Timothy W Smith
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 3657331 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Timothy W Smith |
| NOMBRES | Timothy W |
| APELLIDO | Smith |
| FIRMA | SMITH T W |
| AFILIACIONES | University of Utah |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-4017-3243 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 79 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 236 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 79 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1978 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 10 |
Are Online Social Experiences Associated With General Interpersonal Problems? A Circumplex Assessment
OBJECTIVE: Social media use can promote social connection but also often includes negative experiences, raising questions about its associations with broader interpersonal functioning. METHODS: This preregistered study used the interpersonal circumplex (IPC) to examine associations of self-reported online social support and negativity, and excessive social media use with self-reports of general interpersonal problems, compared to associations for…
Why It May Be Useful to Integrate the Stereotype Content Model and the Interpersonal Perspective
This article synthesizes how we think about groups and how we behave during interpersonal situations by integrating the influential stereotype content model from social psychology and the interpersonal perspective in personality and clinical psychology. The empirically derived structural model of the interpersonal circumplex closely resembles the stereotype content model in its general form and specific dimensions. Integration allows researchers …
Recalled parent–child interactions that characterize “risky” early family environments
Results suggest that hostile and distant interpersonal processes in the early family environment may underlie and contribute to exposure to early adversities and associated outcomes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved)
Individual differences in aesthetic engagement and proneness to aesthetic chill
Partialing alters interpersonal correlates of negative affective symptoms and traits
INTRODUCTION: Negative affective symptoms (e.g., anxiety, depression, and anger) are correlated and have parallel associations with outcomes, as do related personality traits (i.e., facets of neuroticism), often prompting statistical control (i.e., partialing) to determine independent effects. However, such adjustments among predictor variables can alter their construct validity. In three studies, the interpersonal circumplex (IPC) and a related …
Protocols of Listening
This article presents six separate but connected understandings of a digital platform of listening vocabularies and protocols produced in the context of Listening Across Disciplines II, (LxDII) a cross- and transdisciplinary research project funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council, UK (AHRC), conducted by the authors from 2018 to 2022. This research project set out to investigate and promote the use of listening across arts, humanities…
Moving Toward, Moving Against, and Moving Away
Karen Horney’s interpersonal theory of adjustment defined three different neurotic trends involving characteristic social behavior and motives: compliant (moving toward people), aggressive (moving against people), and detached (moving away from people). The Horney–Coolidge Type Inventory (HCTI) was developed to assess these trends, but has not been validated using standard methods in the interpersonal perspective. The studies reported here refine…
Partner’s Perceived Social Support Influences Their Spouse’s Inflammation
Social support has been linked to lower cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. However, most studies have examined perceived support as an intrapersonal construct. A dyadic approach to social support highlights how interdependence between individuals within relationships, including partner perceptions and interactions, can influence one's health. This study's overall purpose was to test actor-partner models linking perceived social support to in…
The role of pre-sleep arousal in the connection between insomnia and suicide risk
Insomnia is a risk factor for suicidal thoughts and behaviors. The present study examined the role of pre-sleep arousal in this association. Seventy-eight adults ( M age = 24.28, 56% had recent history of suicidal thoughts and behaviors) attended two lab visits over four consecutive days. We tested if generally experienced self-reported pre-sleep arousal explained the association between self-report insomnia symptoms experienced over the past two…
Self-Rated Health and Age-Related Differences in Ambulatory Blood Pressure
OBJECTIVE: Despite the well-established association between self-rated health (SRH) and health, little is known about the potential psychobiological mechanisms responsible for such links and if these associations differ by age. The main goals of this study were to investigate the links between SRH and ambulatory blood pressure (ABP), if age moderated the risk, and the health behavior/affective mechanisms responsible for such links. METHODS: A tot…
PTSD in veterans, couple behavior, and cardiovascular response during marital conflict
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with strain in marriage and similar intimate relationships, and such difficulties could contribute to associations of PTSD with risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Heightened cardiovascular reactivity (CVR) during stressful marital interactions may be an important mechanism in this regard. This study examined dysfunctional behavior during marital conflict as a mediator of the association of PTS…
An Association Between Perceived Social Support and Posttraumatic Stress Symptom Severity Among Women With Lifetime Sexual Victimization
This study examined the association between perceived social support and severity of posttraumatic stress symptoms, serially mediated by resilience and coping among women exposed to different patterns of sexual victimization experiences: childhood sexual abuse (CSA) only, adult sexual assault (ASA) only, and sexual revictimization (SR). A total of 255 sexually victimized women recruited from four U.S. universities completed self-report measures o…
Complex assessment of relationship quality within dyads
Higher quality relationships have been linked to improved outcomes; however, the measurement of relationship quality often ignores its complexity and the possibility of co‐occurring positivity and negativity across different contexts. The goal of this study is to test the added benefit of including multiple dimensions, contexts, and perspectives of relationship quality from both individuals in predicting marital functioning. The Social Relationsh…
Health Psychology
Two-Dimension Assessment of Marital Functioning across Adulthood
Single-dimension measures of marital quality can obscure distinct effects of positive and negative aspects of relationships. The present study extended evidence regarding the two-dimension relationship quality model generally, and the Quality of Relationship Inventory (QRI) Support and Conflict scales in particular, by examining associations with overall marital adjustment, represented continuously and as a discrete category of significant marita…
Associations Between Objective Sleep and Ambulatory Blood Pressure in a Community Sample
OBJECTIVE: Epidemiologic data increasingly support sleep as a determinant of cardiovascular disease risk. Fewer studies have investigated the mechanisms underlying this relationship using objective sleep assessment approaches. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine associations between daily blood pressure (BP) and both objectively assessed sleep duration and efficiency. METHODS: A diverse community sample of 300 men and women aged 21 to…
Emotion, Social Relationships, and Physical Health
Emotional characteristics and processes are robust predictors of the development and course of major medical illnesses and premature mortality, as are a variety of indicators of the presence and quality of personal relationships. Despite clear evidence of close interconnection between these two domains of risk and protection, affective characteristics and relationships have largely been studied separately as influences on health. After a recent c…
Relationships Matter
Social connections play an important role in health and disease and provide opportunities for clinical and public health interventions. Marriage and similar intimate relationships play a central role in the potential health benefits of positive social connections. This editorial provides an integrative perspective on three papers in this issue of Psychosomatic Medicine that examine intimate relationships and health and illustrates the application…
Self-Rated Health and Inflammation
OBJECTIVE: Despite its simplicity, single-item measures of self-rated health have been associated with mortality independent of objective health conditions. However, little is known about the mechanisms potentially responsible for such associations. This study tested the association between self-rated heath and inflammatory markers as biological pathways, and whether sleep quality and/or depression statistically mediated such links. METHOD: Eight…
Racial-ethnic differences in social networks and perceived support
Findings support the use of these measures across groups and provide initial support for potential differences in this hypothesized mediator of racial-ethnic health disparities. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)
Intimate relationships, individual adjustment, and coronary heart disease
Being married or involved in a similar intimate relationship is associated with reduced risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). However, the quality of these relationships matters, as strain and disruption are associated with increased risk. These effects are typically studied separately from well-established psychosocial factors for CHD that are aspects of personality and emotional adjustment, even though discord and disruption in intimate relatio…
Health Psychology, Canadian Edition
Personality, Emotional Adjustment, and Cardiovascular Risk
A variety of aspects of personality and emotional adjustment predict the development and course of coronary heart disease ( CHD ), as do indications of marital quality (e.g., satisfaction, conflict, strain, disruption). Importantly, the personality traits and aspects of emotional adjustment that predict CHD are also related to marital quality. In such instances of correlated risk factors, traditional epidemiological and clinical research typicall…
An Interpersonal Approach to Religiousness and Spirituality
The interpersonal tradition ( H orowitz & S track, 2011) provides a rich conceptual and methodological framework for theory‐driven research on mechanisms linking religiousness and spirituality ( R / S ) with health and well‐being. In three studies, we illustrate this approach to R / S . In S tudies 1 and 2, undergraduates completed various self‐report measures of R / S , interpersonal style, and other aspects of interpersonal functioning. In Stud…
Subjective Social Status
Attachment Style in Marriage
This study examined the association between attachment style and marital functioning, focusing on cognition as a key explanatory link. Married spouses completed measures of anxious and avoidant attachment, negative attributions, and perceived marital support and conflict. Attachment style was related to marital adjustment and to attribution style, with anxious attachment being a stronger predictor than avoidant attachment. The interaction of husb…
Optimism, neuroticism, coping, and symptom reports
Found in two studies that the Life Orientation Test (LOT) had limited discriminant validity relative to measures of neuroticism. Furthermore, although previous correlations of the LOT with measures of symptom reports and coping behaviors were replicated, these correlations were eliminated when neuroticism was controlled. In contrast, the correlations of symptoms and coping with neuroticism remained significant when LOT scores were controlled. Thu…
On the self-serving function of an academic wooden leg
The present study investigated the hypothesis that psychological symptoms may serve a self-protective function by providing an alternative explanation for potential failure in evaluating situations. It was hypothesized that highly test-anxious subjects would report anxiety symptoms in a pattern that reflected strategic presentation of symptoms; more specifically, it was predicted that greater reported anxiety should result when anxiety was a viab…
Matters of the variable heart
Maintenance of relationship quality requires self-regulation of emotion and social behavior, and women often display greater effort in this regard than do men. Furthermore, such efforts can deplete the limited capacity for self-regulation. In recent models of self-regulation, resting level of respiratory sinus arrhythmia, quantified as high-frequency heart rate variability (HF-HRV), is an indicator of self-regulatory capacity, whereas transient i…
Models of personality and disease
Type A behavior has been established as a risk factor for coronary heart disease. Enhanced cardiovascular and neuroendocrine responsiveness to stressors has been suggested as a pathophysiological link between the behavior pattern and disease. The present article describes a model that places this link in an interactional context. Specifically, it is hypothesized that via cognitive and overt behaviors, Type As construct a subjective and objective …
Depression and information processing
The assessment of positivity and negativity in social networks
The Social Relationships Index (SRI) was designed to examine positivity and negativity in social relationships. Unique features of this scale include its brevity and the ability to examine relationship positivity and negativity at the level of the specific individual and social network. The SRI's psychometric properties were examined in three studies. The SRI demonstrated good psychometric properties, including test–retest reliability for the ass…
Personality, health, and aging
The hardy personality
Hardy persons are hypothesized to be resistant to stress-induced illness, because of their adaptive cognitive style and a subsequently reduced level of physiological arousal. We assessed the cognitive and physiological responses of high and low hardy male undergraduates to a challenging task under high and low evaluative threat. As predicted, hardy subjects endorsed more positive self-statements than did low hardy subjects in the high threat cond…
Cynical hostility at home and work
Some Aspects of Measuring Education
Components of negative affectivity and marital satisfaction
On states, traits, and processes
Patterns of Hostility and Social Support
Interpersonal control and cardiovascular reactivity
Cardiovascular responses to stressful stimuli have been implicated in the development of cardiovascular disease. However, the effects of social stressors on short-term changes in blood pressure and heart rate (i.e., cardiovascular reactivity [CVR]) are not well understood. The independent effects of an incentive to exert interpersonal influence and the expression of socially controlling behavior on CVR were examined in 96 undergraduates. For men,…
What does the Cook and Medley Hostility scale measure? Affect, behavior, and attributions in the marital context
The Cook and Medley (1954) Hostility (Ho) scale has been used in several important studies evaluating potential health consequences of hostility. A relative lack of compelling information about the construct validity of the Ho scale, however, has raised concerns about the appropriate interpretation of previous research. In this study, 60 married couples discussed a low conflict topic, a high conflict topic, and then a second low conflict topic. H…
The self-serving function of hypochondriacal complaints
The present experiment tested the hypothesis that hypochondriacal individuals commonly use reports of physical illness and symptoms as a strategy to control attributions made about their performances in evaluative settings (i.e., self-handicapping strategies). Specifically, it was predicted that hypochondriacal individuals would report more recent physical illness and complaints and more current physical symptoms in an evaluative setting in which…
Reward, distraction, and the overjustification effect
A number of experiments have recently demonstrated that extrinsic constraints and rewards can produce lower levels of intrinsic interest in subsequent freechoice situations. This effect has been considered to be the result of a shift in the self-perceived locus of motivation from intrinsic to extrinsic but has also been explained as resulting from the distracting qualities of reward procedures. The latter hypothesis implies that reward and nonrew…
Cognitive specificity in emotional distress
Cognitive approaches to emotional distress posit that specific cognitive factors are critically linked to the etiology, course, or treatment of dysfunction. Although a number of empirical studies have assessed cognitive factors in emotional disorders such as depression and anxiety, research has yet to assess these variables simultaneously and with identical cognitive measures. Using depression and test anxiety as models of dysfunctional affective…
On the self-serving function of social anxiety
We tested the hypothesis that socially anxious or shy individuals use their anxiety symptoms as a strategy to control attributions made about their performances in social-evaluative settings (i.e., self-handicapping strategies). Specifically, we predicted that trait-socially anxious or shy persons would report more symptoms of social anxiety in an evaluative setting in which anxiety or shyness could serve as an excuse for poor performance than wo…
Racial-ethnic differences in social networks and perceived support
Findings support the use of these measures across groups and provide initial support for potential differences in this hypothesized mediator of racial-ethnic health disparities. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)
Cardiovascular reactivity and interpersonal influence
Previous studies have demonstrated that effortful attempts to secure positive outcomes or avoid negative outcomes produce significant increases in systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and heart rate (HR). Although these effects of active coping on cardiovascular reactivity are central in current psychosomatic theories, virtually all of the research to date has used impersonal, asocial tasks. Our two studies examined the …
Person perception and the Type A coronary-prone behavior pattern
The present study investigated the influence of the Type A coronary-prone behavior pattern on attribution processes. Given the exaggerated achievement striving and competitiveness of Type A's, it was predicted that these individuals would be more motivated to succeed in a prisoner's dilemma game than would Type B's. Increased motivation to succeed was predicted to lead Type A's to exaggerate the amount of dispositional information they would beli…
An Association Between Perceived Social Support and Posttraumatic Stress Symptom Severity Among Women With Lifetime Sexual Victimization
This study examined the association between perceived social support and severity of posttraumatic stress symptoms, serially mediated by resilience and coping among women exposed to different patterns of sexual victimization experiences: childhood sexual abuse (CSA) only, adult sexual assault (ASA) only, and sexual revictimization (SR). A total of 255 sexually victimized women recruited from four U.S. universities completed self-report measures o…
Hostility and Nonshared Family Environment
Reward, distraction, and the overjustification effect
A number of experiments have recently demonstrated that extrinsic constraints and rewards can produce lower levels of intrinsic interest in subsequent freechoice situations. This effect has been considered to be the result of a shift in the self-perceived locus of motivation from intrinsic to extrinsic but has also been explained as resulting from the distracting qualities of reward procedures. The latter hypothesis implies that reward and nonrew…
Person perception and the Type A coronary-prone behavior pattern
The present study investigated the influence of the Type A coronary-prone behavior pattern on attribution processes. Given the exaggerated achievement striving and competitiveness of Type A's, it was predicted that these individuals would be more motivated to succeed in a prisoner's dilemma game than would Type B's. Increased motivation to succeed was predicted to lead Type A's to exaggerate the amount of dispositional information they would beli…
On the self-serving function of an academic wooden leg
The present study investigated the hypothesis that psychological symptoms may serve a self-protective function by providing an alternative explanation for potential failure in evaluating situations. It was hypothesized that highly test-anxious subjects would report anxiety symptoms in a pattern that reflected strategic presentation of symptoms; more specifically, it was predicted that greater reported anxiety should result when anxiety was a viab…
Social anxiety, anxious self-preoccupation, and recall of self-relevant information
Theoretical and empirical efforts concerning cognitive processes associated with anxiety have typically emphasized either cognitive deficits (i.e., reduced learning, memory, and task performance) or cognitive excesses (i.e., increased self-focused, ruminative thought). To date, evidence of these two types of cognitive processes has primarily been based on different types of sources (i.e., performance measures vs. self-reports), which precludes di…
Depression and information processing
The self-serving function of hypochondriacal complaints
The present experiment tested the hypothesis that hypochondriacal individuals commonly use reports of physical illness and symptoms as a strategy to control attributions made about their performances in evaluative settings (i.e., self-handicapping strategies). Specifically, it was predicted that hypochondriacal individuals would report more recent physical illness and complaints and more current physical symptoms in an evaluative setting in which…
Anger, neuroticism, Type A behaviour and the experience of angina
The relationship of personality factors to self‐reported variations in symptoms of angina pectoris and their impact on functioning was examined in a sample of 50 cardiac patients. The frequency of anginal pains was significantly correlated with trait anger. The degree of perceived interference of angina with daily activities was related to Type A behaviour, anger and neuroticism. However, only neuroticism was related to the tendency to avoid acti…
What's so unhealthy about hostility? Construct validity and psychosocial correlates of the Cook and Medley Ho scale.
On the self-serving function of social anxiety
We tested the hypothesis that socially anxious or shy individuals use their anxiety symptoms as a strategy to control attributions made about their performances in social-evaluative settings (i.e., self-handicapping strategies). Specifically, we predicted that trait-socially anxious or shy persons would report more symptoms of social anxiety in an evaluative setting in which anxiety or shyness could serve as an excuse for poor performance than wo…
Self-awareness and self-confrontation
Research in the area of self-awareness theory has indicated that self-focused attention consistently produces both an increase in perceived intensity of affect and enhanced accuracy of self-reports. The present studies consider these effects in relation to the technique of self-confrontation as used in psychotherapy. In the first study, members of two different clinical populations (alcoholics and general psychiatric patients) either were or were…
On states, traits, and processes
The Framingham Type A Scale and severity of coronary artery disease
The relationship between scores on the Framingham Type A Scale (FTAS) and angiographic severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) was examined in a sample of 50 patients undergoing diagnostic cardiac catheterization. Age and family history of coronary heart disease (CHD) were positively related to CAD severity. Contrary to prediction, the FTAS demonstrated a non‐significant, inverse relationship with CAD. However, FTAS‐defined Type As with at leas…
Models of personality and disease
Type A behavior has been established as a risk factor for coronary heart disease. Enhanced cardiovascular and neuroendocrine responsiveness to stressors has been suggested as a pathophysiological link between the behavior pattern and disease. The present article describes a model that places this link in an interactional context. Specifically, it is hypothesized that via cognitive and overt behaviors, Type As construct a subjective and objective …
Cognitive specificity in emotional distress
Cognitive approaches to emotional distress posit that specific cognitive factors are critically linked to the etiology, course, or treatment of dysfunction. Although a number of empirical studies have assessed cognitive factors in emotional disorders such as depression and anxiety, research has yet to assess these variables simultaneously and with identical cognitive measures. Using depression and test anxiety as models of dysfunctional affective…
Self-regulation and Type A behavior
Cynical hostility at home and work
The hardy personality
Hardy persons are hypothesized to be resistant to stress-induced illness, because of their adaptive cognitive style and a subsequently reduced level of physiological arousal. We assessed the cognitive and physiological responses of high and low hardy male undergraduates to a challenging task under high and low evaluative threat. As predicted, hardy subjects endorsed more positive self-statements than did low hardy subjects in the high threat cond…
Cardiovascular reactivity and interpersonal influence
Previous studies have demonstrated that effortful attempts to secure positive outcomes or avoid negative outcomes produce significant increases in systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and heart rate (HR). Although these effects of active coping on cardiovascular reactivity are central in current psychosomatic theories, virtually all of the research to date has used impersonal, asocial tasks. Our two studies examined the …
Optimism, neuroticism, coping, and symptom reports
Found in two studies that the Life Orientation Test (LOT) had limited discriminant validity relative to measures of neuroticism. Furthermore, although previous correlations of the LOT with measures of symptom reports and coping behaviors were replicated, these correlations were eliminated when neuroticism was controlled. In contrast, the correlations of symptoms and coping with neuroticism remained significant when LOT scores were controlled. Thu…
What does the Cook and Medley Hostility scale measure? Affect, behavior, and attributions in the marital context
The Cook and Medley (1954) Hostility (Ho) scale has been used in several important studies evaluating potential health consequences of hostility. A relative lack of compelling information about the construct validity of the Ho scale, however, has raised concerns about the appropriate interpretation of previous research. In this study, 60 married couples discussed a low conflict topic, a high conflict topic, and then a second low conflict topic. H…
Cynical hostility in adult male twins
The heritability of hostility as measured by the Cook and Medley Ho scale was assessed in an adult male sample of 60 monozygotic and 61 dizygotic twin pairs. For the total Ho scale, as well as its health predictive component, the results were consistent with a moderate genetic effect. Results are discussed in terms of genetic and environmental influences on the development of this trait, and possible genetic contributions to the association betwe…
Cortisol excretion in high and low cynically hostile men
Cynical hostility as measured by the Cook and Medley Hostility (Ho) Scale has been found in some studies to be associated with increased risk of life-threatening illness. Previous laboratory studies of cardiovascular reactivity have been consistent with the general hypothesis that increased physiological responsiveness is one possible mechanism underlying the association between hostility and health. The present study extended this previous resea…
Hostility and health
Personality and Health
Interest in the association between personality characteristics and physical health has been renewed in recent years. Theory and research in this area has also been complicated by conceptual and methodological limitations. The present article briefly reviews this literature and discusses the advantages and limitations of the five‐factor model of personality as an integrating framework for studies of personality and health. The model has already b…
Cynical hostility and cardiovascular reactivity during self-disclosure
Recent research suggests that hostility might contribute to the development of coronary heart disease (CHD) and other illnesses. One potential mechanism linking hostility and health is exaggerated physiological reactivity to social stressors. Given that mistrust and suspiciousness are closely related to this trait, the self-disclosure of personal information regarding a stressful experience may elicit heightened reactivity in hostile persons. To …
Psychology (67 obras) · Social Psychology (53 obras) · Clinical Psychology (49 obras) · Developmental psychology (38 obras) · Medicine (30 obras) · Personality (26 obras) · Psychiatry (25 obras) · Hostility (19 obras) · Interpersonal communication (18 obras) · Social Psychology (18 obras)