Steven M Smith
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 3980993 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Steven M Smith |
| NOMBRES | Steven M |
| APELLIDO | Smith |
| FIRMA | SMITH S M |
| AFILIACIONES | Colorado School of Mines |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-9653-2663 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 36 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 42 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 36 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1990 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 4 |
"Several things have to come together"
This is an accepted article with a DOI pre-assigned that is not yet published.As the aquifers beneath the San Luis Valley hit new lows, farmers and ranchers in this agricultural hub of southern Colorado are being encouraged to fallow their fields. With water scarcity as a push factor and renewable energy mandates as a pull factor, the Valley seems poised for a major transition toward solar energy production—but it is not yet clear whether or how …
Organizational exclusion amplified
Verbal Insight Problems and Aha! Moments
To examine insight and verbal restructuring, we created 60 2-word problems, the Polysemous Associates Test (PAT), whose solutions are homographs with different meanings associated with the two problem words, such as JEWELRY BELL, solution RING (see Table 1). Experiment 1 showed that solving PAT problems often evoked the experience of insight, or aha! moments. Experiment 2 compared solving PAT problems with Compound Remote Associates (CRA) problem…
Conserving groundwater
At the turn of the century, irrigators in San Luis Valley (SLV), Colorado confronted a reality of precipitously dropping water levels of their shared groundwater resource stemming from their collective overextraction. Rather than continuing with business as usual—risking further declines and potential state intervention—they decided to self-organize and agreed to adopt a pumping fee, substantially increasing the cost of water—one of their key agr…
Unlocking aquifer sustainability through irrigator-driven groundwater conservation
Unconscious Work Doesn’t Work
Why do creative ideas and solutions to unresolved problems benefit from taking a break? The idea of unconscious work as an explanation is so appealing that even after reading this paper, which states clearly that unconscious work is a fantasy based on no clear theory and no clear empirical evidence, some readers will claim that we are saying the opposite. Here, we explain why the imaginary meme of unconscious work is so difficult to eradicate fro…
Market-oriented solutions for groundwater commons through collective-action
Groundwater scarcity poses threats to communities across the globe, and effectively managing those challenges requires designing policy that achieves institutional fit. Collective action is well-suited to match rules with local context, and multiple pathways exist for communities to achieve reductions in groundwater use. To better understand how local conditions influence rule design, we examine two groundwater-reliant communities in the Western …
Students Starting University
There are many factors that influence the first-year university student experience, and these factors can vary depending on student characteristics. In this research, using survey data, we explore differences between domestic Canadian and international (non-Canadian) first year university students across four categories that have been identified in past research. These categories broadly influence student success: individual factors, psychologica…
Racial and ethnic differences in blood pressure before and after the 2016 United States general election
OBJECTIVES: The 2016 U.S. presidential election was a major source of stress among many adults. Psychosocial stress can manifest physiologically in elevated blood pressure (BP). Little is known regarding the association of macro-level sociopolitical events with BP changes at the population-level. This study sought to characterize population-level changes in BP following the 2016 U.S. presidential election. METHODS: Using 2015-2018 National Health…
The importance of fit in groundwater self-governance
Published version
Quit Cold Turkey”
Dynamics of the Legal Environment and the Development of Communal Irrigation Systems
The success of local user groups managing communal natural resources depends to a great degree on external factors such as the legal environment. However, depending on their political power, the local users may exert some influence on the legal environment. This creates important dynamics between external legal factors and local resources governance. To explore this path dependent dynamic in common property resources, I conduct a historical case …
Water storage and agricultural resilience to drought
Food systems are particularly sensitive to changing precipitation patterns. Resilience via irrigation will depend on baseline conditions, water source, and institutional constraints which have not been studied jointly. We draw on over 100 years of agricultural production and weather data across the United States to identify the extent to which access to stored water—distinguished by its source and location—affects drought resiliency. Arid regions…
Entrenchment
Two experiments examined blocking and entrenchment using a word fragment completion task. After incidental priming tasks in which varying numbers of red herring stimuli (i.e., wrong answers to subsequent problems) were seen, word fragment completion was tested for items orthographically similar to primed words. Both experiments showed a memory blocking effect, poorer fragment completion when any red herrings had been seen, relative to a control (…
Experiences of Discrimination Are Associated With Worse Metabolic Syndrome Severity Among African Americans in the Jackson Heart Study
Our results suggest that, in a large community-based sample of African Americans, discrimination is a salient psychosocial risk factor for severity of MetS
Wealth and the distribution of benefits from tropical forests
Interventions to strengthen forest conservation in tropical biomes face multiple challenges. Insecure land tenure and unequal benefit sharing within forest user groups are two of the most important. Using original household-level survey data from 130 villages in six countries, we assess how current wealth inequality relates to tenure security and benefit flows from forest use. We find that villages with higher wealth inequality report lower tenur…
The Role of Irrigation in the Development of Agriculture in the United States
We examine the role of irrigation in explaining U.S. agricultural gains post-1940. Specifically, we analyze how productivity and farm values changed in the western United States as a result of technological and policy changes that expanded access to ground and surface water. To statistically identify the effects, we compare counties based on their potential access to irrigation water defined by physical characteristics. We find areas with access …
Asymmetric Reinstatement Effects in Recognition
Our experiment examined two questions: (1) Does reinstating a studied context affect recognition of an associated word, and (2) Does reinstating a studied word affect recognition of an associated context? After encoding 75 words, each of which was shown superimposed over a different 5-sec video of an environment (e.g., a playground, a traffic scene, or a grocery store), participants were asked to recognize 50 of the words and 50 of the video scen…
Emergence of Collective Action in a Groundwater Commons
Under what conditions are irrigators able to develop adaptive governance arrangements? This article addresses this question by developing an empirically grounded theory of self-governance of a snowmelt commons in southern Colorado. Drawing on previous work in collective action and institutional theory, we argue that self-regulation of the hydro-commons is driven by changes in shared user perceptions with regard to the salience and scarcity of the…
To Partition or Not to Partition Evaluative Judgments
Attitudinal ambivalence is one of the most widely studied structural properties in the attitudes literature. The current research compared two commonly used measures of structural ambivalence. Both measures separately assess the positive and negative components of ambivalence; however, one approach instructs participants to partition their oppositely valenced evaluative responses whereas the other does not. Using both experimental and nonexperime…
Following What People Think We Should Do Versus What People Actually Do
This study explored cognitive elaboration as a moderator of the impact of injunctive and descriptive normative messages on behavioral intentions. Participants ( N = 246) received a message advocating a student health program that stressed either descriptive norms or injunctive norms under conditions of low elaboration or high elaboration and then responded to a series of behavioral intention questions. To determine whether the effects of type of …
Triggering memory recovery
Seeking Confirmation in Times of Doubt
Strong attitudes exert greater influence on social perceptions, judgments, and behaviors. Some research indicates that strong attitudes are associated with exposure to attitude-confirming information. However, we believe that uncertain attitudes might produce strong selective exposure to attitude-consistent information, especially when available information is unfamiliar. In three experiments, participants reported attitude favorability, reported…
Empirical study of Kanji as archetypal images
Chinese characters originated as a semiotic system independent from spoken language and in the Japanese language they function non-phonetically with speakers exhibiting right-hemispheric advantage in their processing. We tested the hypothesis that Chinese characters are archetypal images and therefore part of our collective unconscious memory. Our study builds on the first empirical study of archetypal memory of Rosen et al. (1991) which demonstr…
Using the “Mr. Big” technique to elicit confessions
Canada’s legal system recognizes that police interrogation procedures may contrib-ute to false confessions, and has provided safeguards designed to protect the rights of the accused and reduce the likelihood of these errors. Police in Canada are using a complex noncustodial interrogation procedure called the “Mr. Big ” technique, to elicit confessions for recalcitrant suspects. Remarkably, this undercover (in that suspects do not know they are sp…
Understanding knowledge effects on attitude-behavior consistency
The role of properties of attitude-relevant knowledge in attitude- behavior consistency was explored in 3 experiments. In Experiment 1, attitudes based on behaviorally relevant knowledge predicted behavior better than attitudes based on low-relevance knowledge, especially when people had time to deliberate. Relevance, complexity, and amount of knowledge were investigated in Experiment 2. It was found that complexity increased attitude- behavior c…
Empirical Study of Associations Between Symbols and Their Meanings
Wealth and the distribution of benefits from tropical forests
Interventions to strengthen forest conservation in tropical biomes face multiple challenges. Insecure land tenure and unequal benefit sharing within forest user groups are two of the most important. Using original household-level survey data from 130 villages in six countries, we assess how current wealth inequality relates to tenure security and benefit flows from forest use. We find that villages with higher wealth inequality report lower tenur…
Postdictors of eyewitness errors
Using the “Mr. Big” technique to elicit confessions
Canada’s legal system recognizes that police interrogation procedures may contrib-ute to false confessions, and has provided safeguards designed to protect the rights of the accused and reduce the likelihood of these errors. Police in Canada are using a complex noncustodial interrogation procedure called the “Mr. Big ” technique, to elicit confessions for recalcitrant suspects. Remarkably, this undercover (in that suspects do not know they are sp…
Emergence of Collective Action in a Groundwater Commons
Under what conditions are irrigators able to develop adaptive governance arrangements? This article addresses this question by developing an empirically grounded theory of self-governance of a snowmelt commons in southern Colorado. Drawing on previous work in collective action and institutional theory, we argue that self-regulation of the hydro-commons is driven by changes in shared user perceptions with regard to the salience and scarcity of the…
The role of amount, cognitive elaboration, and structural consistency of attitude‐relevant knowledge in the formation of attitude certainty
Despite their intuitive plausibility and prominence in theorizing regarding attitude certainty, past studies have provided equivocal evidence for the role of informational and structural consistency factors in perceptions of attitude certainty. The present research attempted to overcome methodological and conceptual limitations in past research in order to establish that amount, cognitive elaboration, and structural consistency of attitude‐releva…
Experiences of Discrimination Are Associated With Worse Metabolic Syndrome Severity Among African Americans in the Jackson Heart Study
Our results suggest that, in a large community-based sample of African Americans, discrimination is a salient psychosocial risk factor for severity of MetS
An evaluation of external cause-of-injury codes using hospital records from the Indian Health Service, 1985
To evaluate the usefulness of International Classification of Diseases external cause-of-injury and poisoning codes (E codes) for public health surveillance of nonfatal injuries, we analyzed E codes from Indian Health Service (IHS) hospital records. E codes for unknown or unspecified causes were used for 25 percent of records. At two hospitals, 63 percent of E codes assigned by independent coders agreed; another 18 percent matched on general caus…
An evaluation of external cause-of-injury codes using hospital records from the Indian Health Service, 1985
To evaluate the usefulness of International Classification of Diseases external cause-of-injury and poisoning codes (E codes) for public health surveillance of nonfatal injuries, we analyzed E codes from Indian Health Service (IHS) hospital records. E codes for unknown or unspecified causes were used for 25 percent of records. At two hospitals, 63 percent of E codes assigned by independent coders agreed; another 18 percent matched on general caus…
Empirical Study of Associations Between Symbols and Their Meanings
Creative Cognition
Creative Cognition combines original experiments with existing work in cognitive psychology to provide the first explicit account of the cognitive processes and structures that contribute to creative thinking and discovery. Creative Cognition combines original experiments with existing work in cognitive psychology to provide the first explicit account of the cognitive processes and structures that contribute to creative thinking and discovery. In…
Selected Personality Characteristics and Attitudes Toward Feminism
Sixty-five men and fifty-one women took part in a study of attitudes toward feminism. The question of attitude similarity mediated error in perceived attractiveness was addressed, and the relationship between selected personal characteristics and attitudes toward feminism was assessed. Results confirmed that men and women view people with attitudes similar to their own as more attractive. Best predictors of negative attitudes towards feminism amo…
Environmental context-dependent memory
Postdictors of eyewitness errors
Postdictors of eyewitness errors
Incubation and the Resolution of Tip-of-the-Tongue States
Are tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) states better resolved by persistent retrieval efforts, or does an incubation period, i.e., a time away from memory attempts, facilitate resolution? General knowledge questions were given to participants twice, with the retest given either immediately after the participant's first attempt to answer the question, or after a period of incubation during which the participant answered other unrelated questions. When questi…
Understanding knowledge effects on attitude-behavior consistency
The role of properties of attitude-relevant knowledge in attitude- behavior consistency was explored in 3 experiments. In Experiment 1, attitudes based on behaviorally relevant knowledge predicted behavior better than attitudes based on low-relevance knowledge, especially when people had time to deliberate. Relevance, complexity, and amount of knowledge were investigated in Experiment 2. It was found that complexity increased attitude- behavior c…
Reflecting on Six Decades of Selective Exposure Research
For over 60 years, researchers have explored the validity of the selective exposure hypothesis, which states that people will seek out consonant, and avoid dissonant, information. In early cognitive dissonance‐based research, selective exposure received mixed support. More recently, researchers have begun to delineate the factors that regulate the occurrence of selective exposure in a multitude of contexts. In this review, we discuss a number of …
The role of amount, cognitive elaboration, and structural consistency of attitude‐relevant knowledge in the formation of attitude certainty
Despite their intuitive plausibility and prominence in theorizing regarding attitude certainty, past studies have provided equivocal evidence for the role of informational and structural consistency factors in perceptions of attitude certainty. The present research attempted to overcome methodological and conceptual limitations in past research in order to establish that amount, cognitive elaboration, and structural consistency of attitude‐releva…
Using the “Mr. Big” technique to elicit confessions
Canada’s legal system recognizes that police interrogation procedures may contrib-ute to false confessions, and has provided safeguards designed to protect the rights of the accused and reduce the likelihood of these errors. Police in Canada are using a complex noncustodial interrogation procedure called the “Mr. Big ” technique, to elicit confessions for recalcitrant suspects. Remarkably, this undercover (in that suspects do not know they are sp…
Seeking Confirmation in Times of Doubt
Strong attitudes exert greater influence on social perceptions, judgments, and behaviors. Some research indicates that strong attitudes are associated with exposure to attitude-confirming information. However, we believe that uncertain attitudes might produce strong selective exposure to attitude-consistent information, especially when available information is unfamiliar. In three experiments, participants reported attitude favorability, reported…
Empirical study of Kanji as archetypal images
Chinese characters originated as a semiotic system independent from spoken language and in the Japanese language they function non-phonetically with speakers exhibiting right-hemispheric advantage in their processing. We tested the hypothesis that Chinese characters are archetypal images and therefore part of our collective unconscious memory. Our study builds on the first empirical study of archetypal memory of Rosen et al. (1991) which demonstr…
Following What People Think We Should Do Versus What People Actually Do
This study explored cognitive elaboration as a moderator of the impact of injunctive and descriptive normative messages on behavioral intentions. Participants ( N = 246) received a message advocating a student health program that stressed either descriptive norms or injunctive norms under conditions of low elaboration or high elaboration and then responded to a series of behavioral intention questions. To determine whether the effects of type of …
Triggering memory recovery
To Partition or Not to Partition Evaluative Judgments
Attitudinal ambivalence is one of the most widely studied structural properties in the attitudes literature. The current research compared two commonly used measures of structural ambivalence. Both measures separately assess the positive and negative components of ambivalence; however, one approach instructs participants to partition their oppositely valenced evaluative responses whereas the other does not. Using both experimental and nonexperime…
Emergence of Collective Action in a Groundwater Commons
Under what conditions are irrigators able to develop adaptive governance arrangements? This article addresses this question by developing an empirically grounded theory of self-governance of a snowmelt commons in southern Colorado. Drawing on previous work in collective action and institutional theory, we argue that self-regulation of the hydro-commons is driven by changes in shared user perceptions with regard to the salience and scarcity of the…
Asymmetric Reinstatement Effects in Recognition
Our experiment examined two questions: (1) Does reinstating a studied context affect recognition of an associated word, and (2) Does reinstating a studied word affect recognition of an associated context? After encoding 75 words, each of which was shown superimposed over a different 5-sec video of an environment (e.g., a playground, a traffic scene, or a grocery store), participants were asked to recognize 50 of the words and 50 of the video scen…
Wealth and the distribution of benefits from tropical forests
Interventions to strengthen forest conservation in tropical biomes face multiple challenges. Insecure land tenure and unequal benefit sharing within forest user groups are two of the most important. Using original household-level survey data from 130 villages in six countries, we assess how current wealth inequality relates to tenure security and benefit flows from forest use. We find that villages with higher wealth inequality report lower tenur…
The Role of Irrigation in the Development of Agriculture in the United States
We examine the role of irrigation in explaining U.S. agricultural gains post-1940. Specifically, we analyze how productivity and farm values changed in the western United States as a result of technological and policy changes that expanded access to ground and surface water. To statistically identify the effects, we compare counties based on their potential access to irrigation water defined by physical characteristics. We find areas with access …
Entrenchment
Two experiments examined blocking and entrenchment using a word fragment completion task. After incidental priming tasks in which varying numbers of red herring stimuli (i.e., wrong answers to subsequent problems) were seen, word fragment completion was tested for items orthographically similar to primed words. Both experiments showed a memory blocking effect, poorer fragment completion when any red herrings had been seen, relative to a control (…
Experiences of Discrimination Are Associated With Worse Metabolic Syndrome Severity Among African Americans in the Jackson Heart Study
Our results suggest that, in a large community-based sample of African Americans, discrimination is a salient psychosocial risk factor for severity of MetS
Water storage and agricultural resilience to drought
Food systems are particularly sensitive to changing precipitation patterns. Resilience via irrigation will depend on baseline conditions, water source, and institutional constraints which have not been studied jointly. We draw on over 100 years of agricultural production and weather data across the United States to identify the extent to which access to stored water—distinguished by its source and location—affects drought resiliency. Arid regions…
Students Starting University
There are many factors that influence the first-year university student experience, and these factors can vary depending on student characteristics. In this research, using survey data, we explore differences between domestic Canadian and international (non-Canadian) first year university students across four categories that have been identified in past research. These categories broadly influence student success: individual factors, psychologica…
Psychology (22 obras) · Social Psychology (12 obras) · Cognitive psychology (9 obras) · Political science (8 obras) · Computer Science (7 obras) · Environmental Science (7 obras) · Memory Processes and Influences (7 obras) · Water resources management and optimization (7 obras) · Business (6 obras) · Cultural Differences and Values (6 obras)