Robert E Black
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 3880404 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Robert E Black |
| NOMBRES | Robert E |
| APELLIDO | Black |
| FIRMA | BLACK R E |
| AFILIACIONES | Johns Hopkins University |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-9926-7984 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 131 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 103 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 131 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1950 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 7 |
Rates and causes of neonatal and under-five mortality
Background: Neonatal and under-five mortality rates are critical indicators of a country's health status and progress toward Sustainable Development Goals. Despite a decline in mortality rates globally, preventable child deaths continue to occur, particularly in Pakistan, which has one of the highest child mortality rates in the world. In this analysis, we present the latest cause-specific neonatal and under-five mortality estimates determined th…
Exploring mortality patterns in Pakistani children and adolescents aged 5–19
Background: While under-five mortality has declined by approximately 50% globally since 2000, mortality among older children and adolescents has fallen by only 31% since 1990. The age group 5-19-year-olds constitute over a third of Pakistan's population, yet estimates of mortality in this population, which are necessary for identifying preventable causes of death and developing interventions to improve health outcomes, have been limited. We aimed…
Understanding stillbirths and maternal deaths in Pakistan
Background: The global impact of stillbirths and maternal deaths is enormous, with over two million deaths occurring each year, affecting public health outcomes and global development practices. Despite Pakistan's commitment to the Sustainable Development Goals, the country faces a substantial burden of stillbirths and maternal deaths. However, data on cause-specific mortality and the timing of deaths remains limited. In this context, we aimed to…
A verbal and social autopsy study to improve estimates of mortality determinants in Pakistan
Background: Reducing newborn, child, adolescent, and maternal mortality is a global priority, yet Pakistan continues to bear a high burden of preventable deaths. Routine civil registration does not capture causes or social determinants for most of these deaths. The verbal and social autopsy (VASA) methodology fills this gap by combining symptom-based identification of the cause of death with structured assessment of social and care-seeking factor…
Costs and benefits of replacing preventive antenatal iron and folic acid with multiple micronutrients in 25 low- and middle-income countries
INTRODUCTION: Micronutrient deficiencies during pregnancy have serious consequences for both mother and child; thus the longstanding standard of care in low- and low-middle income countries (LMICs) has been daily prenatal iron-folic acid (IFA) supplementation. While prenatal multiple micronutrient supplements (MMSs) provide additional significant benefits in comparison to IFA supplements, the view that MMS is too expensive has hindered national M…
Development of an effective illness severity measure and assessment of the impact of perceived illness severity on formal careseeking for fatal illnesses of neonates and infants in six sub-Saharan Afr…
Early careseeking for sick children can make the difference between life and death. Verbal autopsy (VA) studies of the cause of death typically ask about severe symptoms such as seizures and possibly mild or moderate symptoms such as rash, but without examining the relationship between caregivers’ perception of illness severity and appropriate careseeking. Verbal and social autopsy (VASA) is a newer method that builds on VA by also examining soci…
Setting health systems research priorities for Afghanistan
INTRODUCTION: Afghanistan's health system has faced considerable challenges since the Taliban takeover in 2021, leaving the population vulnerable to an increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Research to illuminate the current functioning of the health system and approaches for strengthening its key components is critically needed to address imminent and evolving health needs of the Afghan people. METHODS: approach has yet to be developed. Usi…
Prioritising communicable disease research in Afghanistan
INTRODUCTION: Communicable disease control in Afghanistan has deteriorated amid growing fragility, health system disruption and declining international aid since the 2021 regime change. Outbreaks of measles, pertussis, pneumonia, cholera, malaria, dengue, Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever, tuberculosis and polio continue to plague the population in Afghanistan. This study addresses a critical evidence gap by systematically ranking research priorit…
Re-thinking “non-response” to wasting treatment
Children who receive therapeutic feeding for wasting treatment but do not reach the anthropometric definitions of recovery (usually within 12–16 weeks) are categorised as ‘non-responders’ and considered as treatment failures. We conducted a pooled analysis to explore the growth trajectories of non-responders and the appropriateness of the definition of ‘non-response’. We pooled 14 studies of children aged 6–59 months receiving treatment for wasti…
Predictors of Anaemia Among Young Children Receiving Daily Micronutrient Powders (MNPs) for 24 Weeks in Bangladesh
In Bangladesh, anaemia is estimated to affect 52% of children 6-59 months, with the youngest children (6-23 months) experiencing the highest levels of anaemia (71%). Micronutrient powders (MNPs) are designed to increase micronutrient intake in young children; however, in some settings, the prevalence of anaemia may remain elevated despite the high coverage of MNPs. In a secondary analysis of the Zinc in Powders trial (ZiPT), we identified risk fa…
Effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on maternal, newborn, and child health service coverage in Burkina Faso
Background: While countries' coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emergency contingency and response plans aimed to prevent and control the spread of the virus, they also caused major disruptions to health services. We assessed the effects of COVID-19 on coverage and inequalities in select maternal, newborn, and child health services in Burkina Faso. Methods: We analysed data from two cross-sectional household surveys conducted in two provinces, o…
The Dynamics of Learning in Early Modern Italy
Prognostic value of different anthropometric indices over different measurement intervals to predict mortality in 6–59-month-old children
Objective: To compare the prognostic value of mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), weight-for-height Z -score (WHZ) and weight-for-age Z -score (WAZ) for predicting death over periods of 1, 3 and 6 months follow-up in children. Design: Pooled analysis of twelve prospective studies examining survival after anthropometric assessment. Sensitivity and false-positive ratios to predict death within 1, 3 and 6 months were compared for three individual an…
Anthropometric criteria for best-identifying children at high risk of mortality
Objective: To understand which anthropometric diagnostic criteria best discriminate higher from lower risk of death in children and explore programme implications. Design: A multiple cohort individual data meta-analysis of mortality risk (within 6 months of measurement) by anthropometric case definitions. Sensitivity, specificity, informedness and inclusivity in predicting mortality, face validity and compatibility with current standards and prac…
Giannozzo Manetti
Global, regional, and national causes of under-5 mortality in 2000–19
BACKGROUND: Causes of mortality are a crucial input for health systems for identifying appropriate interventions for child survival. We present an updated series of cause-specific mortality for neonates and children younger than 5 years from 2000 to 2019. METHODS: We updated cause-specific mortality estimates for neonates and children aged 1-59 months, stratified by level (low, moderate, or high) of mortality. We made a substantial change in the …
Updating the assumptions on the impact of household water, sanitation and hygiene interventions on diarrhea morbidity in young children
Background: ) is a publicly available and widely used model used to estimate the impact of scaling up interventions on maternal and child health. A strength of the model is that it is continuously updated with country-specific information about intervention coverage, risk factors and causes of death. This paper reports an updated review and meta-analysis on the efficacy of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) interventions in reducing diarrhea mo…
Population attributable fractions for risk factors for spontaneous preterm births in 81 low- and middle-income countries
Background: Complications associated with preterm birth (PTB) are the largest contributor to under-five mortality globally. Success in reaching the Sustainable Development Goal target requires identifying potentially modifiable risk factors for PTB, estimating the relative importance of these risk factors, and identifying/implementing effective prevention strategies to address them. Methods: We conducted a literature review to define risk relatio…
Maternal and child nutrition in the Lives Saved Tool
Background: The Lives Saved Tool (LiST) is a mathematical modelling tool for estimating the survival, health, and nutritional impacts of scaling intervention coverage in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Various nutrition interventions are included in LiST and are regularly (and independently) reviewed and updated as new data emerge. This manuscript describes our latest in-depth review of nutrition evidence, focusing on intervention effic…
A systematic review on estimating population attributable fraction for risk factors for small-for-gestational-age births in 81 low- and middle-income countries
Effect of multiple micronutrient supplements v . iron and folic acid supplements on neonatal mortality
Neonatal mortality did not differ between MMS and IFA regardless of Fe dose in either supplement
How do children with severe underweight and wasting respond to treatment? A pooled secondary data analysis to inform future intervention studies
Children with weight-for-age z-score (WAZ) <-3 have a high risk of death, yet this indicator is not widely used in nutrition treatment programming. This pooled secondary data analysis of children aged 6-59 months aimed to examine the prevalence, treatment outcomes, and growth trajectories of children with WAZ <-3 versus children with WAZ ≥-3 receiving outpatient treatment for wasting and/or nutritional oedema, to inform future protocols. Binary t…
Effective interventions to address maternal and child malnutrition
Revisiting maternal and child undernutrition in low-income and middle-income countries
A Lancet Commission on 70 years of women's reproductive, maternal, newborn, child, and adolescent health in China
Programmatic pathways to child survival
OBJECTIVE: To summarize the expectations held by World Health Organization programme personnel about how the introduction of the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) strategy would lead to improvements in child health and nutrition, to compare these expectations with what was learned from the Multi-Country Evaluation of IMCI Effectiveness, Cost and Impact (MCE-IMCI), and to discuss the implications of these findings for child surviva…
Newborn survival
Neonatal deaths account for 40% of global under-five mortality and are ever more important if we are to achieve the Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG 4) on child survival. We applied a results framework to evaluate global and national changes for neonatal mortality rates (NMR), healthy behaviours, intervention coverage, health system change, and inputs including funding, while considering contextual changes. The average annual rate of reduction …
Theory-driven behavioral intervention research for the control of diarrheal diseases
The relationship between infants' preceding appetite, illness, and growth performance and mothers' subsequent feeding practice decisions
Intervention models for the management of children with signs of pneumonia or malaria by community health workers
A systematic review was conducted to categorize and describe Intervention Models involving community health workers (CHWs) that aim to improve case management of sick children at the household and community levels. The review focused on management of children with signs of malaria or pneumonia. Seven Intervention Models were identified, and classified according to: (1) the role of CHWs and families in assessment and treatment of children, (2) sys…
The Multi-Country Evaluation of the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness Strategy
The Multi-Country Evaluation of the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) includes studies of the effectiveness, cost, and impact of the IMCI strategy in Bangladesh, Brazil, Peru, Tanzania, and Uganda. Seven questions were addressed when the evaluation was designed: who would be in charge, through what mechanisms IMCI could affect child health, whether the focus would be efficacy or effectiveness, what indicators would be measured, wh…
NGO facilitation of a government community-based maternal and neonatal health programme in rural India
Socio-economic disparities in health have been well documented around the world. This study examines whether NGO facilitation of the government's community-based health programme improved the equity of maternal and newborn health in rural Uttar Pradesh, India. A quasi-experimental study design included one intervention district and one comparison district of rural Uttar Pradesh. A household survey conducted between January and June 2003 establish…
How useful are Pharmaceuticals in managing diarrhoeal diseases in developing countries
Diarrhoea can be effectively and inexpensively managed with oral rehydration solution and adequate dietary intake. However, this frequent and potentially life-threatening illness is commonly mismanaged with Pharmaceuticals of no proven efficacy. Antimicrobial therapy, instead of being limited to the few specifically indicated conditions, is widely used, exposing patients to a risk of side-effects and contributing to the development of resistance …
Constraints to the potential impact of child survival in developing countries
The direct interventions for child survival in developing countries include oral rehydration therapy and diarrhoeal disease control, immunizations, acute respiratory infection control, malaria control and nutrition programmes. Although these interventions targeted the leading causes of infant and childhood mortality in developing countries, they have not had as great an impact on child mortality as was anticipated at the beginning of the 1980s. W…
Diarrheal Diseases and Child Morbidity and Mortality
Diarrheal diseases remain one of the most important public health problems in the world. These diseases, commonly defined by an increase in the frequency and fluidity of bowel movements relative to the usual pattern of each individual, have been found to be major contributors to illness and death, particularly in children in developing countries. Recent estimates by the World Health Organization suggest that children of developing countries have …
Improving quality and efficiency of facility-based child health care through Integrated Management of Childhood Illness in Tanzania
IMCI improved the quality and efficiency of child health care relative to routine child health care in the study districts. Previous study results indicated that the introduction of IMCI in these Tanzanian districts was associated with mortality levels that were 13% lower than in comparison districts. We can therefore conclude that IMCI is also more cost-effective than routine care for improving child health outcomes. The dissemination strategy f…
Effect of knowledge of community health workers on essential newborn health care
BACKGROUND: This study explored the relationship between the knowledge of community health workers (CHWs)-anganwadi workers (AWWs) and auxiliary nurse midwives (ANMs)-and their antenatal home visit coverage and effectiveness of the visits, in terms of essential newborn health care practices at the household level in rural India. METHODS: We used data from 302 AWWs and 86 ANMs and data from recently delivered women (RDW) (n=13,023) who were reside…
A Model of Child Morbidity, Mortality, and Health Interventions
Agency for International Development. We are grateful to Andres de Francisco of ICDDR,B for supplying tabulations regarding coverage of interventions in the Matlab study area. Bettie Martin assisted with some figures and tables. We also benefited from comments on an earlier draft by Marc Debay and Henry Mosley and Fannie Fonseca. John Bongaarts suggested the validation exercise. Saifuddin Ahmed wrote the program in the C language as an independen…
Indicators for monitoring the growth of peruvian infants
OBJECTIVES. To determine appropriate indicators and age intervals for growth monitoring in this population, the relationship between monthly weight and length indicators and nutritional status at 12 months was evaluated among 102 low-income Peruvian infants. METHODS. Cutoffs for defining adequate vs slow growth were obtained from published reference data, and sensitivities and specificities of each indicator were calculated. RESULTS. Low weight g…
Economic costs to caregivers of diarrhoea treatment among children below 5 in rural Gujarat India
INTRODUCTION: Diarrhoea is a leading cause of mortality among young children in India although few receive the recommended treatment. The diarrhoea alleviation through zinc and oral rehydration salts (ORS) therapy (DAZT) team initiated a programme in Gujarat from 2011 to 2013 to increase coverage of these interventions through public and private providers at scale. This study evaluates the economic impact of diarrhoea to caregivers before and aft…
Improving and sustaining quality of child health care through IMCI training and supervision
BACKGROUND: The Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) strategy includes guidelines for the management of sick children at first-level facilities. These guidelines intend to improve quality of care by ensuring a complete assessment of the child's health and by providing algorithms that combine presenting symptoms into a set of illness classifications for management by IMCI-trained service providers at first-level facilities. OBJECTIVES…
Estimating the completeness of under-5 death registration in Egypt
To evaluate the completeness of registration of infant and child deaths in Egypt, reinterviews were conducted with families who had reported a death of a child under age 5 in the five years before the survey for two national surveys recently conducted in Egypt: the United Nations PAPCHILD survey of 1990–1991 and the Egyptian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) of 1992. The survey instrument included questions regarding notification of the death …
The Last Free Poll in Czechoslovakia
Journal Article THE LAST FREE POLL IN CZECHOSLOVAKIA Get access ROBERT E. BLACK ROBERT E. BLACK St. Louis Star-Times Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Public Opinion Quarterly, Volume 14, Issue 2, Summer 1950, Pages 384–385, https://doi.org/10.1086/266206 Published: 01 January 1950
The Last Free Poll in Czechoslovakia
Journal Article THE LAST FREE POLL IN CZECHOSLOVAKIA Get access ROBERT E. BLACK ROBERT E. BLACK St. Louis Star-Times Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Public Opinion Quarterly, Volume 14, Issue 2, Summer 1950, Pages 384–385, https://doi.org/10.1086/266206 Published: 01 January 1950
Diarrheal Diseases and Child Morbidity and Mortality
Diarrheal diseases remain one of the most important public health problems in the world. These diseases, commonly defined by an increase in the frequency and fluidity of bowel movements relative to the usual pattern of each individual, have been found to be major contributors to illness and death, particularly in children in developing countries. Recent estimates by the World Health Organization suggest that children of developing countries have …
Relations between socio‐economic status and morbidity, food intake and growth in young children in two villages in Bangladesh
The relations between socio‐economic status (SES) and food‐intake, morbidity and anthropometric status of children under five years old were analyzed from longitudinal data collected in two Bangladeshi villages. Illness surveillance every other day and monthly anthropometric measurements were done during one year for 197 children, and weighed food intake studies were done monthly for 65 of these children. Socio‐economic variables included wealth …
Health and growth of infants and young children in Huáscar, Perú
Rural to urban migration has increased greatly over the last several decades in Latin America. New migrants usually live in peri‐urban communities that lack basic services, including potable water, sewerage or electricity. Residents of one such community near Lima, Perú, were found to have a high rate of infant and childhood mortality; half of childhood deaths were associated with diarrhea. Surviving children had a high rate of diarrhea with a pe…
Constraints to the potential impact of child survival in developing countries
The direct interventions for child survival in developing countries include oral rehydration therapy and diarrhoeal disease control, immunizations, acute respiratory infection control, malaria control and nutrition programmes. Although these interventions targeted the leading causes of infant and childhood mortality in developing countries, they have not had as great an impact on child mortality as was anticipated at the beginning of the 1980s. W…
How useful are Pharmaceuticals in managing diarrhoeal diseases in developing countries
Diarrhoea can be effectively and inexpensively managed with oral rehydration solution and adequate dietary intake. However, this frequent and potentially life-threatening illness is commonly mismanaged with Pharmaceuticals of no proven efficacy. Antimicrobial therapy, instead of being limited to the few specifically indicated conditions, is widely used, exposing patients to a risk of side-effects and contributing to the development of resistance …
Theory-driven behavioral intervention research for the control of diarrheal diseases
Indicators for monitoring the growth of peruvian infants
OBJECTIVES. To determine appropriate indicators and age intervals for growth monitoring in this population, the relationship between monthly weight and length indicators and nutritional status at 12 months was evaluated among 102 low-income Peruvian infants. METHODS. Cutoffs for defining adequate vs slow growth were obtained from published reference data, and sensitivities and specificities of each indicator were calculated. RESULTS. Low weight g…
The relationship between infants' preceding appetite, illness, and growth performance and mothers' subsequent feeding practice decisions
Estimating the completeness of under-5 death registration in Egypt
To evaluate the completeness of registration of infant and child deaths in Egypt, reinterviews were conducted with families who had reported a death of a child under age 5 in the five years before the survey for two national surveys recently conducted in Egypt: the United Nations PAPCHILD survey of 1990–1991 and the Egyptian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) of 1992. The survey instrument included questions regarding notification of the death …
Romance and Aretine Humanism in Sienese Comedy, 1516
A Model of Child Morbidity, Mortality, and Health Interventions
Agency for International Development. We are grateful to Andres de Francisco of ICDDR,B for supplying tabulations regarding coverage of interventions in the Matlab study area. Bettie Martin assisted with some figures and tables. We also benefited from comments on an earlier draft by Marc Debay and Henry Mosley and Fannie Fonseca. John Bongaarts suggested the validation exercise. Saifuddin Ahmed wrote the program in the C language as an independen…
Exclusive Breastfeeding Reduces Acute Respiratory Infection and Diarrhea Deaths Among Infants in Dhaka Slums
OBJECTIVES: To describe breastfeeding practices and investigate the influence of exclusive breastfeeding in early infancy on the risk of infant deaths, especially those attributable to respiratory infections (ARI) and diarrhea. METHODS: A prospective observational study was conducted on a birth cohort of 1677 infants who were born in slum areas of Dhaka in Bangladesh and followed from birth to 12 months of age. After enrollment at birth, the infa…
Where and why are 10 million children dying every year?
How many child deaths can we prevent this year?
Undernutrition as an underlying cause of child deaths associated with diarrhea, pneumonia, malaria, and measles
Measuring quality of life among HIV-infected women using a culturally adapted questionnaire in Rakai district, Uganda
To examine self-reported quality of life and health status of HIV-infected women and a comparison sample of HIV-uninfected women in rural Uganda, we culturally adapted a Lugandan version of the Medical Outcomes Survey-HIV (MOS-HIV). We administered a cross-sectional survey among 803 women (239 HIV-positive and 564 HIV-negative) enrolled in a community study to evaluate maternal and child health in Rakai District, Uganda. The interview took 20 min…
The Multi-Country Evaluation of the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness Strategy
The Multi-Country Evaluation of the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) includes studies of the effectiveness, cost, and impact of the IMCI strategy in Bangladesh, Brazil, Peru, Tanzania, and Uganda. Seven questions were addressed when the evaluation was designed: who would be in charge, through what mechanisms IMCI could affect child health, whether the focus would be efficacy or effectiveness, what indicators would be measured, wh…
Le "Graecismus" d'Evrard de Béthune à travers ses gloses
Effectiveness of an educational intervention delivered through the health services to improve nutrition in young children
WHO estimates of the causes of death in children
Improving quality and efficiency of facility-based child health care through Integrated Management of Childhood Illness in Tanzania
IMCI improved the quality and efficiency of child health care relative to routine child health care in the study districts. Previous study results indicated that the introduction of IMCI in these Tanzanian districts was associated with mortality levels that were 13% lower than in comparison districts. We can therefore conclude that IMCI is also more cost-effective than routine care for improving child health outcomes. The dissemination strategy f…
Intervention models for the management of children with signs of pneumonia or malaria by community health workers
A systematic review was conducted to categorize and describe Intervention Models involving community health workers (CHWs) that aim to improve case management of sick children at the household and community levels. The review focused on management of children with signs of malaria or pneumonia. Seven Intervention Models were identified, and classified according to: (1) the role of CHWs and families in assessment and treatment of children, (2) sys…
Use of multiple opportunities for improving feeding practices in under-twos within child health programmes
OBJECTIVES: In a community randomized trial, we aimed to promote exclusive breastfeeding and appropriate complementary feeding practices in under-twos to ascertain the feasibility of using available channels for nutrition counselling, their relative performance and the relationship between intensity of counselling and behaviour change. We also assessed whether using multiple opportunities to impart nutrition education adversely affected routine a…
Programmatic pathways to child survival
OBJECTIVE: To summarize the expectations held by World Health Organization programme personnel about how the introduction of the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) strategy would lead to improvements in child health and nutrition, to compare these expectations with what was learned from the Multi-Country Evaluation of IMCI Effectiveness, Cost and Impact (MCE-IMCI), and to discuss the implications of these findings for child surviva…
Medicine (104 obras) · Environmental health (85 obras) · Child Nutrition and Water Access (67 obras) · Global Maternal and Child Health (65 obras) · Population (61 obras) · Demography (40 obras) · Nursing (38 obras) · Psychological intervention (32 obras) · Economic growth (30 obras) · Child mortality (29 obras)