Olof Bäckman
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 4174497 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Olof Bäckman |
| NOMBRES | Olof |
| APELLIDO | Bäckman |
| FIRMA | BÄCKMAN O |
| AFILIACIONES | Stockholm University |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-4036-387X |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 32 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 242 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 32 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1998 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 10 |
Two of a kind? A comparative multicohort study of juvenile violence in Finland and Sweden
Youth violence has decreased in many Western countries, including Finland and Sweden, during the 2000s. A worrying deviation from this decline concerns lethal youth violence in the two countries, in particular Sweden, which has experienced a clear increase. In this study, we analyze the extent to which this divergence mirrors a concentration of violence whereby fewer and fewer young people are subject to the criminal justice system, but where tho…
The Effects of Replacing Incarceration with Electronic Monitoring on Crime, Mortality, and Labor Market Exclusion
A Fresh Start or a False Dawn? Assessing the Crime-Preventive Effect of Debt Settlements for People With a History of Conviction
People with convictions often face financial challenges, which hinder desistance from crime as they have few legal opportunities to address their financial burdens. In some countries, those severely insolvent can apply for ‘debt settlement’ through Enforcement Authorities. This study explores whether such settlements are crime-preventative for people with conviction histories. Analyzing Swedish administrative data and a sample of 1,621 previously…
Justice by privilege? Social inequality in waivers of prosecution among youth
Parental Over-Indebtedness and Youth Crime in Sweden
Very little is known about whether a child’s delinquency can be related to a parent’s economic problems in terms of financial indebtedness. This would seem to be an important research gap, not least at a time when the repercussions of the 2008 global financial crisis are still being felt by many people. This study concerned boys and girls born in 2002 who had a parent with a registration date for a debt in the Swedish Enforcement Authority regist…
Trajectories of Neet in individuals formerly placed in out‐of‐home care
It is widely acknowledged that individuals with out‐of‐home care (OHC) experiences, including foster‐family care and residential care, face an increased risk of poor labour market attachment during emerging adulthood. However, limited understanding exists regarding how this attachment, conceptualized here as ‘not in employment, education, or training’ (NEET), evolves beyond young adulthood and the degree to which this development is marked by per…
‘When it rains, it pours’
Precarious housing and criminal behaviour are both important elements in processes of marginalization and cumulative disadvantage. It is well known that housing eviction primarily affects the weakest groups in society. In this article we ask if housing eviction has an independent effect on subsequent criminality and if the effect varies across different types of crime (utilitarian, violent and drug crime). Using propensity score matching on admin…
Biased Enforcement Expansion? Sociodemographic Differences in Police Drug Testing for Suspected Narcotics Use 1993–2015
Since the 1990s, Sweden has witnessed a steady increase in the control measures focused on drug offences. These changes are results of political dynamics once pushed by centre-right parties but thereafter embraced by Social Democrats in government. The article examines the structure of police controls of drug offences and the extent to which these controls have focused on different sociodemographic groups during the period 1995–2015. The study sh…
Pathways to Adulthood
Locked Up and Locked Out? the Impact of Imprisonment on Labour Market Attachment
This article investigates what effects a first prison sentence has on labour market inclusion, both by comparing those sentenced to prison to the population as a whole, and by comparing groups of convicted offenders. We utilize longitudinal data on criminal sanctions and earnings available for two complete birth cohorts of Swedish men (N = 107,337). These data enable us to compare the labour market attachment of prison inmates both before and aft…
The egalitarian paradise?
This chapter analyses the egalitarian structure of the Nordic countries and investigate how income distributions have changed along with the re-organization of the welfare state since the early 1990s. It describes the overall developments in the Nordic income distributions, focusing on inequality and poverty trends. The chapter discusses more complete understanding of the egalitarian structure of the Nordic countries, it is therefore necessary to…
The gender gap in crime is decreasing, but who’s growing equal to whom
The declining gender gap in crime, observed in many Western countries, including Sweden, is often interpreted as showing an alarming shift in the offending of young women. Explanations to the observed pattern are often based on an assumption that women are increasingly coming to mimic the criminal behaviour of men, while we in this essay argue that to the extent behavioural change is at play, it is rather the other way around: men mimic women’s b…
Socialbidragstagandets dynamik – varaktighet och utträden från socialbidragstagande under 2000-talet
Från och med 2002 innehåller den nationella socialbidragsstatistiken uppgifter om utbetalt socialbidrag för varje enskild månad under året, vilket öppnar för nya och mer detaljerade analyser av socialbidragstagandets varaktighetsmönster. I artikeln utnyttjas denna nya statistik till att redogöra för socialbidragstagandets mönster under 2000-talets första år på ett tydligare sätt än vad som tidigare har kunnat göras. Analyserna av de nya data visa…
Long-term consequences of being not in employment, education or training as a young adult. Stability and change in three Swedish birth cohorts
In this article we analyse the development of young adults not in education, employment or training (NEET) in three complete Swedish birth cohorts born in 1975, 1980 and 1985. We analyse the risk for future labour-market exclusion among NEETs, and how this risk varies between three birth cohorts who made the transition from school to work during periods characterised by different opportunity structures for young adults. Analyses using propensity …
Organizing local social service measures to counteract long-term social assistance receipt. What works? Experiences from Sweden
Active labour market policies and programs (ALMPs) have over the last decades been established as main instruments to promote the transition from welfare to work. In this article we study strategies employed by Swedish municipalities to help recipients ending spells of social assistance take-up. By using a combination of quantitative and qualitative data we try to identify which approaches stand out as more successful than others with respect to …
The Darker Side of Equality? the Declining Gender Gap in Crime
In this article, we elucidate the way the gender gap in crime has changed in Sweden since the mid-19th century. The analysis is directed at theft offences and violent crime. The long historical perspective provides a background to our analysis that focuses on the period since the 1980s. Our principal data are comprised of the registered offending of different birth cohorts. Most of the findings from our study refute the hypothesis that the declin…
Comparing Employment Trajectories before and after First Imprisonment in Four Nordic Countries
Employment plays a crucial role in the re-entry process and in reducing recidivism among offenders released from prison. But at the same time, imprisonment is generally regarded as harmful to post-release employment prospects. Little is known, however, about whether or not offenders' employment trajectories before and after imprisonment are similar across countries. As a first step towards filling this gap in research, this paper provides evidenc…
Early school leaving in Scandinavia
The article explores the extent to which the organization of vocational tracks in upper secondary school affects the labour market risks associated with early school exit. The Nordic countries share many features, but the upper secondary school systems differ significantly in how their vocational tracks are organized. Denmark and Norway have dual vocational tracks, that is, they combine school-based education and workplace apprenticeships, wherea…
Sweden
From an all-time low around 1980, income inequality substantially increased, reflecting a strong rise in top incomes and income from capital, more recently also a widening gap between bottom and middle incomes. Behind this are the dual income tax system, established in the early 1990s, the introduction of earned income tax credits, and a diminished coverage of social insurance programmes, which widened the income gap between employed and non-empl…
Trends in the Intergenerational Transmission of Social Assistance in the Nordic Countries in the 2000s
This study considered trends in the intergenerational transmission of social assistance (SA) among young adults in Finland, Norway and Sweden during the 2000s. Comparable administrative register data-sets enabled us to compare year by year the social assistance recipiency of 20-year-old adults in the period 1999–2008, together with information on their parents' social assistance recipiency at the time when those young adults were aged 16 years. T…
Social background and life-course risks as determinants of social assistance receipt among young adults in Sweden, Norway and Finland
We analyse the determinants of social assistance receipt among young adults in three Nordic countries, focusing on social-background and life-course events during early adulthood. We ask whether they are related differently to short-term and long-term receipt. Short-term poverty could be more individualized than long-term poverty which can be expected to be more strongly related to social background. We applied generalized ordinal logit modelling…
Openness to Gender Atypical Occupations in Youth
The article analyses aspects of gender composition and social dominance in peer groups and school classes and their effects on the degree of openness to gender-atypical occupations in young adolescents. The data set used contains information for some 13,000 girls and boys living in Stockholm in the early 1960s. Results from multi-level regressions show that gender composition is significantly related to openness to gender-atypical occupations at …
The Life Course of Young Male and Female Offenders
Individuals’ life chances are shaped by the times and events that they experience. This emphasizes the need for studies that focus on staggered birth cohorts. The article presents a new longitudinal data set that includes three complete Swedish birth cohorts, born in 1965, 1975 and 1985. Comparisons between the different birth cohorts show how offending distributions among young offenders, as well as their socio-demographic backgrounds and life c…
Involvement in Crime, Individual Resources and Structural Constraints
In this article, we study how a central welfare outcome, labour market attachment, develops for different groups defined on the basis of their criminal involvement over the life course. Can we see the pattern of increasing inter-group disparities in labour market attachment that would be predicted by cumulative disadvantage theories? If so, is this a result of the criminal history of individuals or should criminal involvement be seen as one eleme…
Income inequality and poverty
Social background and life-course risks as determinants of social assistance receipt among young adults in Sweden, Norway and Finland
We analyse the determinants of social assistance receipt among young adults in three Nordic countries, focusing on social-background and life-course events during early adulthood. We ask whether they are related differently to short-term and long-term receipt. Short-term poverty could be more individualized than long-term poverty which can be expected to be more strongly related to social background. We applied generalized ordinal logit modelling…
Escaping welfare? Social assistance dynamics in Sweden
The article analyses temporal patterns in social assistance receipt in Sweden in the 2000s by looking at which circumstances facilitate versus reduce the possibilities of a person ceasing to be a recipient of social assistance. The analysis is guided by the following questions: What conditions lead people to terminate periods of social assistance receipt? Which factors are central to exits with different subsequent income patterns? How do these e…
Pathways to Social Exclusion--A Life-Course Study
The article analyses how living conditions during childhood and adolescence structure socio-economic circumstances in midlife. The data are drawn from a new longitudinal Swedish data set—the Stockholm Birth Cohort Study—in which we can follow 14,294 individuals from birth (1953) to the age of 48 (2001). The analysis proceeds in three steps. The first step establishes the link between precarious living conditions in childhood and midlife social ex…
Early school leaving in Scandinavia
The article explores the extent to which the organization of vocational tracks in upper secondary school affects the labour market risks associated with early school exit. The Nordic countries share many features, but the upper secondary school systems differ significantly in how their vocational tracks are organized. Denmark and Norway have dual vocational tracks, that is, they combine school-based education and workplace apprenticeships, wherea…
Welfare trends in Sweden
Welfare trends in Sweden: balancing the books for the 1990s : Journal of European Social Policy
Pathways to Adulthood
Long-term consequences of being not in employment, education or training as a young adult. Stability and change in three Swedish birth cohorts
In this article we analyse the development of young adults not in education, employment or training (NEET) in three complete Swedish birth cohorts born in 1975, 1980 and 1985. We analyse the risk for future labour-market exclusion among NEETs, and how this risk varies between three birth cohorts who made the transition from school to work during periods characterised by different opportunity structures for young adults. Analyses using propensity …
The Darker Side of Equality? the Declining Gender Gap in Crime
In this article, we elucidate the way the gender gap in crime has changed in Sweden since the mid-19th century. The analysis is directed at theft offences and violent crime. The long historical perspective provides a background to our analysis that focuses on the period since the 1980s. Our principal data are comprised of the registered offending of different birth cohorts. Most of the findings from our study refute the hypothesis that the declin…
Combating Child Poverty? A Multilevel Assessment of Family Policy Institutions and Child Poverty in 21 Old and New Welfare States
This study analyses the links between family policy institutions and poverty in households with pre-school children in 21 old and new welfare democracies. New institutional information which enables a separation of different family policy dimensions is combined with micro data from the Luxembourg Income Study. Through statistical multilevel modelling, individual- and country-level data are combined in a simultaneous analysis of their relationship…
Social Background and Sickness Absence
Utilizing the 'Metropolitan' database, which provides unique longitudinal data on a cohort of 15,000 individuals born in Stockholm in 1953, the paper tests various hypotheses on how conditions in childhood and social upbringing influence sickness absence in adulthood. The hypotheses were derived from different perspectives within the social sciences. The findings suggest that the effects of social background are transmitted via several mechanisms…
The Life Course of Young Male and Female Offenders
Individuals’ life chances are shaped by the times and events that they experience. This emphasizes the need for studies that focus on staggered birth cohorts. The article presents a new longitudinal data set that includes three complete Swedish birth cohorts, born in 1965, 1975 and 1985. Comparisons between the different birth cohorts show how offending distributions among young offenders, as well as their socio-demographic backgrounds and life c…
Involvement in Crime, Individual Resources and Structural Constraints
In this article, we study how a central welfare outcome, labour market attachment, develops for different groups defined on the basis of their criminal involvement over the life course. Can we see the pattern of increasing inter-group disparities in labour market attachment that would be predicted by cumulative disadvantage theories? If so, is this a result of the criminal history of individuals or should criminal involvement be seen as one eleme…
Institutions, Structures and Poverty--A Comparative Study of 16 Countries, 1980-2000
Most comparative welfare state research use data on panels of countries in order to increase the number of observations. Although such data contain variation in two dimensions, temporal and spatial, the former of these tends to be ignored. The purpose of this article is to try and explain both the temporal and the spatial variation of poverty rates in terms of social insurance indicators and structural/sociodemographic factors. The analyses sugge…
Employment and the labour market (Chapter 2)
Organizing local social service measures to counteract long-term social assistance receipt. What works? Experiences from Sweden
Active labour market policies and programs (ALMPs) have over the last decades been established as main instruments to promote the transition from welfare to work. In this article we study strategies employed by Swedish municipalities to help recipients ending spells of social assistance take-up. By using a combination of quantitative and qualitative data we try to identify which approaches stand out as more successful than others with respect to …
Openness to Gender Atypical Occupations in Youth
The article analyses aspects of gender composition and social dominance in peer groups and school classes and their effects on the degree of openness to gender-atypical occupations in young adolescents. The data set used contains information for some 13,000 girls and boys living in Stockholm in the early 1960s. Results from multi-level regressions show that gender composition is significantly related to openness to gender-atypical occupations at …
Biased Enforcement Expansion? Sociodemographic Differences in Police Drug Testing for Suspected Narcotics Use 1993–2015
Since the 1990s, Sweden has witnessed a steady increase in the control measures focused on drug offences. These changes are results of political dynamics once pushed by centre-right parties but thereafter embraced by Social Democrats in government. The article examines the structure of police controls of drug offences and the extent to which these controls have focused on different sociodemographic groups during the period 1995–2015. The study sh…
Trends in the Intergenerational Transmission of Social Assistance in the Nordic Countries in the 2000s
This study considered trends in the intergenerational transmission of social assistance (SA) among young adults in Finland, Norway and Sweden during the 2000s. Comparable administrative register data-sets enabled us to compare year by year the social assistance recipiency of 20-year-old adults in the period 1999–2008, together with information on their parents' social assistance recipiency at the time when those young adults were aged 16 years. T…
Trajectories of Neet in individuals formerly placed in out‐of‐home care
It is widely acknowledged that individuals with out‐of‐home care (OHC) experiences, including foster‐family care and residential care, face an increased risk of poor labour market attachment during emerging adulthood. However, limited understanding exists regarding how this attachment, conceptualized here as ‘not in employment, education, or training’ (NEET), evolves beyond young adulthood and the degree to which this development is marked by per…
The gender gap in crime is decreasing, but who’s growing equal to whom
The declining gender gap in crime, observed in many Western countries, including Sweden, is often interpreted as showing an alarming shift in the offending of young women. Explanations to the observed pattern are often based on an assumption that women are increasingly coming to mimic the criminal behaviour of men, while we in this essay argue that to the extent behavioural change is at play, it is rather the other way around: men mimic women’s b…
Comparing Employment Trajectories before and after First Imprisonment in Four Nordic Countries
Employment plays a crucial role in the re-entry process and in reducing recidivism among offenders released from prison. But at the same time, imprisonment is generally regarded as harmful to post-release employment prospects. Little is known, however, about whether or not offenders' employment trajectories before and after imprisonment are similar across countries. As a first step towards filling this gap in research, this paper provides evidenc…
Social Background and Sickness Absence
Utilizing the 'Metropolitan' database, which provides unique longitudinal data on a cohort of 15,000 individuals born in Stockholm in 1953, the paper tests various hypotheses on how conditions in childhood and social upbringing influence sickness absence in adulthood. The hypotheses were derived from different perspectives within the social sciences. The findings suggest that the effects of social background are transmitted via several mechanisms…
Welfare trends in Sweden
Welfare trends in Sweden: balancing the books for the 1990s : Journal of European Social Policy
Employment and the labour market (Chapter 2)
Institutions, Structures and Poverty--A Comparative Study of 16 Countries, 1980-2000
Most comparative welfare state research use data on panels of countries in order to increase the number of observations. Although such data contain variation in two dimensions, temporal and spatial, the former of these tends to be ignored. The purpose of this article is to try and explain both the temporal and the spatial variation of poverty rates in terms of social insurance indicators and structural/sociodemographic factors. The analyses sugge…
Combating Child Poverty? A Multilevel Assessment of Family Policy Institutions and Child Poverty in 21 Old and New Welfare States
This study analyses the links between family policy institutions and poverty in households with pre-school children in 21 old and new welfare democracies. New institutional information which enables a separation of different family policy dimensions is combined with micro data from the Luxembourg Income Study. Through statistical multilevel modelling, individual- and country-level data are combined in a simultaneous analysis of their relationship…
Income inequality and poverty
Escaping welfare? Social assistance dynamics in Sweden
The article analyses temporal patterns in social assistance receipt in Sweden in the 2000s by looking at which circumstances facilitate versus reduce the possibilities of a person ceasing to be a recipient of social assistance. The analysis is guided by the following questions: What conditions lead people to terminate periods of social assistance receipt? Which factors are central to exits with different subsequent income patterns? How do these e…
Pathways to Social Exclusion--A Life-Course Study
The article analyses how living conditions during childhood and adolescence structure socio-economic circumstances in midlife. The data are drawn from a new longitudinal Swedish data set—the Stockholm Birth Cohort Study—in which we can follow 14,294 individuals from birth (1953) to the age of 48 (2001). The analysis proceeds in three steps. The first step establishes the link between precarious living conditions in childhood and midlife social ex…
Involvement in Crime, Individual Resources and Structural Constraints
In this article, we study how a central welfare outcome, labour market attachment, develops for different groups defined on the basis of their criminal involvement over the life course. Can we see the pattern of increasing inter-group disparities in labour market attachment that would be predicted by cumulative disadvantage theories? If so, is this a result of the criminal history of individuals or should criminal involvement be seen as one eleme…
Sweden
From an all-time low around 1980, income inequality substantially increased, reflecting a strong rise in top incomes and income from capital, more recently also a widening gap between bottom and middle incomes. Behind this are the dual income tax system, established in the early 1990s, the introduction of earned income tax credits, and a diminished coverage of social insurance programmes, which widened the income gap between employed and non-empl…
Trends in the Intergenerational Transmission of Social Assistance in the Nordic Countries in the 2000s
This study considered trends in the intergenerational transmission of social assistance (SA) among young adults in Finland, Norway and Sweden during the 2000s. Comparable administrative register data-sets enabled us to compare year by year the social assistance recipiency of 20-year-old adults in the period 1999–2008, together with information on their parents' social assistance recipiency at the time when those young adults were aged 16 years. T…
Social background and life-course risks as determinants of social assistance receipt among young adults in Sweden, Norway and Finland
We analyse the determinants of social assistance receipt among young adults in three Nordic countries, focusing on social-background and life-course events during early adulthood. We ask whether they are related differently to short-term and long-term receipt. Short-term poverty could be more individualized than long-term poverty which can be expected to be more strongly related to social background. We applied generalized ordinal logit modelling…
Openness to Gender Atypical Occupations in Youth
The article analyses aspects of gender composition and social dominance in peer groups and school classes and their effects on the degree of openness to gender-atypical occupations in young adolescents. The data set used contains information for some 13,000 girls and boys living in Stockholm in the early 1960s. Results from multi-level regressions show that gender composition is significantly related to openness to gender-atypical occupations at …
The Life Course of Young Male and Female Offenders
Individuals’ life chances are shaped by the times and events that they experience. This emphasizes the need for studies that focus on staggered birth cohorts. The article presents a new longitudinal data set that includes three complete Swedish birth cohorts, born in 1965, 1975 and 1985. Comparisons between the different birth cohorts show how offending distributions among young offenders, as well as their socio-demographic backgrounds and life c…
Early school leaving in Scandinavia
The article explores the extent to which the organization of vocational tracks in upper secondary school affects the labour market risks associated with early school exit. The Nordic countries share many features, but the upper secondary school systems differ significantly in how their vocational tracks are organized. Denmark and Norway have dual vocational tracks, that is, they combine school-based education and workplace apprenticeships, wherea…
Socialbidragstagandets dynamik – varaktighet och utträden från socialbidragstagande under 2000-talet
Från och med 2002 innehåller den nationella socialbidragsstatistiken uppgifter om utbetalt socialbidrag för varje enskild månad under året, vilket öppnar för nya och mer detaljerade analyser av socialbidragstagandets varaktighetsmönster. I artikeln utnyttjas denna nya statistik till att redogöra för socialbidragstagandets mönster under 2000-talets första år på ett tydligare sätt än vad som tidigare har kunnat göras. Analyserna av de nya data visa…
Long-term consequences of being not in employment, education or training as a young adult. Stability and change in three Swedish birth cohorts
In this article we analyse the development of young adults not in education, employment or training (NEET) in three complete Swedish birth cohorts born in 1975, 1980 and 1985. We analyse the risk for future labour-market exclusion among NEETs, and how this risk varies between three birth cohorts who made the transition from school to work during periods characterised by different opportunity structures for young adults. Analyses using propensity …
Organizing local social service measures to counteract long-term social assistance receipt. What works? Experiences from Sweden
Active labour market policies and programs (ALMPs) have over the last decades been established as main instruments to promote the transition from welfare to work. In this article we study strategies employed by Swedish municipalities to help recipients ending spells of social assistance take-up. By using a combination of quantitative and qualitative data we try to identify which approaches stand out as more successful than others with respect to …
The Darker Side of Equality? the Declining Gender Gap in Crime
In this article, we elucidate the way the gender gap in crime has changed in Sweden since the mid-19th century. The analysis is directed at theft offences and violent crime. The long historical perspective provides a background to our analysis that focuses on the period since the 1980s. Our principal data are comprised of the registered offending of different birth cohorts. Most of the findings from our study refute the hypothesis that the declin…
Comparing Employment Trajectories before and after First Imprisonment in Four Nordic Countries
Employment plays a crucial role in the re-entry process and in reducing recidivism among offenders released from prison. But at the same time, imprisonment is generally regarded as harmful to post-release employment prospects. Little is known, however, about whether or not offenders' employment trajectories before and after imprisonment are similar across countries. As a first step towards filling this gap in research, this paper provides evidenc…
The egalitarian paradise?
This chapter analyses the egalitarian structure of the Nordic countries and investigate how income distributions have changed along with the re-organization of the welfare state since the early 1990s. It describes the overall developments in the Nordic income distributions, focusing on inequality and poverty trends. The chapter discusses more complete understanding of the egalitarian structure of the Nordic countries, it is therefore necessary to…
The gender gap in crime is decreasing, but who’s growing equal to whom
The declining gender gap in crime, observed in many Western countries, including Sweden, is often interpreted as showing an alarming shift in the offending of young women. Explanations to the observed pattern are often based on an assumption that women are increasingly coming to mimic the criminal behaviour of men, while we in this essay argue that to the extent behavioural change is at play, it is rather the other way around: men mimic women’s b…
Locked Up and Locked Out? the Impact of Imprisonment on Labour Market Attachment
This article investigates what effects a first prison sentence has on labour market inclusion, both by comparing those sentenced to prison to the population as a whole, and by comparing groups of convicted offenders. We utilize longitudinal data on criminal sanctions and earnings available for two complete birth cohorts of Swedish men (N = 107,337). These data enable us to compare the labour market attachment of prison inmates both before and aft…
Pathways to Adulthood
‘When it rains, it pours’
Precarious housing and criminal behaviour are both important elements in processes of marginalization and cumulative disadvantage. It is well known that housing eviction primarily affects the weakest groups in society. In this article we ask if housing eviction has an independent effect on subsequent criminality and if the effect varies across different types of crime (utilitarian, violent and drug crime). Using propensity score matching on admin…
Economics (24 obras) · Sociology (19 obras) · Political science (18 obras) · Demographic economics (17 obras) · Psychology (16 obras) · Social Policy and Reform Studies (14 obras) · Economic growth (13 obras) · Crime Patterns and Interventions (12 obras) · Criminology (12 obras) · Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis (11 obras)