Ronald Bayer
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 3846478 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Ronald Bayer |
| NOMBRES | Ronald |
| APELLIDO | Bayer |
| FIRMA | BAYER R |
| AFILIACIONES | Columbia University |
| VERIFICADO | No |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 77 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 233 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 72 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 5 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1968 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2021 |
| ÍNDICE H | 8 |
Joseph Sonnabend and the Aids Epidemic
Joseph Sonnabend and the AIDS Epidemic: Pioneering and Its Discontents Ronald Bayer PhD, and Gerald M. Oppenheimer PhD, MPH Affiliation Ronald Bayer and Gerald M. Oppenheimer are with the Center for the History and Ethics of Public Health, Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY. CopyRightCorrespondence should be sent to Gerald M. Oppenheimer, PhD, MPH, Department of Sociomedical Sci…
Response of Clinicians to the Current Covid-19 Pandemic
Response of Clinicians to the Current COVID-19 Pandemic:A View from the Past Gerald M. Oppenheimer (bio) and Ronald Bayer (bio) health care workers have been portrayed as responding heroically to the COVID-19 pandemic, as warriors holding out at the front lines against a horrific contagious disease to which they and those they love remain vulnerable. Strikingly, that characterization has been democratically applied to all tiers of health care wor…
The E-Cigarette Debate
Two major public health evaluations of e-cigarettes—one from the National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM), the other from Public Health England (PHE)—were issued back to back in the winter of 2018. While some have read these analyses as broadly consistent, providing support for the view that e-cigarettes could play a role in smoking harm reduction, in every major respect, they come to very different conclusions about what …
Fairchild and Bayer Respond
AffiliationsAmy Lauren Fairchild is with the Department of Health Policy and Management, Texas A&M School of Public Health, College Station. Ronald Bayer is with the Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
Fairchild and Bayer Respond
Fairchild and Bayer Respond Amy Lauren Fairchild PhD, MPH, and Ronald Bayer PhD Affiliation Amy Lauren Fairchild is with the College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus. Ronald Bayer is with the Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY.CopyRightCorrespondence should be sent to Amy Lauren Fairchild, PhD, MPH, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, 250 Cun…
The Two Faces of Fear
Fear is now commonly used in public health campaigns, yet for years ethical and efficacy-centered concerns provided a challenge to using fear in such efforts. From the 1950s through the 1970s, the field of public health believed that using fear to influence individual behavior would virtually always backfire. Yet faced with the limited effectiveness of informational approaches to cessation, antitobacco campaigns featured fear in the 1960s. These …
The End of Written Informed Consent for HIV Testing
In 2014, only two states in the United States still mandated specific written informed consent for HIV testing and, after years of controversy, New York ended this requirement, leaving only Nebraska. New York’s shift to opt-out testing meant that a singular feature of what had characterized the exceptionalism surrounding HIV testing was eliminated. We trace the history of debates on written informed consent nationally and in New York State. Over …
The World Health Organization, Public Health Ethics, and Surveillance
The World Health Organization, Public Health Ethics, and Surveillance: Essential Architecture for Social Well-Being Affiliation Amy L. Fairchild PhD, MPH, Angus Dawson PhD, Ronald Bayer PhD, and Michael J. Selgelid PhDAmy L. Fairchild is with the Department of Health Policy and Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, and is co-director of the WHO Collaborating Center for Bioethics, Columbia University, New York, NY. Angus Dawson is dir…
Corporate Funding for Schools of Public Health
We discuss the public and private sponsoring of university research and the issues it raises in a context of diminished federal funding. We consider research funding at schools of public health and why these schools have historically had weaker links to industry than have other academic units. We argue that the possibility of enhanced links with industry at schools of public health may raise specific concerns beyond those facing universities gene…
Stigma
MPH Education for the 21st Century
Because public health challenges are changing rapidly, over the past 3 years, we have turned a critical eye to the master of public health program at the Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health. Under a process dubbed “curriculum renewal,” we engaged more than 170 faculty, staff, and students (and hundreds of alumni and employers of our graduates) in an initiative to develop a completely new design for master of public health educatio…
MPH Education for the 21st Century
Public health is at a watershed moment. The world’s health needs are changing, and complex problems require interdisciplinary approaches and systems-based solutions. Our longer lives and changing environments necessitate life-course and structural approaches to prevention. This argues strongly for public health graduate education that adequately prepares trainees to tackle emerging challenges and to lead now and in the future. Nearly a century of…
Anti‐retrovirals for treatment and prevention – time for new paradigms in our response to the HIV/Aids epidemic
When grammars collide
Throughout the 1990s, a dramatic rise in HIV prevalence rates among drug users in Vietnam attracted the attention of international observers concerned about the prospect of a more generalised epidemic. Vietnam subsequently became the target of extensive funding and advocacy which sought to introduce needle exchange and methadone in a country where drug use was considered a 'social evil', and drug users were subjected to what international observe…
School-Based Gay-Affirmative Interventions
Public health professionals and educators have developed effective school-based interventions to reduce prejudice and stigma against lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) students. Such interventions can reduce the harm caused to sexual minority youths by stigma and can improve health outcomes. However, critics have warned that these interventions attempt to control speech and religious beliefs protected by the First Amendment. We review…
The Triumph and Tragedy of Tobacco Control
The use of law and policy to limit tobacco consumption illustrates one of the greatest triumphs of public health in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, as well as one of its most fundamental failures. Overall decreases in tobacco consumption throughout the developed world represent millions of saved lives and unquantifiable suffering averted. Yet those benefits have not been equally distributed. The poor and the undereducated hav…
Stigma and the ethics of public health redux
The Exodus of Public Health What History Can Tell Us About the Future
We trace the shifting definitions of the American public health profession's mission as a social reform and science-based endeavor. Its authority coalesced in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as public health identified itself with housing, sanitation, and labor reform efforts. The field ceded that authority to medicine and other professions as it jettisoned its social mission in favor of a science-based identity. Understanding t…
When Worlds Collide
Surveillance serves as the eyes of public health. It has provided the foundation for planning, intervention, and disease prevention and has been critical for epidemiology research into patterns of morbidity and mortality for a wide variety of disease and conditions. Registries have been essential for tracking individuals and their conditions over time. Surveillance has also served to trigger the imposition of public health control measures, such …
Unfiltered
The Rise and Fall of Aids Exceptionalism
What means this thing called stigma? A response to Burris
Stigma and the ethics of public health
Shattered Dreams
This book is an oral history of how committed doctors and nurses in South Africa struggled to ride the tiger of the world's most catastrophic AIDS epidemic. Based on more than 250 hours of interviews with almost 90 physicians and nurses—black, Indian, and white, gay and heterosexual—it seeks to capture the understandings of these health care providers as they confronted indifference, opposition, resistance, and material scarcity that was both a l…
Privacy and Public Health Surveillance
The discovery that cases of paralytic polio in 1955 were caused by a single manufacturer of Salk vaccine, the linkage of toxic shock syndrome to tampons in 1979, the identification of the sentinel cases of AIDS on the East and West coasts in the early 1980s, the recognition of West Nile, SARS, and avian flu at the turn of the twenty-first century-were all the result of surveillance systems, through which alert and troubled physicians could commun…
Stigma and the ethics of public health
Tobacco Control, Stigma, and Public Health
The AIDS epidemic has borne witness to the terrible burdens imposed by stigmatization and to the way in which marginalization could subvert the goals of HIV prevention. Out of that experience, and propelled by the linkage of public health and human rights, came the commonplace assertion that stigmatization was a retrograde force. Yet, strikingly, the antitobacco movement has fostered a social transformation that involves the stigmatization of smo…
The Exodus of Public Health What History Can Tell Us About the Future
We trace the shifting definitions of the American public health profession's mission as a social reform and science-based endeavor. Its authority coalesced in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as public health identified itself with housing, sanitation, and labor reform efforts. The field ceded that authority to medicine and other professions as it jettisoned its social mission in favor of a science-based identity. Understanding t…
Aids and the Future of Reproductive Freedom
The specter of pediatric AIDS fundamentally challenges elements of the liberal ideological basis of women's reproductive freedom. Many public health officials hold that preventing transmission of HIV from mother to fetus requires efforts to discourage pregnancy by infected women. For over two decades, however, genetic counselors, feminists, and medical ethicists have stressed the importance of nondirective counseling in the context of reproductiv…
MPH Education for the 21st Century
Because public health challenges are changing rapidly, over the past 3 years, we have turned a critical eye to the master of public health program at the Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health. Under a process dubbed “curriculum renewal,” we engaged more than 170 faculty, staff, and students (and hundreds of alumni and employers of our graduates) in an initiative to develop a completely new design for master of public health educatio…
Science, Politics, and Ideology in the Campaign Against Environmental Tobacco Smoke
The issue of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and the harms it causes to nonsmoking bystanders has occupied a central place in the rhetoric and strategy of antismoking forces in the United States over the past 3 decades. Beginning in the 1970s, anti-tobacco activists drew on suggestive and incomplete evidence to push for far-reaching prohibitions on smoking in a variety of public settings. Public health professionals and other antismoking activi…
Directly observed therapy and treatment completion for tuberculosis in the United States
OBJECTIVES: This study examined the relationship between directly observed therapy and treatment completion rates in the years before and after infusion of federal funding for tuberculosis (TB) control in 1993. METHODS: An ecological study of estimated directly observed therapy rates and 12-month treatment completion rates from 1990 through 1994 was undertaken for TB control programs in all 25 cities and counties across the nation with 100 or mor…
Aids prevention and cultural sensitivity
AIDS prevention and cultural sensitivity: are they compatible? R BayerCopyRight https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.84.6.895 Published Online: October 07, 2011
The E-Cigarette Debate
Two major public health evaluations of e-cigarettes—one from the National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM), the other from Public Health England (PHE)—were issued back to back in the winter of 2018. While some have read these analyses as broadly consistent, providing support for the view that e-cigarettes could play a role in smoking harm reduction, in every major respect, they come to very different conclusions about what …
MPH Education for the 21st Century
Public health is at a watershed moment. The world’s health needs are changing, and complex problems require interdisciplinary approaches and systems-based solutions. Our longer lives and changing environments necessitate life-course and structural approaches to prevention. This argues strongly for public health graduate education that adequately prepares trainees to tackle emerging challenges and to lead now and in the future. Nearly a century of…
HIV prevention and the two faces of partner notification
In the cases of medical patients with sexually transmitted diseases (particularly those with the human immunodeficiency virus), two distinct approaches exist to notifying sexual and/or needle-sharing partners of possible risk. Each approach has its own history (including unique practical problems of implementation) and provokes its own ethical dilemmas. The first approach--the moral "duty to warn"--arose out of clinical situations in which a phys…
Paternalism & Its Discontents
The history of motorcycle helmet legislation in the United States reflects the extent to which concerns about individual liberties have shaped the public health debate. Despite overwhelming epidemiological evidence that motorcycle helmet laws reduce fatalities and serious injuries, only 20 states currently require all riders to wear helmets. During the past 3 decades, federal government efforts to push states toward enactment of universal helmet …
The dual epidemics of tuberculosis and Aids
As the recent increase in cases of tuberculosis is addressed, there is a danger that the need for increased protection of the public health will create a climate in which the rights of individuals with tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection may be disregarded. This paper considers ethical and policy issues in the control of tuberculosis. The authors conclude that mandatory HIV testing is not critical to effective tuberculos…
Aids and the limits of control
We undertook a survey to document the extent to which public health powers have been used to warn or restrict individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) whose behavior poses a risk of transmission to others. In the period from 1981 through 1990, 24 state health departments either had no mechanism for receiving reports about individuals whose behavior posed a risk of HIV transmission or took no action if they had received such re…
Stigma and the ethics of public health redux
Manifold Restraints
February 2005 marks the centenary of one of the most important pieces of public health jurisprudence, the US Supreme Court case of Jacobson v Massachusetts, which upheld the authority of states to pass compulsory vaccination laws. The Court’s decision articulated the view that the freedom of the individual must sometimes be subordinated to the common welfare. We examined the relationship between the individual and society in 20th-century public h…
Tell It Slant Sex, Disclosure, and HIV
Encounters with HIV can tell us much about how we as individuals communicate about and view our bodies and most intimate selves—how we view and approach truth, lies, sex, and trust. Better ways of handling issues of disclosure in conjunction with changed sexual practices can be crucial to thwarting the HIV pandemic. We interviewed in depth 59 HIV-infected and 18 uninfected gay, bisexual, and heterosexual men and women. Five strategies emerged for…
The Two Faces of Fear
Fear is now commonly used in public health campaigns, yet for years ethical and efficacy-centered concerns provided a challenge to using fear in such efforts. From the 1950s through the 1970s, the field of public health believed that using fear to influence individual behavior would virtually always backfire. Yet faced with the limited effectiveness of informational approaches to cessation, antitobacco campaigns featured fear in the 1960s. These …
School-Based Gay-Affirmative Interventions
Public health professionals and educators have developed effective school-based interventions to reduce prejudice and stigma against lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) students. Such interventions can reduce the harm caused to sexual minority youths by stigma and can improve health outcomes. However, critics have warned that these interventions attempt to control speech and religious beliefs protected by the First Amendment. We review…
The ethics of screening for early intervention in HIV disease
The potential for early medical intervention to slow or prevent the\ndevelopment of AIDS in HIV-positive individuals has led to calls for\nwidespread testing of asymptomatic at-risk persons. Levine and Bayer discuss\nthe ethical aspects of these proposals, distinguishing among the\njustifications for screening and evaluating each independently. They present\ncurrent clinical evidence for early intervention and explore its potential\nrisks and ben…
Toward justice in health care
The demands of equity and efficiency require a program of universal\nhealth insurance in the United States through which all workers will be\nprovided by their employers with health insurance for themselves and their\ndependents, unemployment will no longer result in the loss of health insurance\nprotection, and federal standards for Medicaid eligibility will be instituted. \nIssues raised by the assessment of insurance coverage and establishment…
The End of Written Informed Consent for HIV Testing
In 2014, only two states in the United States still mandated specific written informed consent for HIV testing and, after years of controversy, New York ended this requirement, leaving only Nebraska. New York’s shift to opt-out testing meant that a singular feature of what had characterized the exceptionalism surrounding HIV testing was eliminated. We trace the history of debates on written informed consent nationally and in New York State. Over …
Ethical challenges posed by clinical progress in Aids
Ethical challenges posed by clinical progress in AIDS. R Bayer, and J StrykerCopyRight https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.87.10.1599 Published Online: October 07, 2011
Notifying workers at risk
Holding that workers exposed to toxic substances in the workplace\nhave a right to know about the extent to which they may have been put at risk,\nBayer describes the history of the political controversy over whether the\nNational Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) ought to provide\nindividual notification to workers found through its retrospective cohort\nmortality studies to be at increased risk for disease. He comments that bo…
In Search of Equity
Communications
Patuxent Revisited
Heroin Decriminalization and the Ideology of Tolerance
Proposals for the decriminalization of heroin are examined and then analyzed in terms of the ideology of tolerance which informs anti-psychiatry, labeling sociology, and the concept of the victimless crime. Marcuse's discussion of repressive tolerance is brought to bear on this issue in order to suggest that tolerance for deviance may have consequences not immediately expected by those who advance reformist proposals regarding narcotics policy
Special Supplement
Homosexuality Reclassified
Women, Work, and Reproductive Hazards
Recent efforts by American corporations to bar fertile women from\njobs which could endanger the health of a fetus are viewed as unfairly\ndirected against one sex. It is argued that industry has failed to recognize\nthat males as well as females can contribute to negative reproductive\noutcomes. The abortive efforts of government agencies under the Carter\nadministration to develop less discriminatory guidelines are described. \nReproductive haz…
Hospice under the Medicare Wing
Beginning in November 1983, Medicare will cover certain hospice\nservices provided in the home. The political maneuvering which preceded\npassage of this legislation is traced. The original bill was amended to\nreduce counseling services and the period of coverage, and to cap costs at 40%\nof the average Medicare cost for the last six months of a cancer patient's\nlife. The legislation has been hailed by the press, though some critics are\ntroubl…
Homosexuality and American Psychiatry
In 1973, after several years of bitter dispute, the Board of Trustees of the American Psychiatric Association decided to remove homosexuality from its official list of mental diseases. Infuriated by the Board's action, a substantial number of dissident psychiatrists charged the association's leadership with capitulating to the pressures of Gay Liberation groups, and forced the board to submit its decision to a referendum of the full APA membershi…
Edited correspondence on the status of homosexuality in DSM-III
In 1973, after a prolonged period of social agitation and professional conflict, the American Psychiatric Association deleted homosexuality from its official listing of psychiatric disorders (DSM-II). In its place a new classification for homosexuals distressed over their orientation was to be included in DSM-II. Four years later an acrimonious dispute surfaced over the status of homosexuality in the revised APA nomenclature of disorders (DSM-III…
Gays and the Stigma of Bad Blood
On March 4, 1983, the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS) recommended\nthat sexually active homosexuals be discouraged from donating or selling their\nblood because they are at risk of having acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome\n(AIDS), which apparently can be transmitted through blood transfusions. The\nevolution of the PHS policy decision is described, as is the stance of those\nwho opposed the decision as unfair to homosexuals and argued for alte…
The Insanity Defense in Retreat
lieved that Peel's Tory Party was persecuting him; he was found guilty by reason of insanity. The law lords were asked to clarify grounds of defense and they ruled that no person was to be found guilty if at time of criminal act the party accused was laboring under such a defect of reason, from disease of mind, as not to know nature and quality of act he was doing; or if he did know it, that he did not know what he was doing was wrong. As psychia…
In Search of Equity
Will the First Medicare Generation Be the Last
The Medicare program, considered the most successful and most popular\nof the legacies of the Great Society, is described as threatened by government\npolicy and by a surprisingly broad transformation in public attitudes fueled\nby economic concerns. Even some gerontologists are beginning to question the\ndesirability of age-based entitlement programs, and a report by the\nPresident's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and\n…
Guidelines for Confidentiality in Research on Aids
In Search of Equity
In Search of Equity
The Limits of the Ledger in Public Health Promotion
Recent efforts to support state regulation of risky behavior like cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, driving without seatbelts and riding motorcycles without helmets have focused on economic justifications--the costs to society of the consequences of these activities. However, opponents have successfully argued that the economic burdens of regulation outweigh the social benefits. To reduce the toll on society of these behaviors, we need just…
Screening Blood
In March 1985, the Food and Drug Administration approved the first of\nfive applications from drug companies to market a blood test kit to detect\nantibodies to HTLV-III, a virus linked with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome\n(AIDS). The authors discuss the reliability of the antibody test, the\nimmediate problems it raises concerning notification and confidentiality, and\nthe long-term questions that AIDS-antibody testing poses about mass scree…
How to Set a Cut off Point for the Elisa Test
Notifying workers at risk
Holding that workers exposed to toxic substances in the workplace\nhave a right to know about the extent to which they may have been put at risk,\nBayer describes the history of the political controversy over whether the\nNational Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) ought to provide\nindividual notification to workers found through its retrospective cohort\nmortality studies to be at increased risk for disease. He comments that bo…
Aids
Toward justice in health care
The demands of equity and efficiency require a program of universal\nhealth insurance in the United States through which all workers will be\nprovided by their employers with health insurance for themselves and their\ndependents, unemployment will no longer result in the loss of health insurance\nprotection, and federal standards for Medicaid eligibility will be instituted. \nIssues raised by the assessment of insurance coverage and establishment…
The ethics of screening for early intervention in HIV disease
The potential for early medical intervention to slow or prevent the\ndevelopment of AIDS in HIV-positive individuals has led to calls for\nwidespread testing of asymptomatic at-risk persons. Levine and Bayer discuss\nthe ethical aspects of these proposals, distinguishing among the\njustifications for screening and evaluating each independently. They present\ncurrent clinical evidence for early intervention and explore its potential\nrisks and ben…
Restraint and Responsibility
Social Science, Human Behavior, and the Aids Epidemic
Medicine (56 obras) · Political science (48 obras) · Law (38 obras) · Public health (28 obras) · Environmental health (23 obras) · Sociology (22 obras) · Psychology (21 obras) · Family medicine (20 obras) · Politics (19 obras) · Nursing (18 obras)