Banri Endo
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 4146097 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Banri Endo |
| NOMBRES | Banri |
| APELLIDO | Endo |
| FIRMA | ENDO B |
| AFILIACIONES | The University of Tokyo |
| VERIFICADO | No |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 21 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 19 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 21 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1962 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1995 |
| ÍNDICE H | 4 |
The Relationship between Posture and External Force in Walking
The clarification of parameters to determine the walking pattern is important for the understanding of the walking mechanism. Infants walk with different postures from adults, and the dynamic characteristics in infants differ from those in adults. It is possible for the “walking posture” to provide a set of the parameters which determine the walking pattern. This study examines the influence of walking postures on the external forces for adult su…
Development of the automatic system for measuring the length and frequency of the step and stride
The accurate length and frequency of the step and stride are indispensable data for a study of human walking. Previous methods for obtaining these measurements have some problems in handling and accuracy. The method which we have developed here makes these measurements easier by using special custommade apparatuses. They measure the position in which the sole makes contact with the floor with a resolution of 5mm and the sampling frequency is 1000…
Principle of the angular movement type tomography for cranial morphology and an apparatus manufactured on the basis of this principle
Formerly, FENART (1969) developed a small and portable - X-ray tomograph, called the vestibulograph, which was designed for craniological study based on the vestibular plane. This apparatus seemed to be suitable for use in ordinary anthropological laboratories. However, he did not explain the principle of making a tomogram with this apparatus. The authors also needed such a small tomographic apparatus and so searched for the principle used in pro…
Examination of nonmetrical characters of the form of innominate bones from Pleistocene in Japan. Part II. Nonparametric statistical analysis
In order to examine the characteristics and the evolutionary stage of innominates from Pleistocene in Japan, the nonmetrical characters of Japanese Pleistocene innominates and of various other innominates ranging from the Australopithecus to the Recent Sapiens stage were observed and classified into successive categories for each item in Part I. The characteristics of Japanese Pleistocene innominates were already clarified in Part I. In this part…
Examination of Nonmetrical Characters of the Form of Innominate Bones from Pleistocene in Japan
The nonmetrical characters of the principal items defined in this study are observed and described on five innominates discovered from the Pleistocene deposits in Japan. They are compared with various fossil innominate casts and recent Japanese innominates. The character of each item is expressed by thesuccessive categories also defined in this study to enable objective comparisons and nonparametric statistics, which will be shown in Part II. The…
Investigation of the Mechanical Role of the Principal External-Force-Transmitting Parts of
The forces in walking, which are transmitted by the heel, the balls of the first and fifth metatarsal heads and the big toe, were measured by means of small transducers which can measure the vertical and sagittal forces, and the mechanical roles of these skeletal parts in external force transmission were analysed. The force measurements were carried out at various speeds of walking, indicated by the unaware stride frequencies. At the beginning of…
Argument against Yoshioka'S Criticism 2
Lately, YOSHIOKA wrote a criticism upon our report and commentary on his and NAORA's arguments (ENDO and BABA, 1982; 1984).This letter is my counterargument concerned with the statistical multivariate analyses and the interdisciplinary investigation of the fossil human bone. Other problems are discussed by BABA.I concluded that his opinions on both the problems are erroneous because of a lack of his knowledge on statistics and the recent way how …
Commentary on the Critical Views Concerned with the Akashi Man
In 1982, we published a paper dealing with the morphology of the human innominate bones from the Pleistocene in Japan (ENDO and BABA, 1982). As a part of the results of our investigation, it was concluded that the Akashi innominate is morphologically very modern unlike other specimens and that it must be of a Holocene Sapiens. Recently, NAORA (1983) and YOSHIOKA (1983) criticized these conclusions from various viewpoints.However, as far as the mo…
Various Methods for Measuring the Geometrical Properties of the Long Bone Cross Section with Respect to Mechanics
Owing to the recent development of various kinds of equipment for the measurement of irregular figures, papers dealing with the long bone cross section related to mechanics are increasing in the field of anthropology. However, there have been few explanations of the actual methods, equipments and equations for measuring these properties. This paper explains briefly the geometrical properties of the cross section in relation to mechanics as well a…
Morphological Investigation of Innominate Bones from Pleistocene in Japan with Special Reference to the Akashi Man
All the human male innominate bones seemingly from the Pleistocene age were morphologically investigated based on the recent advances in knowledge. New measurement methods were applied to these innominates as well as the available fossil innomimate casts and Recent Japanese innominates for comparison. For this measurement and observation new casts were made from all the fossils and restored so as to presume the whole form of the ilium. Some of th…
A Simple Method to Recognize Two-Dimensional Figures and its Application to Paleolithic Stone Implements
The characteristics of the relatively irregular two-dimensional form, as often seen in research in prehistory or anthropology, are rather difficult to be quantified by the usual measurements of length and angle. The pattern recognition method is most desirable for those characteristics. However, it is usually difficult for the researchers in prehistory or anthropology to use huge apparatus for the pattern recognition. Hence the present author mad…
Stress analysis on the facial skeleton of gorilla by means of the wire strain gauge method
Equipment to Detect the Perpendicular Line of Body Gravity Center in Relation to Body Segment
A new equipment to detect the perpendicular line of gravity center in the human body was designed by assembling mechanical, electrical and optical devices. The equipment shows immediately in situ the perpendicular line of the body gravity center on the surface of the body when the subject assumes an arbitrary posture. The equipment made experimentally by the present authors had a mean square error of 4mm in practical use. Observation was made pre…
Some Characteristics of the Deltoid Tuberosity of the Humerus in the West Asian and the European "Classic" Neanderthals
The humerus of the Sinanthropus is already known as having the narrow deltoid tuberosity with two crests. The present study shows that these characters can also be seen among the European "classic" Neanderthals and that the deltoid tuberosity of the West Asian Neanderthals, such as Amud I, Shanidar I and Skhul IV, also represents two crests but is wider than that of the "classic" Neanderthals and slightly narrower than that of the resent West Asi…
Analysis of Stresses around the Orbit Due to Masseter and Temporalis Muscles Respectively
A series of experiment was made for the purpose of clarifying the respective influence in the distribution of stress and internal force, which are produced by the masseter and temporalis muscles in the upper facial skeleton at the action of biting. The experiments were to measure the strains in the macerated skull under static loading. The analyses of stress and internal force were made from the strains measured in the fronto-nasal, fronto-zygoma…
Principal Pattern of the Dynamic Change in the Force of Human Foot during Walking
The dynamic force exerted by the foot to the level floor in walking was analysed in the present study. A special dynamometer was devised for the purpose. Ten subjects were examined during several kinds of walking. Changes in the sagittal, transverse and vertical components of the foot force and the shift of its point of application during the stance phase are recorded along with the postural change of the subject taken with the 16mm cine-camera.F…
Hamakita Man and the Site of Nekata Limestone Quarry at Hamakita
As compared with the remarkable progress of the study of the pre-ceramic culture, the knowledge of Pleistocene man in Japan has been deficient. This may be explained by the fact that most of the pre-ceramic sites so far discovered are open-sites in the loam, which are not suitable for preservation of skeletal remains, and that most of skeletal remains of Pleistocene man, as were found at the sites of Ushikawa, Mikkabi and Kuzuu, are mere fragment…
Longitudinal Observation on the Stature and Body Weight of Japanese American Hybrids from 6 to 15 years of Age
The average growth changes of the stature and body weight of JapaneseAmerican hybrids who live inwelfare homes for children in Japan were analysed. The complete longitudinal data of 36 boys and 21 girls were used.1) It did not affect the growth of the stature and body weight of the hybrids whether their fathers were whites or negroes.2) As compared with their parental groups, the hybrids were as tall as the Japanese at the age of 6 years, but the…
Distribution of Stress and Strain Produced in the Human Facial Skeleton by the Masticatory Force
In an attempt to make analysis of stress and strain on the human facial skeleton due to chewing force, a series of experiments were carried out on dry skulls reproducing the mastication, Brief results are shown in Fig. 4 (ditribution of principal strains); Fig. 5 (distribution of strains along the free margins); Fig. 8 (distribution of strain normal to the supposed cross sections); and Fig. 10 (distribution of the maximum absolute values of the s…
An Anthropometrical Approach to the Turner's Syndrome
[in Japanese]
Mikkabi Man and the Fossil-bearing Deposits from Tadaki Limestone Quarry at Mikkabi, Central Japan
[in Japanese]
Some Characteristics of the Deltoid Tuberosity of the Humerus in the West Asian and the European "Classic" Neanderthals
The humerus of the Sinanthropus is already known as having the narrow deltoid tuberosity with two crests. The present study shows that these characters can also be seen among the European "classic" Neanderthals and that the deltoid tuberosity of the West Asian Neanderthals, such as Amud I, Shanidar I and Skhul IV, also represents two crests but is wider than that of the "classic" Neanderthals and slightly narrower than that of the resent West Asi…
Morphological Investigation of Innominate Bones from Pleistocene in Japan with Special Reference to the Akashi Man
All the human male innominate bones seemingly from the Pleistocene age were morphologically investigated based on the recent advances in knowledge. New measurement methods were applied to these innominates as well as the available fossil innomimate casts and Recent Japanese innominates for comparison. For this measurement and observation new casts were made from all the fossils and restored so as to presume the whole form of the ilium. Some of th…
The Relationship between Posture and External Force in Walking
The clarification of parameters to determine the walking pattern is important for the understanding of the walking mechanism. Infants walk with different postures from adults, and the dynamic characteristics in infants differ from those in adults. It is possible for the “walking posture” to provide a set of the parameters which determine the walking pattern. This study examines the influence of walking postures on the external forces for adult su…
Hamakita Man and the Site of Nekata Limestone Quarry at Hamakita
As compared with the remarkable progress of the study of the pre-ceramic culture, the knowledge of Pleistocene man in Japan has been deficient. This may be explained by the fact that most of the pre-ceramic sites so far discovered are open-sites in the loam, which are not suitable for preservation of skeletal remains, and that most of skeletal remains of Pleistocene man, as were found at the sites of Ushikawa, Mikkabi and Kuzuu, are mere fragment…
Mikkabi Man and the Fossil-bearing Deposits from Tadaki Limestone Quarry at Mikkabi, Central Japan
[in Japanese]
An Anthropometrical Approach to the Turner's Syndrome
[in Japanese]
Longitudinal Observation on the Stature and Body Weight of Japanese American Hybrids from 6 to 15 years of Age
The average growth changes of the stature and body weight of JapaneseAmerican hybrids who live inwelfare homes for children in Japan were analysed. The complete longitudinal data of 36 boys and 21 girls were used.1) It did not affect the growth of the stature and body weight of the hybrids whether their fathers were whites or negroes.2) As compared with their parental groups, the hybrids were as tall as the Japanese at the age of 6 years, but the…
Distribution of Stress and Strain Produced in the Human Facial Skeleton by the Masticatory Force
In an attempt to make analysis of stress and strain on the human facial skeleton due to chewing force, a series of experiments were carried out on dry skulls reproducing the mastication, Brief results are shown in Fig. 4 (ditribution of principal strains); Fig. 5 (distribution of strains along the free margins); Fig. 8 (distribution of strain normal to the supposed cross sections); and Fig. 10 (distribution of the maximum absolute values of the s…
Hamakita Man and the Site of Nekata Limestone Quarry at Hamakita
As compared with the remarkable progress of the study of the pre-ceramic culture, the knowledge of Pleistocene man in Japan has been deficient. This may be explained by the fact that most of the pre-ceramic sites so far discovered are open-sites in the loam, which are not suitable for preservation of skeletal remains, and that most of skeletal remains of Pleistocene man, as were found at the sites of Ushikawa, Mikkabi and Kuzuu, are mere fragment…
Principal Pattern of the Dynamic Change in the Force of Human Foot during Walking
The dynamic force exerted by the foot to the level floor in walking was analysed in the present study. A special dynamometer was devised for the purpose. Ten subjects were examined during several kinds of walking. Changes in the sagittal, transverse and vertical components of the foot force and the shift of its point of application during the stance phase are recorded along with the postural change of the subject taken with the 16mm cine-camera.F…
Analysis of Stresses around the Orbit Due to Masseter and Temporalis Muscles Respectively
A series of experiment was made for the purpose of clarifying the respective influence in the distribution of stress and internal force, which are produced by the masseter and temporalis muscles in the upper facial skeleton at the action of biting. The experiments were to measure the strains in the macerated skull under static loading. The analyses of stress and internal force were made from the strains measured in the fronto-nasal, fronto-zygoma…
Some Characteristics of the Deltoid Tuberosity of the Humerus in the West Asian and the European "Classic" Neanderthals
The humerus of the Sinanthropus is already known as having the narrow deltoid tuberosity with two crests. The present study shows that these characters can also be seen among the European "classic" Neanderthals and that the deltoid tuberosity of the West Asian Neanderthals, such as Amud I, Shanidar I and Skhul IV, also represents two crests but is wider than that of the "classic" Neanderthals and slightly narrower than that of the resent West Asi…
Equipment to Detect the Perpendicular Line of Body Gravity Center in Relation to Body Segment
A new equipment to detect the perpendicular line of gravity center in the human body was designed by assembling mechanical, electrical and optical devices. The equipment shows immediately in situ the perpendicular line of the body gravity center on the surface of the body when the subject assumes an arbitrary posture. The equipment made experimentally by the present authors had a mean square error of 4mm in practical use. Observation was made pre…
Stress analysis on the facial skeleton of gorilla by means of the wire strain gauge method
A Simple Method to Recognize Two-Dimensional Figures and its Application to Paleolithic Stone Implements
The characteristics of the relatively irregular two-dimensional form, as often seen in research in prehistory or anthropology, are rather difficult to be quantified by the usual measurements of length and angle. The pattern recognition method is most desirable for those characteristics. However, it is usually difficult for the researchers in prehistory or anthropology to use huge apparatus for the pattern recognition. Hence the present author mad…
Various Methods for Measuring the Geometrical Properties of the Long Bone Cross Section with Respect to Mechanics
Owing to the recent development of various kinds of equipment for the measurement of irregular figures, papers dealing with the long bone cross section related to mechanics are increasing in the field of anthropology. However, there have been few explanations of the actual methods, equipments and equations for measuring these properties. This paper explains briefly the geometrical properties of the cross section in relation to mechanics as well a…
Morphological Investigation of Innominate Bones from Pleistocene in Japan with Special Reference to the Akashi Man
All the human male innominate bones seemingly from the Pleistocene age were morphologically investigated based on the recent advances in knowledge. New measurement methods were applied to these innominates as well as the available fossil innomimate casts and Recent Japanese innominates for comparison. For this measurement and observation new casts were made from all the fossils and restored so as to presume the whole form of the ilium. Some of th…
Argument against Yoshioka'S Criticism 2
Lately, YOSHIOKA wrote a criticism upon our report and commentary on his and NAORA's arguments (ENDO and BABA, 1982; 1984).This letter is my counterargument concerned with the statistical multivariate analyses and the interdisciplinary investigation of the fossil human bone. Other problems are discussed by BABA.I concluded that his opinions on both the problems are erroneous because of a lack of his knowledge on statistics and the recent way how …
Commentary on the Critical Views Concerned with the Akashi Man
In 1982, we published a paper dealing with the morphology of the human innominate bones from the Pleistocene in Japan (ENDO and BABA, 1982). As a part of the results of our investigation, it was concluded that the Akashi innominate is morphologically very modern unlike other specimens and that it must be of a Holocene Sapiens. Recently, NAORA (1983) and YOSHIOKA (1983) criticized these conclusions from various viewpoints.However, as far as the mo…
Examination of Nonmetrical Characters of the Form of Innominate Bones from Pleistocene in Japan
The nonmetrical characters of the principal items defined in this study are observed and described on five innominates discovered from the Pleistocene deposits in Japan. They are compared with various fossil innominate casts and recent Japanese innominates. The character of each item is expressed by thesuccessive categories also defined in this study to enable objective comparisons and nonparametric statistics, which will be shown in Part II. The…
Investigation of the Mechanical Role of the Principal External-Force-Transmitting Parts of
The forces in walking, which are transmitted by the heel, the balls of the first and fifth metatarsal heads and the big toe, were measured by means of small transducers which can measure the vertical and sagittal forces, and the mechanical roles of these skeletal parts in external force transmission were analysed. The force measurements were carried out at various speeds of walking, indicated by the unaware stride frequencies. At the beginning of…
Principle of the angular movement type tomography for cranial morphology and an apparatus manufactured on the basis of this principle
Formerly, FENART (1969) developed a small and portable - X-ray tomograph, called the vestibulograph, which was designed for craniological study based on the vestibular plane. This apparatus seemed to be suitable for use in ordinary anthropological laboratories. However, he did not explain the principle of making a tomogram with this apparatus. The authors also needed such a small tomographic apparatus and so searched for the principle used in pro…
Examination of nonmetrical characters of the form of innominate bones from Pleistocene in Japan. Part II. Nonparametric statistical analysis
In order to examine the characteristics and the evolutionary stage of innominates from Pleistocene in Japan, the nonmetrical characters of Japanese Pleistocene innominates and of various other innominates ranging from the Australopithecus to the Recent Sapiens stage were observed and classified into successive categories for each item in Part I. The characteristics of Japanese Pleistocene innominates were already clarified in Part I. In this part…
Development of the automatic system for measuring the length and frequency of the step and stride
The accurate length and frequency of the step and stride are indispensable data for a study of human walking. Previous methods for obtaining these measurements have some problems in handling and accuracy. The method which we have developed here makes these measurements easier by using special custommade apparatuses. They measure the position in which the sole makes contact with the floor with a resolution of 5mm and the sampling frequency is 1000…
The Relationship between Posture and External Force in Walking
The clarification of parameters to determine the walking pattern is important for the understanding of the walking mechanism. Infants walk with different postures from adults, and the dynamic characteristics in infants differ from those in adults. It is possible for the “walking posture” to provide a set of the parameters which determine the walking pattern. This study examines the influence of walking postures on the external forces for adult su…
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