Russell D Clark
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 3884740 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Russell D Clark |
| NOMBRES | Russell D |
| APELLIDO | Clark |
| FIRMA | CLARK R D |
| AFILIACIONES | Florida State University |
| VERIFICADO | No |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 27 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 278 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 27 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1969 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1998 |
| ÍNDICE H | 10 |
Minority influence
An experiment employing the Twelve Angry Men paradigm was conducted to determine the role of the rate of majority defection to the minority position and the use of persuasive arguments by the minority on minority influence. Subjects were more influenced by the minority when it provided persuasive arguments by refuting the majority viewpoint than when the minority did not. More minority influence occurred when the minority obtained majority defect…
On being excommunicated from the European view of minority influence
I agree with Perez et al. 's (in press) assessment of the literature on minority influence. While there are crucial differences between majority and minority influence research, I think the time has come for a reconsideration of the necessity and fruitfulness of the extreme dichotomy between majority and minority influence. The Clark (1990) study is only a step in that direction
The role of censorship in minority influence
This study was conducted to determine the impact of censoring a minority who had argued persuasively against the majority. While there was no significant increase in minority influence when one‐third of the minority's message was censored, the minority was more effective when two‐thirds of its message was censored. The minority was most effective when two‐thirds of its message was censored and when the minority was prevented from continuing to es…
The effects of majority size on minority influence
Two experiments investigated the role of majority size (social pressure) in minority influence. Opposite predictions were derived from an attributional account and two social impact models. In Experiment 1 there was a tendency for minority influence to decrease with increasing majority size when the minority argued against gay rights. The results were stronger and clearer in Experiment 2. For pro‐abortion minorities, the minority's impact clearly…
Minority influence
This study was conducted to determine the impact of social support for the minority position and the minority's argument refutation of the majority viewpoint. The results indicated that both the minority's refutation of majority arguments and majority defection to the minority position enhanced minority influence. Subjects changed more toward the minority position when the minority could refute the majority position than when the minority could n…
Gender Differences in Receptivity to Sexual Offers
According to cultural stereotypes, men are more eager for sex than are women; women are more likely to set limits on such activity. In this paper, we review the work of theorists who have argued in favor of this proposition and review the interview and correlational data which support this contention. Finally, we report two experimental tests of ihis hypothesis. In these experiments, conducted in 1978 and 1982, male and female confederates of ave…
Social categorization in minority influence
Three experiments were conducted in order to compare the influence of ingroup and outgroup minorities and to assess the role of Zeitgeist perception in minority influence. The results confirmed that ingroup minorities are more influential than outgroup minorities. This overall finding was observed in two different experimental paradigms, using either a small group setting in which subjects interacted with the minority or the simultaneous social i…
The role of social categorization and perceived source credibility in minority influence
This study was conducted in order to compare the influence of ingroup and outgroup minorities and to assess the role of perceived source credibility in minority influence. The subjects were exposed to the simultaneous majority/minority influence paradigm. Ingroup minorities were more influential than outgroup minorities. Subjects moved toward the minority position in private and toward the majority position in public when the minority was represe…
On predicting minority influence
Paralleling closely an experiment on group polarization by Vinokur and Burnstein (1978), subjects discussed one of three risky, cautious, or neutral choice dilemmas. For each of the value items, one half of the six‐person groups consisted of a cautious minority and a risky majority; the other half consisted of a risky minority and a cautious majority. The minorities always consisted of trained confederates. The results indicated that on risky ite…
Conversion theory and simultaneous majority/minority influence
This study tested whether reactance theory can account for private acceptance of a minority opinion under simultaneous majority/minority influence (reactance against majority rather than conversion toward minority). Subjects were either exposed to simultaneous majority /minority influence or to a majority source only. As predicted by conversion theory, subjects moved away from the majority only in private and in the presence of a consistent minor…
Hidden impact of minorities
Internalization versus compliance
Two experiments investigated whether minority influence and conformity operate by the same or by different processes. It was predicted that subjects who were simultaneously exposed to a majority and a minority opinion would move towards the minority in private but towards the majority in public. The results of Experiment 1 supported this hypothesis. Experiment 2 investigated three hypotheses predicting that (1) the above interaction would be repl…
The effects of differential ascribed category membership and norms on minority influence
Investigated how either perceived competency or self‐interest‐and Zeitgeist affect minority influence, or: how Moscovici's theory does apply to actual social minorities. The self‐interest notion predicts that ‘single’ minorities (deviating only in terms of beliefs) are more influential than ‘double’ minorities (deviating also in category membership) while the competency notion predicts the reverse. Further, either minority is expected to be influ…
Distress crying in neonates
The effects of proportion, strength and value orientation of arguments on decision‐making
Presented 120 males and 300 females with a summary of arguments concerning a court case. The information varied in the proportion and strength of arguments for either the defense or the prosecution. Based on the relevant arguments version of the cultural value hypothesis, it was predicted that: (a) proportion of arguments is directly related to subjects' ratings of probability of guilt; (b) fewer arguments are needed to move subjects toward innoc…
Affluence of Victim in Helping Behavior
The mandate phenomenon
Where is the apathetic bystander? Situational characteristics of the emergency
The relationship between attitudes and beliefs
Two interpretations of Brown's hypothesis for the risky shift
Why don't bystanders help? Because of ambiguity
Two experiments investigated the effects of ambiguity of an emergency situation on helping behavior. In Experiment I, 70 male undergraduates waiting either alone, with a stranger, or with a friend heard a maintenance man fall and cry out in agony. Half of the two-person groups were naive; the other half included a confederate who was instructed to react as passively as possible. In contrast to the finding of Latane and Rodin's lady in distress st…
Risk-as-value hypothesis
Shift toward risk and heterogeneity of groups
Group induced shift toward risk
Risk Preferences as Related to Judged Consequences of Failure
In order to explore why the most widely used measure of risk proneness (Choice-dilemmas Questionnaire) yields so much internal variation, its items were filled out in the usual manner and then in terms of how serious the consequences of failure would be in each case. Correlations between the usual risk recommendations, consequences of failure, and national norms for magnitude of risky shift suggested a positive relationship between risk preferenc…
Hidden impact of minorities
Internalization versus compliance
Two experiments investigated whether minority influence and conformity operate by the same or by different processes. It was predicted that subjects who were simultaneously exposed to a majority and a minority opinion would move towards the minority in private but towards the majority in public. The results of Experiment 1 supported this hypothesis. Experiment 2 investigated three hypotheses predicting that (1) the above interaction would be repl…
The effects of differential ascribed category membership and norms on minority influence
Investigated how either perceived competency or self‐interest‐and Zeitgeist affect minority influence, or: how Moscovici's theory does apply to actual social minorities. The self‐interest notion predicts that ‘single’ minorities (deviating only in terms of beliefs) are more influential than ‘double’ minorities (deviating also in category membership) while the competency notion predicts the reverse. Further, either minority is expected to be influ…
Social categorization in minority influence
Three experiments were conducted in order to compare the influence of ingroup and outgroup minorities and to assess the role of Zeitgeist perception in minority influence. The results confirmed that ingroup minorities are more influential than outgroup minorities. This overall finding was observed in two different experimental paradigms, using either a small group setting in which subjects interacted with the minority or the simultaneous social i…
Risk-as-value hypothesis
Distress crying in neonates
Group induced shift toward risk
The role of social categorization and perceived source credibility in minority influence
This study was conducted in order to compare the influence of ingroup and outgroup minorities and to assess the role of perceived source credibility in minority influence. The subjects were exposed to the simultaneous majority/minority influence paradigm. Ingroup minorities were more influential than outgroup minorities. Subjects moved toward the minority position in private and toward the majority position in public when the minority was represe…
Why don't bystanders help? Because of ambiguity
Two experiments investigated the effects of ambiguity of an emergency situation on helping behavior. In Experiment I, 70 male undergraduates waiting either alone, with a stranger, or with a friend heard a maintenance man fall and cry out in agony. Half of the two-person groups were naive; the other half included a confederate who was instructed to react as passively as possible. In contrast to the finding of Latane and Rodin's lady in distress st…
Where is the risky shift? Dependence on instructions
Conversion theory and simultaneous majority/minority influence
This study tested whether reactance theory can account for private acceptance of a minority opinion under simultaneous majority/minority influence (reactance against majority rather than conversion toward minority). Subjects were either exposed to simultaneous majority /minority influence or to a majority source only. As predicted by conversion theory, subjects moved away from the majority only in private and in the presence of a consistent minor…
Where is the apathetic bystander? Situational characteristics of the emergency
On predicting minority influence
Paralleling closely an experiment on group polarization by Vinokur and Burnstein (1978), subjects discussed one of three risky, cautious, or neutral choice dilemmas. For each of the value items, one half of the six‐person groups consisted of a cautious minority and a risky majority; the other half consisted of a risky minority and a cautious majority. The minorities always consisted of trained confederates. The results indicated that on risky ite…
Shift toward risk and heterogeneity of groups
The effects of majority size on minority influence
Two experiments investigated the role of majority size (social pressure) in minority influence. Opposite predictions were derived from an attributional account and two social impact models. In Experiment 1 there was a tendency for minority influence to decrease with increasing majority size when the minority argued against gay rights. The results were stronger and clearer in Experiment 2. For pro‐abortion minorities, the minority's impact clearly…
The relationship between attitudes and beliefs
The role of censorship in minority influence
This study was conducted to determine the impact of censoring a minority who had argued persuasively against the majority. While there was no significant increase in minority influence when one‐third of the minority's message was censored, the minority was more effective when two‐thirds of its message was censored. The minority was most effective when two‐thirds of its message was censored and when the minority was prevented from continuing to es…
Minority influence
This study was conducted to determine the impact of social support for the minority position and the minority's argument refutation of the majority viewpoint. The results indicated that both the minority's refutation of majority arguments and majority defection to the minority position enhanced minority influence. Subjects changed more toward the minority position when the minority could refute the majority position than when the minority could n…
The effects of proportion, strength and value orientation of arguments on decision‐making
Presented 120 males and 300 females with a summary of arguments concerning a court case. The information varied in the proportion and strength of arguments for either the defense or the prosecution. Based on the relevant arguments version of the cultural value hypothesis, it was predicted that: (a) proportion of arguments is directly related to subjects' ratings of probability of guilt; (b) fewer arguments are needed to move subjects toward innoc…
Risk Preferences as Related to Judged Consequences of Failure
In order to explore why the most widely used measure of risk proneness (Choice-dilemmas Questionnaire) yields so much internal variation, its items were filled out in the usual manner and then in terms of how serious the consequences of failure would be in each case. Correlations between the usual risk recommendations, consequences of failure, and national norms for magnitude of risky shift suggested a positive relationship between risk preferenc…
Dependence of the Risky Shift on Instructions
An earlier study of group-induced shift toward risk was replicated by varying usual (risk-oriented) and neutral instructions orthogonally against 2 group conditions to induce shift toward risk. In agreement with the earlier study, (a) usual (risk-oriented) instructions produced a shift toward risk while neutral instructions did not and (b) the differential effect of experimental instructions was found to be located in the group process because “b…
Where is the risky shift? Dependence on instructions
Risk-as-value hypothesis
Shift toward risk and heterogeneity of groups
Group induced shift toward risk
Two interpretations of Brown's hypothesis for the risky shift
Why don't bystanders help? Because of ambiguity
Two experiments investigated the effects of ambiguity of an emergency situation on helping behavior. In Experiment I, 70 male undergraduates waiting either alone, with a stranger, or with a friend heard a maintenance man fall and cry out in agony. Half of the two-person groups were naive; the other half included a confederate who was instructed to react as passively as possible. In contrast to the finding of Latane and Rodin's lady in distress st…
The relationship between attitudes and beliefs
Where is the apathetic bystander? Situational characteristics of the emergency
Affluence of Victim in Helping Behavior
The mandate phenomenon
The effects of proportion, strength and value orientation of arguments on decision‐making
Presented 120 males and 300 females with a summary of arguments concerning a court case. The information varied in the proportion and strength of arguments for either the defense or the prosecution. Based on the relevant arguments version of the cultural value hypothesis, it was predicted that: (a) proportion of arguments is directly related to subjects' ratings of probability of guilt; (b) fewer arguments are needed to move subjects toward innoc…
The effects of differential ascribed category membership and norms on minority influence
Investigated how either perceived competency or self‐interest‐and Zeitgeist affect minority influence, or: how Moscovici's theory does apply to actual social minorities. The self‐interest notion predicts that ‘single’ minorities (deviating only in terms of beliefs) are more influential than ‘double’ minorities (deviating also in category membership) while the competency notion predicts the reverse. Further, either minority is expected to be influ…
Distress crying in neonates
Internalization versus compliance
Two experiments investigated whether minority influence and conformity operate by the same or by different processes. It was predicted that subjects who were simultaneously exposed to a majority and a minority opinion would move towards the minority in private but towards the majority in public. The results of Experiment 1 supported this hypothesis. Experiment 2 investigated three hypotheses predicting that (1) the above interaction would be repl…
Hidden impact of minorities
Conversion theory and simultaneous majority/minority influence
This study tested whether reactance theory can account for private acceptance of a minority opinion under simultaneous majority/minority influence (reactance against majority rather than conversion toward minority). Subjects were either exposed to simultaneous majority /minority influence or to a majority source only. As predicted by conversion theory, subjects moved away from the majority only in private and in the presence of a consistent minor…
Social categorization in minority influence
Three experiments were conducted in order to compare the influence of ingroup and outgroup minorities and to assess the role of Zeitgeist perception in minority influence. The results confirmed that ingroup minorities are more influential than outgroup minorities. This overall finding was observed in two different experimental paradigms, using either a small group setting in which subjects interacted with the minority or the simultaneous social i…
The role of social categorization and perceived source credibility in minority influence
This study was conducted in order to compare the influence of ingroup and outgroup minorities and to assess the role of perceived source credibility in minority influence. The subjects were exposed to the simultaneous majority/minority influence paradigm. Ingroup minorities were more influential than outgroup minorities. Subjects moved toward the minority position in private and toward the majority position in public when the minority was represe…
On predicting minority influence
Paralleling closely an experiment on group polarization by Vinokur and Burnstein (1978), subjects discussed one of three risky, cautious, or neutral choice dilemmas. For each of the value items, one half of the six‐person groups consisted of a cautious minority and a risky majority; the other half consisted of a risky minority and a cautious majority. The minorities always consisted of trained confederates. The results indicated that on risky ite…
Gender Differences in Receptivity to Sexual Offers
According to cultural stereotypes, men are more eager for sex than are women; women are more likely to set limits on such activity. In this paper, we review the work of theorists who have argued in favor of this proposition and review the interview and correlational data which support this contention. Finally, we report two experimental tests of ihis hypothesis. In these experiments, conducted in 1978 and 1982, male and female confederates of ave…
The effects of majority size on minority influence
Two experiments investigated the role of majority size (social pressure) in minority influence. Opposite predictions were derived from an attributional account and two social impact models. In Experiment 1 there was a tendency for minority influence to decrease with increasing majority size when the minority argued against gay rights. The results were stronger and clearer in Experiment 2. For pro‐abortion minorities, the minority's impact clearly…
Minority influence
This study was conducted to determine the impact of social support for the minority position and the minority's argument refutation of the majority viewpoint. The results indicated that both the minority's refutation of majority arguments and majority defection to the minority position enhanced minority influence. Subjects changed more toward the minority position when the minority could refute the majority position than when the minority could n…
The role of censorship in minority influence
This study was conducted to determine the impact of censoring a minority who had argued persuasively against the majority. While there was no significant increase in minority influence when one‐third of the minority's message was censored, the minority was more effective when two‐thirds of its message was censored. The minority was most effective when two‐thirds of its message was censored and when the minority was prevented from continuing to es…
Psychology (27 obras) · Social Psychology (25 obras) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (13 obras) · Social Psychology (12 obras) · Opinion Dynamics and Social Influence (8 obras) · Political science (8 obras) · Developmental psychology (6 obras) · Cultural Differences and Values (5 obras) · Ethnic group (5 obras) · Law (5 obras)