John M Levine
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 3939454 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | John M Levine |
| NOMBRES | John M |
| APELLIDO | Levine |
| FIRMA | LEVINE J M |
| AFILIACIONES | University of Pittsburgh |
| VERIFICADO | No |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 47 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 254 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 43 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 4 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1968 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2024 |
| ÍNDICE H | 8 |
Fraternizing with the enemy
Extended contact (i.e., knowledge that an ingroup member has a close relationship with an outgroup member) often improves relations between groups. In the current research, we argue that such contact can also undermine relations within groups. Specifically, we propose a “fraternizing with the enemy” effect in which the fraternizer is viewed negatively by other ingroup members. In five preregistered experiments ( N = 2,035), we tested this effect …
Secret disclosure and social relationships in groups
Personal secrets are a ubiquitous fact of group life, but the conditions under which they are revealed have not been explored. In five studies, we assessed secret disclosure in groups governed by four models of human sociality (Communal Sharing, Equality Matching, Authority Ranking, Market Pricing; Fiske). In Studies 1a and 1b, participants indicated their willingness to disclose secrets in hypothetical groups governed by the models. In Studies 2…
Deviance Credit
Leaders often deviate from group norms or social conventions, sometimes innovating and sometimes engaging in serious transgressions or illegality. We propose that group members are prone to be more permissive toward both forms of deviance in the case of ingroup leaders compared to other ingroup members or outgroup members and leaders. This granting of “deviance credit” is hypothesized to be underpinned by perceptions of an ingroup leader's protot…
Factional conflict in groups
Disagreement between numerically larger (majority) and smaller (minority) factions in groups is both common and consequential. For these reasons, there is a long tradition of social psychological interest in the causes and consequences of such disagreement. Early work focused on minority members’ movement toward the majority (majority influence) and majority members’ (negative) perceptions and evaluations of those who refused to move. Later work …
Membership role and subjective group dynamics
Two studies examined participants’ evaluations of ingroup or outgroup normative and deviant members and changes in agreement with a prescriptive norm. In Experiment 1 ( N = 51), the normative target was either a full or marginal ingroup or outgroup member, and the deviant was a full member. In Experiment 2 ( N = 113), both targets were full or marginal members, or one was a full member and the other was marginal. As predicted, maximal upgrading o…
Norm violators as threats and opportunities
Group researchers have long been interested in how group members respond to deviance, defined as the violation of prescriptive norms about how members should think, feel, or act. Valuable perspectives on reaction to deviance have been offered by scholars in several disciplines, including social psychology, evolutionary psychology, and sociology. Most of the theoretical and empirical work on reaction to deviance assumes that this behavior has nega…
Group brainstorming
In a study investigating motivational factors in group brainstorming, we investigated the impact on performance of regulatory fit/nonfit (based on the group’s focus and task strategy). All members of three-person groups were placed in either a promotion focus or a prevention focus and then were all given either an eager strategy or a vigilant strategy for performing a brainstorming task (with an expectancy stop rule). As predicted, groups experie…
Improving the Dependability of Research in Personality and Social Psychology
In this article, the Society for Personality and Social Psychology (SPSP) Task Force on Publication and Research Practices offers a brief statistical primer and recommendations for improving the dependability of research. Recommendations for research practice include (a) describing and addressing the choice of N (sample size) and consequent issues of statistical power, (b) reporting effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), (c) avoiding “q…
The effects of alcohol on the emotional displays of Whites in interracial groups
Discomfort during interracial interactions is common among Whites in the U.S. and is linked to avoidance of interracial encounters. While the negative consequences of interracial discomfort are well-documented, understanding of its causes is still incomplete. Alcohol consumption has been shown to decrease negative emotions caused by self-presentational concern but increase negative emotions associated with racial prejudice. Using novel behavioral…
Group Cognition
This chapter reviews work on group decision making and problem solving. Included are topics both within and outside traditional boundaries of social psychology, such as collective induction, swarm intelligence models, jury decision making, information sharing, collaborative memory, gossip, brainstorming, and team mental models. The literature is discussed in terms of the collective information search and distribution model, which highlights group…
Group Processes
It is impossible to understand human behavior without understanding the critical role that groups play in people’s lives. Most of us belong to a range of formal and informal groups, including families, work teams, and friendship cliques. These groups absorb a great deal of our time and energy and are instrumental in satisfying our most fundamental needs. In addition, they connect us to larger social aggregates (e.g., political parties, business o…
Social Identity Theory
Encyclopedia of group processes & intergroup relations
Membership status and subjective group dynamics
In 3 experiments, participants (Ns = 50, 95, and 75, respectively) judged 2 ingroup or outgroup members who occupied 1 of 3 statuses--new members, full members, or marginal members. In each case, 1 of these members adopted a normative position and another supported a deviant position regarding a relevant issue. Participants upgraded normative ingroup full members and derogated deviant ingroup full members compared with all other members. In addit…
Coping with Minority Status
Society consists of numerous interconnected, interacting, and interdependent groups, which differ in power and status. The consequences of belonging to a more powerful, higher-status 'majority' versus a less powerful, lower-status 'minority' can be profound, and the tensions that arise between these groups are the root of society's most difficult problems. To understand the origins of these problems and develop solutions for them, it is necessary…
Shared Reality
Humans have a fundamental need to experience a shared reality with others. We present a new conceptualization of shared reality based on four conditions. We posit (a) that shared reality involves a (subjectively perceived) commonality of individuals' inner states (not just observable behaviors); (b) that shared reality is about some target referent; (c) that for a shared reality to occur, the commonality of inner states must be appropriately moti…
The detection of social exclusion
This article analyzes how humans detect threats to social inclusion. The authors begin by noting the likely evolutionary roots of (a) the human sensitivity to threats of both interpersonal and group exclusion and (b) the nature of the primitive system that humans developed for detecting such threats. The authors then propose seven generic classes of signals (hurting, avoiding, exploiting, deregulating, disengaging, differentiating, and slandering…
Communication and Group Perception
The saying-is-believing (SIB) effect occurs when tailoring a message to suit an audience influences a communicator's subsequent memories and impressions about the communication topic. Previous studies were restricted to one-person audiences and individuals as the communication topic. The present studies explored the SIB effect with multiple-person audiences and groups as the communication topic. In Study 1, the SIB effect occurred with a 1-person…
The phenomenology of minority–majority status
In three experiments, we manipulated participants' perceived numerical status and compared the originality and creativity of arguments generated by members of numerical minorities and majorities. Independent judges, blind to experimental conditions, rated participants' written arguments. In Studies 1 and 2, we found that participants assigned to a numerical minority generated more original arguments when advocating their own position than did num…
Small Groups
About the Editors. Small Groups: An Overview. Part 1. Group Composition. Introduction. Reading 1. The Contribution of Influence and Selection to Adolescent Peer Group Homogeneity: The Case of Adolescent Cigarette Smoking. Ennett & Bauman. Reading 2. Some Effects of Proportions on Group Life: Skewed Sex Ratios and Responses to Token Women. Kanter . Reading 3 Effects of Crew Composition on Crew Performance: Does the Whole Equal the Sum of Its Parts…
When reasons matter
Minority influence in work teams
Socialization and Trust in Work Groups
Several theoretical analyses of trust in organizations have been offered, but the social context in which that trust operates is often ignored. Our analysis examines trust in work groups, with a focus on changes in such groups over time. Socialization is an important form of temporal change in work groups (Moreland & Levine, 2000). Workers move into and out of these groups over time, so most groups contain people in different membership phases. W…
Group Loyalty
Shared Cognition in Organizations
Social Foundations of Cognition
INTRODUCTION .... ...... ... ,,,''', ,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,, 586 MERE PRESENCE OF OTHERS ....... ... ....... ..... ... .... ....... 588 Social Facilitation,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 588 Social Loafing, 589 Crowding . ,,, ,,.,,.,,', ,,',. 590 Group Composition .,,', ,''', ',,',, 590 SOCIAL ROLES, POSITIONS, AND IDENTITIES .,, 591 Social Roles ..... ........ ...... . .,. 591 Social Positions ,..,, ,,', ,,, ,,., 592 Socialldentities ... ,…
Membership status and subjective group dynamics
In 3 experiments, participants (Ns = 50, 95, and 75, respectively) judged 2 ingroup or outgroup members who occupied 1 of 3 statuses--new members, full members, or marginal members. In each case, 1 of these members adopted a normative position and another supported a deviant position regarding a relevant issue. Participants upgraded normative ingroup full members and derogated deviant ingroup full members compared with all other members. In addit…
Group Loyalty
Social Support, Dissent and Conformity
The present study investigated the effect on conformity of direction and degree of dissent from the erroneous judgments of a simulated group. Results showed that in judging visual items, conformity was significantly reduced either by a dissenter giving the correct response or by a dissenter giving a response much more incorrect than the group's. On opinion items the presence of a veridical dissenter significantly reduced conformity, but the prese…
Consensus and conformity
Socialization and Trust in Work Groups
Several theoretical analyses of trust in organizations have been offered, but the social context in which that trust operates is often ignored. Our analysis examines trust in work groups, with a focus on changes in such groups over time. Socialization is an important form of temporal change in work groups (Moreland & Levine, 2000). Workers move into and out of these groups over time, so most groups contain people in different membership phases. W…
Social support and conformity
Norm violators as threats and opportunities
Group researchers have long been interested in how group members respond to deviance, defined as the violation of prescriptive norms about how members should think, feel, or act. Valuable perspectives on reaction to deviance have been offered by scholars in several disciplines, including social psychology, evolutionary psychology, and sociology. Most of the theoretical and empirical work on reaction to deviance assumes that this behavior has nega…
Communication and Group Perception
The saying-is-believing (SIB) effect occurs when tailoring a message to suit an audience influences a communicator's subsequent memories and impressions about the communication topic. Previous studies were restricted to one-person audiences and individuals as the communication topic. The present studies explored the SIB effect with multiple-person audiences and groups as the communication topic. In Study 1, the SIB effect occurred with a 1-person…
Deviance Credit
Leaders often deviate from group norms or social conventions, sometimes innovating and sometimes engaging in serious transgressions or illegality. We propose that group members are prone to be more permissive toward both forms of deviance in the case of ingroup leaders compared to other ingroup members or outgroup members and leaders. This granting of “deviance credit” is hypothesized to be underpinned by perceptions of an ingroup leader's protot…
Membership role and subjective group dynamics
Two studies examined participants’ evaluations of ingroup or outgroup normative and deviant members and changes in agreement with a prescriptive norm. In Experiment 1 ( N = 51), the normative target was either a full or marginal ingroup or outgroup member, and the deviant was a full member. In Experiment 2 ( N = 113), both targets were full or marginal members, or one was a full member and the other was marginal. As predicted, maximal upgrading o…
Minority influence in work teams
Reaction to Attitudinal Deviance
Defenders of the Text
Majority reaction to shifting and stable attitudinal deviates
Female undergraduates, in groups of four, voted several times on appropriate treatment for a delinquent, using an electrical signalling device. Two simulatedgroup members consistently agreed with subjects' initial position. A third simulated member (target) exhibited one of nine response patterns. In six movement conditions (which formed a 2 × 3 design), the target (a) gradually moved a short distance toward or away from modal group opinion and (…
Group Cognition
This chapter reviews work on group decision making and problem solving. Included are topics both within and outside traditional boundaries of social psychology, such as collective induction, swarm intelligence models, jury decision making, information sharing, collaborative memory, gossip, brainstorming, and team mental models. The literature is discussed in terms of the collective information search and distribution model, which highlights group…
When reasons matter
Effects of psychoactive drugs on nonverbal communication and group social behavior of monkeys
Group staffing levels and responses to prospective and new group members
A group's stating level can play an important role in its socialization practices. For example, a group that is understaffed should be more open than an overstaffed group to both prospective and new members. To test this prediction, the leaders of nearly 100 student groups on a college campus were interviewed. These interviews yielded qualitative and quantitative data about the stating levels in the groups and the methods that they used for recru…
Effects of prior group memberships on subsequent reconnaissance activities
Group Support and Reaction to Stable and Shifting Agreement/Disagreement
This study investigated how subjects' level of consensual validation motivation affected their reactions to targets who exhibited several patterns of agreement or disagreement with subjects' opinion. Individual male subjects in simulatedfour-person groups received consistent support or nonsupport (consensual validation or invalidation) from two group members regarding appropriate treatment for a juvenile delinquent. Another member (the target) co…
Social pressure and personal preference
Fraternizing with the enemy
Extended contact (i.e., knowledge that an ingroup member has a close relationship with an outgroup member) often improves relations between groups. In the current research, we argue that such contact can also undermine relations within groups. Specifically, we propose a “fraternizing with the enemy” effect in which the fraternizer is viewed negatively by other ingroup members. In five preregistered experiments ( N = 2,035), we tested this effect …
Group brainstorming
In a study investigating motivational factors in group brainstorming, we investigated the impact on performance of regulatory fit/nonfit (based on the group’s focus and task strategy). All members of three-person groups were placed in either a promotion focus or a prevention focus and then were all given either an eager strategy or a vigilant strategy for performing a brainstorming task (with an expectancy stop rule). As predicted, groups experie…
Reaction to Opinion Deviance
This study investigated how various rationales for neutrality affect majority members' evaluation of a fence-straddling opinion deviate. Subjects, in four-person groups voting on treatment for a delinquent, learned that two simulated group members agreed with their position, which fell near one end of a 9-point response scale. A third member (deviate) responded at the midpoint of the scale and presented one of three rationales for neutrality: ind…
Creativity and conformity 1
Social Support, Dissent and Conformity
The present study investigated the effect on conformity of direction and degree of dissent from the erroneous judgments of a simulated group. Results showed that in judging visual items, conformity was significantly reduced either by a dissenter giving the correct response or by a dissenter giving a response much more incorrect than the group's. On opinion items the presence of a veridical dissenter significantly reduced conformity, but the prese…
Consensus and conformity
Social support and conformity
Social pressure and personal preference
Effects of psychoactive drugs on nonverbal communication and group social behavior of monkeys
Self-evaluation and reaction to a shifting other
Extreme Dissent, Conformity Reduction and the Bases of Social Influence
This study investigated how “correct” and “incorrect” dissenters from erroneous group consensus affect conformity on visual and opinion stimuli under normative and informational social pressure. Subjects were female undergraduates exposed to group pressure in a Tuddenbam-type electrical signaling apparatus. Results indicated that the relative impact on con-fortuity of “correct” and “incorrect” dissenters was not significantly affected by type of …
The Convert as a Credible Communicator
This study investigated reactions to an anti-alcohol communication delivered by convert and nonconvert communicators. In 4 convert conditions the communicator was presented as a former alcoholic. The convert's communication was either Personal (first-person pronouns) or Impersonal (third-person pronouns). Compared with subjects' current alcohol consumption, the convert's consumption at a comparable time in life had been either Similar or Extreme.…
Reaction to Attitudinal Deviance
Group Support and Reaction to Stable and Shifting Agreement/Disagreement
This study investigated how subjects' level of consensual validation motivation affected their reactions to targets who exhibited several patterns of agreement or disagreement with subjects' opinion. Individual male subjects in simulatedfour-person groups received consistent support or nonsupport (consensual validation or invalidation) from two group members regarding appropriate treatment for a juvenile delinquent. Another member (the target) co…
Observer Visibility and Comfort in a Surveillance Situation
Majority reaction to shifting and stable attitudinal deviates
Female undergraduates, in groups of four, voted several times on appropriate treatment for a delinquent, using an electrical signalling device. Two simulatedgroup members consistently agreed with subjects' initial position. A third simulated member (target) exhibited one of nine response patterns. In six movement conditions (which formed a 2 × 3 design), the target (a) gradually moved a short distance toward or away from modal group opinion and (…
Reaction to Opinion Deviance
This study investigated how various rationales for neutrality affect majority members' evaluation of a fence-straddling opinion deviate. Subjects, in four-person groups voting on treatment for a delinquent, learned that two simulated group members agreed with their position, which fell near one end of a 9-point response scale. A third member (deviate) responded at the midpoint of the scale and presented one of three rationales for neutrality: ind…
Socialization in Small Groups
Effects of prior group memberships on subsequent reconnaissance activities
Perspectives on socially shared cognition.
This volume contains reports on the way thought works, from investigators in psychology, social psychology, anthropology, sociology, linguistics and literature. It argues that our thinking is shaped by others in a process known as socially shared cognition.
Perspectives on Socially Shared Cognition
Defenders of the Text
Group staffing levels and responses to prospective and new group members
A group's stating level can play an important role in its socialization practices. For example, a group that is understaffed should be more open than an overstaffed group to both prospective and new members. To test this prediction, the leaders of nearly 100 student groups on a college campus were interviewed. These interviews yielded qualitative and quantitative data about the stating levels in the groups and the methods that they used for recru…
Social Foundations of Cognition
INTRODUCTION .... ...... ... ,,,''', ,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,, 586 MERE PRESENCE OF OTHERS ....... ... ....... ..... ... .... ....... 588 Social Facilitation,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 588 Social Loafing, 589 Crowding . ,,, ,,.,,.,,', ,,',. 590 Group Composition .,,', ,''', ',,',, 590 SOCIAL ROLES, POSITIONS, AND IDENTITIES .,, 591 Social Roles ..... ........ ...... . .,. 591 Social Positions ,..,, ,,', ,,, ,,., 592 Socialldentities ... ,…
Group Socialization
Moreland and Levine (1982) proposed a model of group socialization that describes and explains the passage of individuals through groups. In that model, the relationship between the group and the individual is assumed to change in systematic ways over time and both parties are viewed as active social influence agents. This chapter summarizes the group socialization model, discusses theoretical elaborations and extensions of the model, and reviews…
Shared Cognition in Organizations
Group Loyalty
Socialization and Trust in Work Groups
Several theoretical analyses of trust in organizations have been offered, but the social context in which that trust operates is often ignored. Our analysis examines trust in work groups, with a focus on changes in such groups over time. Socialization is an important form of temporal change in work groups (Moreland & Levine, 2000). Workers move into and out of these groups over time, so most groups contain people in different membership phases. W…
Psychology (41 obras) · Social Psychology (36 obras) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (27 obras) · Social Psychology (24 obras) · Cultural Differences and Values (13 obras) · Political science (12 obras) · Law (10 obras) · Computer Science (9 obras) · Epistemology (9 obras) · Law (9 obras)