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Shelley Bielefeld

Datos Biográficos

ID4076539
NOMBREShelley Bielefeld
NOMBRESShelley
APELLIDOBielefeld
FIRMABIELEFELD S
AFILIACIONESGriffith University
ORCID0000-0003-0094-3511
VERIFICADOSí
TOTAL DE OBRAS19
TOTAL DE CITAS61
TOTAL COMO AUTOR19
TOTAL COMO EDITOR0
PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN2014
AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN2025
ÍNDICE H5
  • An intersectional feminist analysis of compulsory income management in Australia

    Open Access•Zoe Staines, Greg Marston et al.•ARTICLE•Journal of Social Policy•2025•Citada por: 1

    Globally, women experience poverty at disproportionate rates to men, with the situation being worse for Indigenous women and women of colour. Social security systems are one avenue for income redistribution that can alleviate poverty. However, such systems are themselves embedded within and produced by unequal social relations, meaning they can also serve to perpetuate and exacerbate social inequalities. This is exemplified under neoliberal welfa…

  • Digitalisation and the welfare state – how First Nations people experienced digitalised social security under the Cashless Debit Card

    Open Access•Shelley Bielefeld•ARTICLE•Journal of Sociology•2024•Referencias: 7

    Digitalisation of the welfare state has intensified in recent years, with burdens unevenly distributed between technology advocates and those receiving government income support. Putting in place processes where people needing social security must meet mandatory requirements of digital literacy and divert a significant amount of their small incomes to pay for expensive technologies such as computers, smartphones, and data plans comes at a cost. T…

  • Responsibilising young benefit recipients

    Open Access•L Humpage, Shelley Bielefeld et al.•ARTICLE•Critical Social Policy•2023•Referencias: 19

    New Zealand recipients of the Youth Payment and Young Parent Payment, who are disproportionally Indigenous Māori and sole mothers, must participate in ‘Money Management’. This form of income management restricts spending, monitors financial transactions and requires compulsory budgeting education. Drawing on interviews with Money Management participants, Youth Service mentors and policymakers, this article argues that Money Management aims to res…

  • The complexity of convergence

    L Humpage, Zoe Staines et al.•ARTICLE•Policy Studies•2022•Citada por: 2•Referencias: 35

    New Zealand and Australia have both adopted compulsory income management and an actuarially-based “social investment” approach since 2012, suggesting the two countries engaged in “policy transfer” and that their policy settings have converged over the past decade. Focusing on four of the six types of policy convergence identified by Hay [Hay, C. 2004. “Common Trajectories, Variable Paces, Divergent Outcomes? Models of European Capitalism Under Co…

  • The trope of the vulnerable child in conditional welfare discourses

    Open Access•Michelle Peterie, Greg Marston et al.•ARTICLE•Journal of Sociology•2022•Citada por: 3•Referencias: 46

    Conditional welfare policies are frequently underpinned by pejorative representations of those they target. Vulnerable children, under physical or moral threat from their welfare-dependent parents, are a mainstay of these constructions, yet the nuances of this trope have received little focused attention. Through a discourse analysis of parliamentary debates at the introduction of compulsory income management (CIM) to Australia, this article expl…

  • Cashless welfare transfers and Australia’s First Nations

    Shelley Bielefeld•ARTICLE•Griffith Law Review•2021

    The Australian Federal Government claims that the Cashless Debit Card (CDC) is a necessary ‘support’ that generates positive outcomes. Despite contrary evidence revealed through independent research and problems with the scheme also apparent in government-commissioned research, the dominant political narrative accompanying the CDC remains intractable. The CDC has been characterised by elites as helpful ‘practical love’ for those in need of govern…

  • Financialization and Welfare Surveillance

    Open Access•Shelley Bielefeld, Jenna Imad Harb et al.•ARTICLE•Surveillance & Society•2021•Citada por: 2•Referencias: 10

    In light of concerns that the technologies employed by the digital welfare state exacerbate inequality and oppression, this article considers contemporary shifts in the administration of social assistance. Specifically, it examines the surveillance of recipients of government income support focusing on marginalized peoples in two jurisdictions: social security recipients subject to the Cashless Debit Card (CDC) in Australia, many of whom are Indi…

  • Examining the Consequences of Welfare Conditionality

    Open Access•Steven Roche, Philip Mendes et al.•ARTICLE•Social Policy and Society•2021•Citada por: 2•Referencias: 3

    Welfare conditionality, whereby eligibility for income support payments is linked to prescribed forms of behaviour or values, is intended to encourage responsible behaviour in marginalised populations. However in practice, it may have consequences that worsen rather than improve their life chances. One of the most invasive forms of conditional welfare is income management (IM), involving the quarantining of up to 90 per cent of income that cannot…

  • Administrative burden and the Cashless Debit Card

    Open Access•Shelley Bielefeld•ARTICLE•Australian Journal of Public…•2021•Citada por: 7•Referencias: 3

    Although Western nations have long placed conditions on access to social security payments, many of the more recent conditions utilising technological tools have intensified surveillance and control of the poor and imposed weighty administrative burdens on social security recipients as they attempt to navigate these systems. The Cashless Debit Card (CDC) imposes additional administrative burdens – learning costs, compliance costs, and psychologic…

  • How effective is conditional welfare support for enhancing child wellbeing? An examination of compulsory income management (welfare payment quarantining) in Australia

    Open Access•Steven Roche, Philip Mendes et al.•ARTICLE•Children and Youth Services Review•2021•Citada por: 1•Referencias: 14

  • Is conditional welfare an effective means for reducing alcohol and drug abuse? An exploration of compulsory income management across four Australian trial sites

    Philip Mendes, Steven Roche et al.•ARTICLE•Australian Journal of Political…•2021•Citada por: 3•Referencias: 11

    Conditional welfare has become a prominent policy tool in recent years. One of the harshest forms of conditional welfare in Australia is arguably compulsory income management (CIM) which involves the quarantining of between 50 and 90 per cent of a participant’s benefit payment for spending on food, rent and other essential items. A leading aim of all Australian income management (IM) programs since 2007 has been the reduction of alcohol and other…

  • Governing Poverty

    Open Access•Zoe Staines, Greg Marston et al.•ARTICLE•Critical Criminology•2021•Citada por: 3•Referencias: 42

  • Compulsory income management

    Open Access•Michelle Peterie, Shelley Bielefeld et al.•ARTICLE•Australian Journal of Social Issues•2020•Citada por: 6•Referencias: 25

    Compulsory Income Management ( CIM ) is a form of conditional welfare that involves the mandatory quarantining of a portion of welfare recipients’ social security payments. Quarantined funds are accessible via a government‐issued debit card, with restrictions surrounding where and on what funds can be spent. Official justifications of CIM have framed these policies as attempts to combat substance abuse and gambling problems, and to thus secure be…

  • The Cashless Debit Card and rights of persons with disabilities

    Open Access•Shelley Bielefeld, Fleur Beaupert•ARTICLE•Alternative Law Journal•2019

    The Cashless Debit Card ( CDC) was triggered by a recommendation in the 2014 Forrest Review, ostensibly to address substance abuse and gambling issues. The CDC applies to a broad range of social security payments, defined as ‘trigger’ payments, including a Disability Support Pension ( DSP). This article contends that people with disabilities are likely to encounter a range of specific issues with the CDC, and that the scheme squares poorly with A…

  • Cashless Welfare Transfers for ‘Vulnerable’ Welfare Recipients

    Open Access•Shelley Bielefeld•ARTICLE•Feminist Legal Studies•2018•Citada por: 10•Referencias: 5

  • Government mythology on income management, alcohol, addiction and Indigenous communities

    Open Access•Shelley Bielefeld•ARTICLE•Critical Social Policy•2018•Citada por: 12•Referencias: 11

    Many governments have intensified conditions on social security payments, implementing new paternalist and neoliberal policy ideals that individualise responsibility for overcoming poverty. This article explores how such policy ideals can operate with a racialised impact in the context of income management, a type of welfare conditionality in Australia that delivers cashless welfare transfers. Income management originally applied only to Indigeno…

  • Tensions and contradictions in Australian social policy reform

    Open Access•Greg Marston, Sally Cowling et al.•ARTICLE•Australian Journal of Social Issues•2016•Citada por: 7•Referencias: 24

    This paper explores contemporary contradictions and tensions in Australian social policy principles and governmental practices that are being used to drive behavioural change, such as compulsory income management. By means of compulsory income management the Australian Government determines how certain categories of income support recipients can spend their payments through the practice of quarantining a proportion of that payment. In this proces…

  • Income management and Indigenous peoples

    Shelley Bielefeld•ARTICLE•Griffith Law Review•2014

    Australian policy has been motivated by paternalism towards Indigenous peoples for the better part of Australia's colonial history. Contemporary forms of income management that disproportionately affect Indigenous peoples extend a paternalistic approach. The paternalism embedded within the income management discourse draws heavily upon the framework of ‘new paternalism’, which increases government supervision of those who receive welfare payments…

  • History Wars and Stronger Futures Laws

    Open Access•Shelley Bielefeld•ARTICLE•Alternative Law Journal•2014•Citada por: 2•Referencias: 1

    This article highlights the relationship between the history wars and the Stronger Futures laws. The dominant discourse in the history wars has promoted a narrative of benevolent colonists acting primarily for the benefit of Aboriginal peoples. This is interconnected with early colonial ideas about the superiority of Eurocentric culture and how the norms of that culture were benefits to be bestowed upon a supposedly inferior Aboriginal one. In 20…

  • Government mythology on income management, alcohol, addiction and Indigenous communities

    Open Access•Shelley Bielefeld•ARTICLE•Critical Social Policy•2018•Citada por: 12•Referencias: 11

    Many governments have intensified conditions on social security payments, implementing new paternalist and neoliberal policy ideals that individualise responsibility for overcoming poverty. This article explores how such policy ideals can operate with a racialised impact in the context of income management, a type of welfare conditionality in Australia that delivers cashless welfare transfers. Income management originally applied only to Indigeno…

  • Cashless Welfare Transfers for ‘Vulnerable’ Welfare Recipients

    Open Access•Shelley Bielefeld•ARTICLE•Feminist Legal Studies•2018•Citada por: 10•Referencias: 5

  • Administrative burden and the Cashless Debit Card

    Open Access•Shelley Bielefeld•ARTICLE•Australian Journal of Public…•2021•Citada por: 7•Referencias: 3

    Although Western nations have long placed conditions on access to social security payments, many of the more recent conditions utilising technological tools have intensified surveillance and control of the poor and imposed weighty administrative burdens on social security recipients as they attempt to navigate these systems. The Cashless Debit Card (CDC) imposes additional administrative burdens – learning costs, compliance costs, and psychologic…

  • Tensions and contradictions in Australian social policy reform

    Open Access•Greg Marston, Sally Cowling et al.•ARTICLE•Australian Journal of Social Issues•2016•Citada por: 7•Referencias: 24

    This paper explores contemporary contradictions and tensions in Australian social policy principles and governmental practices that are being used to drive behavioural change, such as compulsory income management. By means of compulsory income management the Australian Government determines how certain categories of income support recipients can spend their payments through the practice of quarantining a proportion of that payment. In this proces…

  • Compulsory income management

    Open Access•Michelle Peterie, Shelley Bielefeld et al.•ARTICLE•Australian Journal of Social Issues•2020•Citada por: 6•Referencias: 25

    Compulsory Income Management ( CIM ) is a form of conditional welfare that involves the mandatory quarantining of a portion of welfare recipients’ social security payments. Quarantined funds are accessible via a government‐issued debit card, with restrictions surrounding where and on what funds can be spent. Official justifications of CIM have framed these policies as attempts to combat substance abuse and gambling problems, and to thus secure be…

  • The trope of the vulnerable child in conditional welfare discourses

    Open Access•Michelle Peterie, Greg Marston et al.•ARTICLE•Journal of Sociology•2022•Citada por: 3•Referencias: 46

    Conditional welfare policies are frequently underpinned by pejorative representations of those they target. Vulnerable children, under physical or moral threat from their welfare-dependent parents, are a mainstay of these constructions, yet the nuances of this trope have received little focused attention. Through a discourse analysis of parliamentary debates at the introduction of compulsory income management (CIM) to Australia, this article expl…

  • Is conditional welfare an effective means for reducing alcohol and drug abuse? An exploration of compulsory income management across four Australian trial sites

    Philip Mendes, Steven Roche et al.•ARTICLE•Australian Journal of Political…•2021•Citada por: 3•Referencias: 11

    Conditional welfare has become a prominent policy tool in recent years. One of the harshest forms of conditional welfare in Australia is arguably compulsory income management (CIM) which involves the quarantining of between 50 and 90 per cent of a participant’s benefit payment for spending on food, rent and other essential items. A leading aim of all Australian income management (IM) programs since 2007 has been the reduction of alcohol and other…

  • Governing Poverty

    Open Access•Zoe Staines, Greg Marston et al.•ARTICLE•Critical Criminology•2021•Citada por: 3•Referencias: 42

  • The complexity of convergence

    L Humpage, Zoe Staines et al.•ARTICLE•Policy Studies•2022•Citada por: 2•Referencias: 35

    New Zealand and Australia have both adopted compulsory income management and an actuarially-based “social investment” approach since 2012, suggesting the two countries engaged in “policy transfer” and that their policy settings have converged over the past decade. Focusing on four of the six types of policy convergence identified by Hay [Hay, C. 2004. “Common Trajectories, Variable Paces, Divergent Outcomes? Models of European Capitalism Under Co…

  • Financialization and Welfare Surveillance

    Open Access•Shelley Bielefeld, Jenna Imad Harb et al.•ARTICLE•Surveillance & Society•2021•Citada por: 2•Referencias: 10

    In light of concerns that the technologies employed by the digital welfare state exacerbate inequality and oppression, this article considers contemporary shifts in the administration of social assistance. Specifically, it examines the surveillance of recipients of government income support focusing on marginalized peoples in two jurisdictions: social security recipients subject to the Cashless Debit Card (CDC) in Australia, many of whom are Indi…

  • Examining the Consequences of Welfare Conditionality

    Open Access•Steven Roche, Philip Mendes et al.•ARTICLE•Social Policy and Society•2021•Citada por: 2•Referencias: 3

    Welfare conditionality, whereby eligibility for income support payments is linked to prescribed forms of behaviour or values, is intended to encourage responsible behaviour in marginalised populations. However in practice, it may have consequences that worsen rather than improve their life chances. One of the most invasive forms of conditional welfare is income management (IM), involving the quarantining of up to 90 per cent of income that cannot…

  • History Wars and Stronger Futures Laws

    Open Access•Shelley Bielefeld•ARTICLE•Alternative Law Journal•2014•Citada por: 2•Referencias: 1

    This article highlights the relationship between the history wars and the Stronger Futures laws. The dominant discourse in the history wars has promoted a narrative of benevolent colonists acting primarily for the benefit of Aboriginal peoples. This is interconnected with early colonial ideas about the superiority of Eurocentric culture and how the norms of that culture were benefits to be bestowed upon a supposedly inferior Aboriginal one. In 20…

  • An intersectional feminist analysis of compulsory income management in Australia

    Open Access•Zoe Staines, Greg Marston et al.•ARTICLE•Journal of Social Policy•2025•Citada por: 1

    Globally, women experience poverty at disproportionate rates to men, with the situation being worse for Indigenous women and women of colour. Social security systems are one avenue for income redistribution that can alleviate poverty. However, such systems are themselves embedded within and produced by unequal social relations, meaning they can also serve to perpetuate and exacerbate social inequalities. This is exemplified under neoliberal welfa…

  • How effective is conditional welfare support for enhancing child wellbeing? An examination of compulsory income management (welfare payment quarantining) in Australia

    Open Access•Steven Roche, Philip Mendes et al.•ARTICLE•Children and Youth Services Review•2021•Citada por: 1•Referencias: 14

  • Income management and Indigenous peoples

    Shelley Bielefeld•ARTICLE•Griffith Law Review•2014

    Australian policy has been motivated by paternalism towards Indigenous peoples for the better part of Australia's colonial history. Contemporary forms of income management that disproportionately affect Indigenous peoples extend a paternalistic approach. The paternalism embedded within the income management discourse draws heavily upon the framework of ‘new paternalism’, which increases government supervision of those who receive welfare payments…

  • History Wars and Stronger Futures Laws

    Open Access•Shelley Bielefeld•ARTICLE•Alternative Law Journal•2014•Citada por: 2•Referencias: 1

    This article highlights the relationship between the history wars and the Stronger Futures laws. The dominant discourse in the history wars has promoted a narrative of benevolent colonists acting primarily for the benefit of Aboriginal peoples. This is interconnected with early colonial ideas about the superiority of Eurocentric culture and how the norms of that culture were benefits to be bestowed upon a supposedly inferior Aboriginal one. In 20…

  • Tensions and contradictions in Australian social policy reform

    Open Access•Greg Marston, Sally Cowling et al.•ARTICLE•Australian Journal of Social Issues•2016•Citada por: 7•Referencias: 24

    This paper explores contemporary contradictions and tensions in Australian social policy principles and governmental practices that are being used to drive behavioural change, such as compulsory income management. By means of compulsory income management the Australian Government determines how certain categories of income support recipients can spend their payments through the practice of quarantining a proportion of that payment. In this proces…

  • Cashless Welfare Transfers for ‘Vulnerable’ Welfare Recipients

    Open Access•Shelley Bielefeld•ARTICLE•Feminist Legal Studies•2018•Citada por: 10•Referencias: 5

  • Government mythology on income management, alcohol, addiction and Indigenous communities

    Open Access•Shelley Bielefeld•ARTICLE•Critical Social Policy•2018•Citada por: 12•Referencias: 11

    Many governments have intensified conditions on social security payments, implementing new paternalist and neoliberal policy ideals that individualise responsibility for overcoming poverty. This article explores how such policy ideals can operate with a racialised impact in the context of income management, a type of welfare conditionality in Australia that delivers cashless welfare transfers. Income management originally applied only to Indigeno…

  • The Cashless Debit Card and rights of persons with disabilities

    Open Access•Shelley Bielefeld, Fleur Beaupert•ARTICLE•Alternative Law Journal•2019

    The Cashless Debit Card ( CDC) was triggered by a recommendation in the 2014 Forrest Review, ostensibly to address substance abuse and gambling issues. The CDC applies to a broad range of social security payments, defined as ‘trigger’ payments, including a Disability Support Pension ( DSP). This article contends that people with disabilities are likely to encounter a range of specific issues with the CDC, and that the scheme squares poorly with A…

  • Compulsory income management

    Open Access•Michelle Peterie, Shelley Bielefeld et al.•ARTICLE•Australian Journal of Social Issues•2020•Citada por: 6•Referencias: 25

    Compulsory Income Management ( CIM ) is a form of conditional welfare that involves the mandatory quarantining of a portion of welfare recipients’ social security payments. Quarantined funds are accessible via a government‐issued debit card, with restrictions surrounding where and on what funds can be spent. Official justifications of CIM have framed these policies as attempts to combat substance abuse and gambling problems, and to thus secure be…

  • Cashless welfare transfers and Australia’s First Nations

    Shelley Bielefeld•ARTICLE•Griffith Law Review•2021

    The Australian Federal Government claims that the Cashless Debit Card (CDC) is a necessary ‘support’ that generates positive outcomes. Despite contrary evidence revealed through independent research and problems with the scheme also apparent in government-commissioned research, the dominant political narrative accompanying the CDC remains intractable. The CDC has been characterised by elites as helpful ‘practical love’ for those in need of govern…

  • Financialization and Welfare Surveillance

    Open Access•Shelley Bielefeld, Jenna Imad Harb et al.•ARTICLE•Surveillance & Society•2021•Citada por: 2•Referencias: 10

    In light of concerns that the technologies employed by the digital welfare state exacerbate inequality and oppression, this article considers contemporary shifts in the administration of social assistance. Specifically, it examines the surveillance of recipients of government income support focusing on marginalized peoples in two jurisdictions: social security recipients subject to the Cashless Debit Card (CDC) in Australia, many of whom are Indi…

  • Examining the Consequences of Welfare Conditionality

    Open Access•Steven Roche, Philip Mendes et al.•ARTICLE•Social Policy and Society•2021•Citada por: 2•Referencias: 3

    Welfare conditionality, whereby eligibility for income support payments is linked to prescribed forms of behaviour or values, is intended to encourage responsible behaviour in marginalised populations. However in practice, it may have consequences that worsen rather than improve their life chances. One of the most invasive forms of conditional welfare is income management (IM), involving the quarantining of up to 90 per cent of income that cannot…

  • Administrative burden and the Cashless Debit Card

    Open Access•Shelley Bielefeld•ARTICLE•Australian Journal of Public…•2021•Citada por: 7•Referencias: 3

    Although Western nations have long placed conditions on access to social security payments, many of the more recent conditions utilising technological tools have intensified surveillance and control of the poor and imposed weighty administrative burdens on social security recipients as they attempt to navigate these systems. The Cashless Debit Card (CDC) imposes additional administrative burdens – learning costs, compliance costs, and psychologic…

  • How effective is conditional welfare support for enhancing child wellbeing? An examination of compulsory income management (welfare payment quarantining) in Australia

    Open Access•Steven Roche, Philip Mendes et al.•ARTICLE•Children and Youth Services Review•2021•Citada por: 1•Referencias: 14

  • Is conditional welfare an effective means for reducing alcohol and drug abuse? An exploration of compulsory income management across four Australian trial sites

    Philip Mendes, Steven Roche et al.•ARTICLE•Australian Journal of Political…•2021•Citada por: 3•Referencias: 11

    Conditional welfare has become a prominent policy tool in recent years. One of the harshest forms of conditional welfare in Australia is arguably compulsory income management (CIM) which involves the quarantining of between 50 and 90 per cent of a participant’s benefit payment for spending on food, rent and other essential items. A leading aim of all Australian income management (IM) programs since 2007 has been the reduction of alcohol and other…

  • Governing Poverty

    Open Access•Zoe Staines, Greg Marston et al.•ARTICLE•Critical Criminology•2021•Citada por: 3•Referencias: 42

  • The complexity of convergence

    L Humpage, Zoe Staines et al.•ARTICLE•Policy Studies•2022•Citada por: 2•Referencias: 35

    New Zealand and Australia have both adopted compulsory income management and an actuarially-based “social investment” approach since 2012, suggesting the two countries engaged in “policy transfer” and that their policy settings have converged over the past decade. Focusing on four of the six types of policy convergence identified by Hay [Hay, C. 2004. “Common Trajectories, Variable Paces, Divergent Outcomes? Models of European Capitalism Under Co…

  • The trope of the vulnerable child in conditional welfare discourses

    Open Access•Michelle Peterie, Greg Marston et al.•ARTICLE•Journal of Sociology•2022•Citada por: 3•Referencias: 46

    Conditional welfare policies are frequently underpinned by pejorative representations of those they target. Vulnerable children, under physical or moral threat from their welfare-dependent parents, are a mainstay of these constructions, yet the nuances of this trope have received little focused attention. Through a discourse analysis of parliamentary debates at the introduction of compulsory income management (CIM) to Australia, this article expl…

  • Responsibilising young benefit recipients

    Open Access•L Humpage, Shelley Bielefeld et al.•ARTICLE•Critical Social Policy•2023•Referencias: 19

    New Zealand recipients of the Youth Payment and Young Parent Payment, who are disproportionally Indigenous Māori and sole mothers, must participate in ‘Money Management’. This form of income management restricts spending, monitors financial transactions and requires compulsory budgeting education. Drawing on interviews with Money Management participants, Youth Service mentors and policymakers, this article argues that Money Management aims to res…

  • Digitalisation and the welfare state – how First Nations people experienced digitalised social security under the Cashless Debit Card

    Open Access•Shelley Bielefeld•ARTICLE•Journal of Sociology•2024•Referencias: 7

    Digitalisation of the welfare state has intensified in recent years, with burdens unevenly distributed between technology advocates and those receiving government income support. Putting in place processes where people needing social security must meet mandatory requirements of digital literacy and divert a significant amount of their small incomes to pay for expensive technologies such as computers, smartphones, and data plans comes at a cost. T…

  • An intersectional feminist analysis of compulsory income management in Australia

    Open Access•Zoe Staines, Greg Marston et al.•ARTICLE•Journal of Social Policy•2025•Citada por: 1

    Globally, women experience poverty at disproportionate rates to men, with the situation being worse for Indigenous women and women of colour. Social security systems are one avenue for income redistribution that can alleviate poverty. However, such systems are themselves embedded within and produced by unequal social relations, meaning they can also serve to perpetuate and exacerbate social inequalities. This is exemplified under neoliberal welfa…

Political science (17 obras) · Economics (15 obras) · Law (14 obras) · Housing, Finance, and Neoliberalism (13 obras) · Law (12 obras) · Welfare (12 obras) · Sociology (10 obras) · Business (8 obras) · Economic growth (8 obras) · Payment (8 obras)

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