Self-Reports of Sensitive Behavior Get access MICK P. COUPER, MICK P. COUPER Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar ELEANOR SINGER, ELEANOR SINGER Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar ROGER TOURANGEAU ROGER TOURANGEAU Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Public Opinion Quarterly, Volu…
Effects of Benefits Appeals, Mandatory Appeals, and Variations in Statements of Confidentiality on Completion Rates for Census Questionnaires
This study examines the effects of two different prominently displayed appeals in combination with two different prominently displayed confidentiality assurances on mail-back completion rates for census questionnaires. The experiment was carried out on a national probability sample of 30,000 household units, using occupant-addressed questionnaires that contained the content of the 1990 decennial census short form. Neither the benefits appeal nor …
Improving Interview Method and Questionnaire Design
Context Effects in Attitude Surveys
The authors present the results from parallel experiments in two surveys about privacy attitudes. Concerned that the order of the questions might affect the answers, they systematically varied the order of some of the key questions in the questionnaire. In both surveys, four of five question order experiments produced significant effects on responses to the items involved, but the question order variables did not affect responses to attitude item…
A Report
Journal Article AIDS Get access ELEANOR SINGER, ELEANOR SINGER Senior Research Scholar at the Center for the Social Sciences Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar THERESA F. ROGERS, THERESA F. ROGERS Senior Research Scholar at the Graduate School of Business Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar MARY CORCORAN MARY CORCORAN a graduate student in the Department of Sociology, Colu…
Premature social aging
The Effect of Question Wording on Attitudes toward Prenatal Testing and Abortion
Journal Article The Effect of Question Wording on Attitudes toward Prenatal Testing and Abortion Get access Eleanor Singer, Eleanor Singer * Eleanor Singer is a research professor emerita of the Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. Mick P. Couper is a research professor in the Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, and researc…
A Treatise on Cosmology. Vol. I., Introduction
Love and Loyalty
Readings in Reference Group Theory and Research
Readings in Reference Group Theory and Research
Public Opinion Research-Revisited
Adult Orientation of First and Later Children
Agreement Between "Inaccessible" Respondents and Informants
AGREEMENT BETWEEN “INACCESSIBLE” RESPONDENTS AND INFORMANTS Get access ELEANOR SINGER ELEANOR SINGER Senior Research Associate †Center for Policy Research Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Public Opinion Quarterly, Volume 36, Issue 4, WINTER 1972, Pages 603–611, https://doi.org/10.1086/268043 Published: 01 January 1972
Premature social aging
Social Control and Socialization
In Memoriam
HAZEL ERSKINE, 1908–1975 Get access Public Opinion Quarterly, Volume 39, Issue 4, WINTER 1975, Pages 571–579, https://doi.org/10.1086/268257 Published: 01 January 1975
Mortality and mental health
Replicating Psychiatric Ratings Through Multiple Regression Analysis
This paper examines three related questions: First, can psychiatrists' judgments be successfully predicted by multiple regression techniques? Second, assuming that they can, are such ratings a valid measure of mental health for the same sample at a later point in time? Third, what is the relation between mental health ratings made in 1954 and such subsequently reported behavioral outcomes as nervous breakdown, mental hospitalization, or seeking p…
Subjective Evaluations as Indicators of Change
This research note examines the relative contribution of(l) current functioning and (2) change in functioning to subjective evaluations of change. The aim is to assess the validity of substituting such subjective measures for estimates of change derivedfrom a before-after design, when the purpose of the substitution is not evaluation of some treatment but, rather, prediction of a dependent variable. The evidence indicates that such substitutions …
The Effect of Informed Consent Procedures on Respondents' Reactions to Surveys
Do the procedures used to elicit informed consent in a national survey affect respondents' evaluations of the interview? With one exception, they do not. The exception is the assurance of confidentiality, which enhances evaluations of most aspects of the interview. However, appraisals were less favorable after a lapse of time
Informed Consent
The study described in this paper was designed to measure the effects of variations in (1) the amount of information provided to respondents about the content of a survey ahead of time, (2) the assurance of confidentiality given to respondents, and (3) the request for and timing of a signature to document consent on three aspects of social surveys: (a) overall response rate, (b) response rates to individual questions, and (c) response quality. Th…
Interviewer Expectation Effects
Interviewers' evaluations of the general difficulty of a survey have no effect on the cooperation rate they obtain, but do affect responses to individual questions. Although these effects are not large, interviewers who expect more difficulty with a study, or who expect certain parts of it to be difficult to ask, tend to get higher nonresponse rates tosensitive questions and lower estimates of sensitive behavior. Such expectations affected one of…
Ethics and Editors
lDuring the last twenty-five years, there have been repeated suggestions that an effective way to ensure high standards in research is to suppress publication of unethical research.' Editors of biomedical journals were not initially receptive to such a proposal. In 1966, William Curran reported that a survey conducted by the Boston University LawMedicine Institute had found that most medical-journal editors did not see as one of their own respons…
More on the Limits of Consent Forms
Research with Deviant Subjects
Improving Interview Method and Questionnaire Design
Report on the POQ Readership Survey
Journal Article Report on the POQ Readership Survey Get access ELEANOR SINGER, ELEANOR SINGER Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar MARC B. GLASSMAN MARC B. GLASSMAN Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Public Opinion Quarterly, Volume 44, Issue 1, SPRING 1980, Pages 129–133, https://doi.org/10.1086/268575 Published: 01 January 1980
Informed Consent Procedures in Telephone Interviews
This study experiments with different ways of informing respondents about a survey in order to see how such diffrrences affect the quality of the data collected and the meaning of the experience fir them. Extending earlier work on informed consent in personal interviews, it replicates essential features of the earlier study in telephone interviews with an RDD sample. Two factors were varied in the present study: information (about the content of …
The Effect of Interviewer Characteristics and Expectations on Response
This study reports on two sets of findings related to interviewer effects, derived from a national RDD sample of the adult population. The first of these concerns the effect of interviewer characteristics and expectations on overall cooperation rates; the second, the effect of interviewer characteristics and expectations on item nonresponse and response quality. We found that interviewers' age, the size of the interviewing assignment, and intervi…
Discriminatory behavior in New York restaurants
Public Reactions to Some Ethical Issues of Social Research
Journal Article Public Reactions to Some Ethical Issues of Social Research: Attitudes and Behavior Get access Eleanor Singer Eleanor Singer Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Consumer Research, Volume 11, Issue 1, June 1984, Pages 501–509, https://doi.org/10.1086/208986 Published: 01 June 1984 Article history Received: 01 July 1983 Revision received: 01 November 1983 Published: 01 June 1984
Psychology (51 obras) · Sociology (39 obras) · Political science (35 obras) · Survey Methodology and Nonresponse (26 obras) · Computer Science (24 obras) · Law (23 obras) · Social Psychology (22 obras) · Law (21 obras) · Library science (19 obras) · Medicine (17 obras)