James R Hargreaves
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 3929275 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | James R Hargreaves |
| NOMBRES | James R |
| APELLIDO | Hargreaves |
| FIRMA | HARGREAVES J R |
| AFILIACIONES | London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London, UK |
| VERIFICADO | No |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 28 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 148 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 28 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2002 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 6 |
HIV Prevalence, Virological Suppression, and Consistent Condom Use Among Social Venue-Going Men in Zimbabwe
Men attending social venues face barriers to accessing HIV prevention and care services. These venues-such as bars, guesthouses, nightclubs, and transport hubs-facilitate new sexual partnerships but lack cohesive social networks, making it challenging to design and implement effective HIV prevention strategies. Men who attend social venues are more likely to pay for sex, potentially increasing their risk of acquiring or transmitting HIV. However,…
Feasibility and acceptability of peer-led assessment of HIV risk among female sex workers in Zimbabwe
INTRODUCTION: Female sex workers (FSWs) in sub-Saharan Africa are at higher risk of HIV acquisition and transmission. However, FSWs' life experiences are heterogeneous and are important to characterise in order to tailor responses to individual needs. Peer microplanners are FSWs trained to engage other FSWs and offer each individual a tailored package of support. We sought to assess the feasibility, acceptability and fidelity of implementing peer…
Exploring gender stereotypes and norms among peri-urban very young adolescents in Zimbabwe using participatory and qualitative approaches
Gender stereotypes and norms shape very young adolescents’ (VYAs, 10–14 years old) behaviours, including in relation to sexual and reproductive health (SRH). This formative study sought to determine and prioritise the stereotypes and norms to be targeted as part of work to co-develop a gender-transformative intervention for VYAs in Zimbabwe to promote positive masculinities and SRH. In 2023, we collected data from VYAs, using participatory worksh…
Comparing the test performance of dried-blood-spot and plasma HIV recent infection testing samples in a nationally scaled sex worker programme in Zimbabwe
Recency testing can provide strategic insights as to whether a person newly diagnosed with HIV recently acquired their infection or not. To understand potential biases associated with HIV recency testing, we explored the extent sample type influences whether a person is assigned as being recent. Implementing a laboratory-based Recent Infection Testing Algorithm (RITA) across the Centre for Sexual Health and HIV/AIDS Research (CeSHHAR) key populat…
Condomless sexual encounters among female sex workers included in a longitudinal coital diary study in Zimbabwe
Condomless sex was common and varied based on FSW age, partner type, experiencing violence during sex, and KP programme contact. These findings emphasize the need for continued condom promotion, counseling, violence mitigation, and training in condom negotiation skills especially given the heightened risk of HIV transmission among FSWs
Implementation of Covid ‐19 Preventive Measures and Staff Well‐Being in a Sample of English Schools 2020‐2021
BACKGROUND: We examined fidelity and feasibility of implementation of COVID-19 preventive measures in schools, and explored associations between adherence to these measures and staff well-being, to inform policy on sustainable implementation and staff wellbeing. METHODS: Surveys were conducted across 128 schools in England with 107 headteachers and 2698 staff-members with reference to autumn term 2020, examining school-level implementation of pre…
Qualitative longitudinal research on the experience of implementing Covid-19 prevention in English schools
Implementation studies rarely examine how health interventions are delivered in emergencies. Informed by May's general theory of implementation (GTI), we undertook qualitative longitudinal research to investigate how schools in England implemented Covid-19-prevention measures and how this evolved over the 2020-2021 school year in a rapidly changing epidemiological and policy context. We conducted 74 semi-structured interviews over two time-points…
Effect and cost-effectiveness of human-centred design-based approaches to increase adolescent uptake of modern contraceptives in Nigeria, Ethiopia and Tanzania
Around half of adolescent pregnancies in low- and middle-income countries are unintended, contributing to millions of unsafe abortions per year. Adolescents 360 (A360), a girl-centred initiative, aimed to increase voluntary uptake of modern contraceptives among adolescents in Nigeria, Ethiopia and Tanzania. We evaluated the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of A360 in increasing modern contraceptive use in selected geographies. We used before-…
Will it work here? A realist approach to local decisions about implementing interventions evaluated as effective elsewhere
There is increasing interest in what evidence is needed to inform decisions about transporting interventions evaluated as effective to new settings. There has been less attention to how local decision-makers decide whether to implement such interventions immediately or subject to further evaluation. Using the example of school-based social and emotional learning, we consider this drawing on realist methods. We suggest decisions need to assess exi…
Enhancing national prevention and treatment services for sex workers in Zimbabwe
Targeted HIV interventions for female sex workers (FSW) combine biomedical technologies, behavioural change and community mobilization with the aim of empowering FSW and improving prevention and treatment. Understanding how to deliver combined interventions most effectively in sub-Saharan Africa is critical to the HIV response. The Sisters’ Antiretroviral Programme for Prevention of HIV: an Integrated Response (SAPPH-Ire) randomized controlled tr…
Mobility and sex work
Evaluating the impact of the DREAMS partnership to reduce HIV incidence among adolescent girls and young women in four settings
DREAMS is, to date, the most ambitious effort to scale-up combinations or 'packages' of multi-sectoral interventions for HIV prevention. Evidence of its effectiveness in reducing HIV incidence among AGYW, and demonstrating which aspects of the lives of AGYW were changed, will offer valuable lessons for replication
Evaluating the impact of DREAMS on HIV incidence among young women who sell sex
HIV prevention products of known efficacy are available. Innovative studies are needed to provide evidence of how to optimise product use through combination interventions to achieve population impact within different contexts. We describe the design of such a study
Trials and tribulations
The randomized controlled trial is commonly used by both epidemiologists and economists to test the effectiveness of public health interventions. Yet we have noticed differences in practice between the two disciplines. In this article, we propose that there are some underlying differences between the disciplines in the way trials are used, how they are conducted and how results from trials are reported and disseminated. We hypothesize that eviden…
HIV-related stigma and universal testing and treatment for HIV prevention and care
Background : Stigma and discrimination related to HIV and key populations at high risk of HIV have the potential to impede the implementation of effective HIV prevention and treatment programmes at scale. Studies measuring the impact of stigma on these programmes are rare. We are conducting an implementation science study of HIV-related stigma in communities and health settings within a large, pragmatic cluster-randomized trial of a universal tes…
Is the sexual behaviour of young people in sub-Saharan Africa influenced by their peers? A systematic review
Does the ‘inverse equity hypothesis’ explain how both poverty and wealth can be associated with HIV prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa
Whether it is relative wealth or relative poverty that drives the HIV epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa, is a controversial aspect of HIV/AIDS epidemiology. We suggest that the social epidemiology of HIV in Africa is changing. Previously, new infections were more rapidly acquired by those of relatively higher socioeconomic position (SEP). More recently, those of relatively low SEP are at greater risk. If confirmed, we further suggest in this paper t…
Subjective measures of socio-economic position and the wealth index
INTRODUCTION: The wealth index is a commonly-used measure of socio-economic position (SEP) in low- and middle-income settings, but there is concern that it is strongly influenced by community-level as well as household-level factors. Subjective SEP indicators are infrequently used in health research. METHODS: We use data from 11 280 households included in the Malawi Integrated Household Survey 2004/5. We compare the wealth index with four subject…
The Social Determinants of Tuberculosis
Growing consensus indicates that progress in tuberculosis control in the low- and middle-income world will require not only investment in strengthening tuberculosis control programs, diagnostics, and treatment but also action on the social determinants of tuberculosis. However, practical ideas for action are scarcer than is notional support for this idea. We developed a framework based on the recent World Health Organization Commission on Social …
Characteristics of sexual partnerships, not just of individuals, are associated with condom use and recent HIV infection in rural South Africa
Characteristics of sexual partnerships, as well as those of the individuals involved, might influence the use of condoms and risk of HIV transmission. We set out to identify characteristics of non-spousal sexual partnerships associated with condom use at last sex in the previous year and HIV infection in the previous three years among sexually active young people in rural South Africa. We conducted an analysis of follow-up data (collected in 2004…
Systematic review exploring time trends in the association between educational attainment and risk of HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa
Issues in the construction of wealth indices for the measurement of socio-economic position in low-income countries
A combined microfinance and training intervention can reduce HIV risk behaviour in young female participants
OBJECTIVE: To assess effects of a combined microfinance and training intervention on HIV risk behavior among young female participants in rural South Africa. DESIGN: : Secondary analysis of quantitative and qualitative data from a cluster randomized trial, the Intervention with Microfinance for AIDS and Gender Equity study. METHODS: Eight villages were pair-matched and randomly allocated to receive the intervention. At baseline and after 2 years,…
Can social capital be intentionally generated? A randomized trial from rural South Africa
Is social capital associated with HIV risk in rural South Africa
Understanding the Impact of a Microfinance-Based Intervention on Women’s Empowerment and the Reduction of Intimate Partner Violence in South Africa
Objectives. We sought to obtain evidence about the scope of women’s empowerment and the mechanisms underlying the significant reduction in intimate partner violence documented by the Intervention With Microfinance for AIDS and Gender Equity (IMAGE) cluster-randomized trial in rural South Africa. Methods. The IMAGE intervention combined a microfinance program with participatory training on understanding HIV infection, gender norms, domestic violen…
Can social capital be intentionally generated? A randomized trial from rural South Africa
Is social capital associated with HIV risk in rural South Africa
The Social Determinants of Tuberculosis
Growing consensus indicates that progress in tuberculosis control in the low- and middle-income world will require not only investment in strengthening tuberculosis control programs, diagnostics, and treatment but also action on the social determinants of tuberculosis. However, practical ideas for action are scarcer than is notional support for this idea. We developed a framework based on the recent World Health Organization Commission on Social …
Subjective measures of socio-economic position and the wealth index
INTRODUCTION: The wealth index is a commonly-used measure of socio-economic position (SEP) in low- and middle-income settings, but there is concern that it is strongly influenced by community-level as well as household-level factors. Subjective SEP indicators are infrequently used in health research. METHODS: We use data from 11 280 households included in the Malawi Integrated Household Survey 2004/5. We compare the wealth index with four subject…
Mobility and sex work
HIV-related stigma and universal testing and treatment for HIV prevention and care
Background : Stigma and discrimination related to HIV and key populations at high risk of HIV have the potential to impede the implementation of effective HIV prevention and treatment programmes at scale. Studies measuring the impact of stigma on these programmes are rare. We are conducting an implementation science study of HIV-related stigma in communities and health settings within a large, pragmatic cluster-randomized trial of a universal tes…
Does the ‘inverse equity hypothesis’ explain how both poverty and wealth can be associated with HIV prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa
Whether it is relative wealth or relative poverty that drives the HIV epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa, is a controversial aspect of HIV/AIDS epidemiology. We suggest that the social epidemiology of HIV in Africa is changing. Previously, new infections were more rapidly acquired by those of relatively higher socioeconomic position (SEP). More recently, those of relatively low SEP are at greater risk. If confirmed, we further suggest in this paper t…
Educational attainment and HIV‐1 infection in developing countries
OBJECTIVES To assess whether educational status is associated with HIV‐1 infection in developing countries by conducting a systematic review of published literature. METHODS Articles were identified through electronic databases and hand searching key journals. Studies containing appropriately analysed individual level data on the association between educational attainment and HIV‐1 status in general population groups were included. RESULTS Twenty…
Effect of a structural intervention for the prevention of intimate-partner violence and HIV in rural South Africa
Understanding the Impact of a Microfinance-Based Intervention on Women’s Empowerment and the Reduction of Intimate Partner Violence in South Africa
Objectives. We sought to obtain evidence about the scope of women’s empowerment and the mechanisms underlying the significant reduction in intimate partner violence documented by the Intervention With Microfinance for AIDS and Gender Equity (IMAGE) cluster-randomized trial in rural South Africa. Methods. The IMAGE intervention combined a microfinance program with participatory training on understanding HIV infection, gender norms, domestic violen…
Systematic review exploring time trends in the association between educational attainment and risk of HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa
Issues in the construction of wealth indices for the measurement of socio-economic position in low-income countries
A combined microfinance and training intervention can reduce HIV risk behaviour in young female participants
OBJECTIVE: To assess effects of a combined microfinance and training intervention on HIV risk behavior among young female participants in rural South Africa. DESIGN: : Secondary analysis of quantitative and qualitative data from a cluster randomized trial, the Intervention with Microfinance for AIDS and Gender Equity study. METHODS: Eight villages were pair-matched and randomly allocated to receive the intervention. At baseline and after 2 years,…
Can social capital be intentionally generated? A randomized trial from rural South Africa
Is social capital associated with HIV risk in rural South Africa
Characteristics of sexual partnerships, not just of individuals, are associated with condom use and recent HIV infection in rural South Africa
Characteristics of sexual partnerships, as well as those of the individuals involved, might influence the use of condoms and risk of HIV transmission. We set out to identify characteristics of non-spousal sexual partnerships associated with condom use at last sex in the previous year and HIV infection in the previous three years among sexually active young people in rural South Africa. We conducted an analysis of follow-up data (collected in 2004…
Subjective measures of socio-economic position and the wealth index
INTRODUCTION: The wealth index is a commonly-used measure of socio-economic position (SEP) in low- and middle-income settings, but there is concern that it is strongly influenced by community-level as well as household-level factors. Subjective SEP indicators are infrequently used in health research. METHODS: We use data from 11 280 households included in the Malawi Integrated Household Survey 2004/5. We compare the wealth index with four subject…
The Social Determinants of Tuberculosis
Growing consensus indicates that progress in tuberculosis control in the low- and middle-income world will require not only investment in strengthening tuberculosis control programs, diagnostics, and treatment but also action on the social determinants of tuberculosis. However, practical ideas for action are scarcer than is notional support for this idea. We developed a framework based on the recent World Health Organization Commission on Social …
Does the ‘inverse equity hypothesis’ explain how both poverty and wealth can be associated with HIV prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa
Whether it is relative wealth or relative poverty that drives the HIV epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa, is a controversial aspect of HIV/AIDS epidemiology. We suggest that the social epidemiology of HIV in Africa is changing. Previously, new infections were more rapidly acquired by those of relatively higher socioeconomic position (SEP). More recently, those of relatively low SEP are at greater risk. If confirmed, we further suggest in this paper t…
Is the sexual behaviour of young people in sub-Saharan Africa influenced by their peers? A systematic review
HIV-related stigma and universal testing and treatment for HIV prevention and care
Background : Stigma and discrimination related to HIV and key populations at high risk of HIV have the potential to impede the implementation of effective HIV prevention and treatment programmes at scale. Studies measuring the impact of stigma on these programmes are rare. We are conducting an implementation science study of HIV-related stigma in communities and health settings within a large, pragmatic cluster-randomized trial of a universal tes…
Evaluating the impact of the DREAMS partnership to reduce HIV incidence among adolescent girls and young women in four settings
DREAMS is, to date, the most ambitious effort to scale-up combinations or 'packages' of multi-sectoral interventions for HIV prevention. Evidence of its effectiveness in reducing HIV incidence among AGYW, and demonstrating which aspects of the lives of AGYW were changed, will offer valuable lessons for replication
Evaluating the impact of DREAMS on HIV incidence among young women who sell sex
HIV prevention products of known efficacy are available. Innovative studies are needed to provide evidence of how to optimise product use through combination interventions to achieve population impact within different contexts. We describe the design of such a study
Trials and tribulations
The randomized controlled trial is commonly used by both epidemiologists and economists to test the effectiveness of public health interventions. Yet we have noticed differences in practice between the two disciplines. In this article, we propose that there are some underlying differences between the disciplines in the way trials are used, how they are conducted and how results from trials are reported and disseminated. We hypothesize that eviden…
Enhancing national prevention and treatment services for sex workers in Zimbabwe
Targeted HIV interventions for female sex workers (FSW) combine biomedical technologies, behavioural change and community mobilization with the aim of empowering FSW and improving prevention and treatment. Understanding how to deliver combined interventions most effectively in sub-Saharan Africa is critical to the HIV response. The Sisters’ Antiretroviral Programme for Prevention of HIV: an Integrated Response (SAPPH-Ire) randomized controlled tr…
Mobility and sex work
Will it work here? A realist approach to local decisions about implementing interventions evaluated as effective elsewhere
There is increasing interest in what evidence is needed to inform decisions about transporting interventions evaluated as effective to new settings. There has been less attention to how local decision-makers decide whether to implement such interventions immediately or subject to further evaluation. Using the example of school-based social and emotional learning, we consider this drawing on realist methods. We suggest decisions need to assess exi…
Implementation of Covid ‐19 Preventive Measures and Staff Well‐Being in a Sample of English Schools 2020‐2021
BACKGROUND: We examined fidelity and feasibility of implementation of COVID-19 preventive measures in schools, and explored associations between adherence to these measures and staff well-being, to inform policy on sustainable implementation and staff wellbeing. METHODS: Surveys were conducted across 128 schools in England with 107 headteachers and 2698 staff-members with reference to autumn term 2020, examining school-level implementation of pre…
Qualitative longitudinal research on the experience of implementing Covid-19 prevention in English schools
Implementation studies rarely examine how health interventions are delivered in emergencies. Informed by May's general theory of implementation (GTI), we undertook qualitative longitudinal research to investigate how schools in England implemented Covid-19-prevention measures and how this evolved over the 2020-2021 school year in a rapidly changing epidemiological and policy context. We conducted 74 semi-structured interviews over two time-points…
Effect and cost-effectiveness of human-centred design-based approaches to increase adolescent uptake of modern contraceptives in Nigeria, Ethiopia and Tanzania
Around half of adolescent pregnancies in low- and middle-income countries are unintended, contributing to millions of unsafe abortions per year. Adolescents 360 (A360), a girl-centred initiative, aimed to increase voluntary uptake of modern contraceptives among adolescents in Nigeria, Ethiopia and Tanzania. We evaluated the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of A360 in increasing modern contraceptive use in selected geographies. We used before-…
Feasibility and acceptability of peer-led assessment of HIV risk among female sex workers in Zimbabwe
INTRODUCTION: Female sex workers (FSWs) in sub-Saharan Africa are at higher risk of HIV acquisition and transmission. However, FSWs' life experiences are heterogeneous and are important to characterise in order to tailor responses to individual needs. Peer microplanners are FSWs trained to engage other FSWs and offer each individual a tailored package of support. We sought to assess the feasibility, acceptability and fidelity of implementing peer…
Exploring gender stereotypes and norms among peri-urban very young adolescents in Zimbabwe using participatory and qualitative approaches
Gender stereotypes and norms shape very young adolescents’ (VYAs, 10–14 years old) behaviours, including in relation to sexual and reproductive health (SRH). This formative study sought to determine and prioritise the stereotypes and norms to be targeted as part of work to co-develop a gender-transformative intervention for VYAs in Zimbabwe to promote positive masculinities and SRH. In 2023, we collected data from VYAs, using participatory worksh…
Medicine (20 obras) · HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions (14 obras) · Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health (12 obras) · Nursing (11 obras) · Demography (10 obras) · Environmental health (10 obras) · Psychological intervention (10 obras) · Public health (9 obras) · Psychology (8 obras) · Sociology (8 obras)