Sawitri Saharso
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 450799 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Sawitri Saharso |
| NOMBRES | Sawitri |
| APELLIDO | Saharso |
| FIRMA | SAHARSO S |
| AFILIACIONES | Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-9729-0467 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 47 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 233 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 47 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1998 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 9 |
Living with and leaving oppressive conditions
Support and Autonomy
It is not uncommon that women residing in Dutch shelters following domestic violence consider returning to their partners during the course of their stay. Social workers cannot prohibit return due to the importance of the client’s autonomy, as stated in the Code of Ethics. Simultaneously, social workers aim to ensure women’s safety and encourage a positive future, which can lead to tensions in their way of support-giving. Based on thirty-five int…
Competing Commitments
Framing dementia care in families with a migration background
Little is known regarding the ways in which practitioners’ views and approaches impact support for persons with a migration background (PwM) caring for individuals with dementia. This paper responds to this knowledge gap by identifying how practitioners frame dementia care in families with a migration background, and how these frames can be understood in light of the experiences of PwM caring for a family member with dementia. A total of 41 parti…
And that was her choice
Women in the Netherlands with non-western migration backgrounds experience domestic violence at the intersection of culture and gender, and visit their general practitioners (GPs) with health concerns related to the violence. Drawing on semi-structured interviews with GPs, this paper illuminates how GPs navigate the process of decision-making around intervention in domestic violence, with particular attention to the role of autonomy. Patient auto…
Tussen norm en verlangen
The study, conducted in the Netherlands, examines the experiences of 55 young people from cultural communities in which premarital sex is not allowed. Participants come from different ethnic and religious backgrounds and include both men and women. The study explores how these young individuals navigate the expectations surrounding virginity and the norms of sexual segregation. Both men and women observe gender-dependent rules and feel controlled…
Moral Dilemmas in Foster Care Due to Religious Differences Between Birth Parents, Foster Parents, and Foster Children
Many ethnoreligious-minority foster children in several western countries, including the Netherlands, are placed and permanently live with ethnically and religiously non-matched foster families (i.e., in trans-religious foster care ). We examine whether and which moral dilemmas exist around the issue of how religion should be weighted in trans-religious foster care to provide ethnoreligious-minority foster children with healthy identity developme…
No sex before marriage? Migrant youth navigating restrictive norms regarding premarital relationships
While restrictive norms on premarital sexuality are not exclusive for Muslims, most of the research on premarital sexuality is on Muslim women, while young men are virtually absent. This Dutch study also includes young people of other religious backgrounds and young men. It discusses how the 55 young people who were interviewed experience and navigate the virginity imperative and norm of sex segregation. The deeply religious young people experien…
Beyond ‘race’
In this rejoinder we argue, based on the papers of this commentary series, that ‘race’ is such a tricky notion because it can be used in (at least) two very different and contradictory ways—as a concept to disentangle racism and racialisation (what M’charek calls the ‘work race actually does’) and as a way of categorization and social classification, in which case it might create the very essentialised hierarchies ‘race’ as a critical concept tri…
Institutional Solidarity in The Netherlands
In The Netherlands, women who experience domestic violence can rely on public policies that aim to support them, such as shelters. Drawing on the lived experiences, through 10 interviews and observations, of women with different cultural backgrounds and nationalities staying in a shelter, and on 37 interviews with social workers working with these women, we observed that this support falls short for them. We argue that immigration rules, together…
Weaving webs of well-being
This article analyzes ethical issues arising in transreligious foster care placements in relation to foster children's needs regarding religious socialization and identification. Applying Urban Walker's expressive-collaborative framework to 30 qualitative interviews with foster parents, foster children, parents, and professionals, we elaborate and apply a three-level reflection on Christian foster parents' ethics of care in everyday practice of f…
Beyond race
While at the moment the world seems to be divided along racial lines and ‘race’ appears to be a central axe of social inclusion and exclusion, in this article we ask whether it is thinkable to go ‘beyond race’. We want to explore the idea of going ‘beyond race’ in four different ways: (1) ‘Beyond race’ as a demographic reality when people of mixed origin form the majority of population; (2) ‘Beyond race’ in regard to policies that aim at combatti…
Surinamese–Hindustani Same-Sex Love Individuals
How do people cope with homonegative responses from their family within a collectivistic culture? This study examines Surinamese–Hindustani same-sex love individuals and identifies a gap in the literature about same-sex love (SSL) individuals coping styles in collectivistic cultures. In Surinamese–Hindustani culture the self is interwoven with and inseparable from the family and family honour is considered extremely important. This study is part …
Hymen ‘repair
In Europe, hymen ‘repair’ is controversial because it is often seen as a concession to immigrant groups that do not respect women’s sexual autonomy. But how is hymen ‘repair’ viewed in societies in which the norm is that women should not have premarital sex? And why do women want hymen ‘repair’? Hymen ‘repair’ is also controversial in Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) countries because it is seen as undermining social mores about women and …
Harmful cultural practices in the consultation room
We discuss Dutch general practitioners' responses to patients, mostly women of migrant background, with needs related to Harmful Cultural Practices. Our aim was to discover whether they encounter these kind of health issues and how they respond. We suspected that the patients concerned would not get the care they needed. We found that there is reason for concern, as based on general practitioners' own accounts we conclude that notwithstanding the…
Dementia care-sharing and migration
Rather than overemphasizing ethnicity and culture, practice and policy should take into account that intersections of various social categories affect care-sharing and the type of support that is (or is not) organized
Who needs integration? Debating a central, yet increasingly contested concept in migration studies
Integration is a pivotal concept in migration studies. Yet, over time critiques have been formulated that question the very assumptions that the concept of integration rests on. Willem Schinkel, one of the major criticasters explains what is wrong with the concept. Is it that bad? Some of his discussants believe yes, but offer alternative conceptualizations as way out, whilst others believe the critique is unjustified and write in defense of inte…
Transcending the gender binary
This qualitative study discusses the experienced identity of gender non-binary young adults. Despite growing positive discourse in the Netherlands toward gender minorities, in practice this group still faces exclusion and stigmatization of their identity. This article draws from Butler’s (Citation2004, Citation2011) conceptions of deconstructing the hegemonic gender binary and heteronormativity. It explores the layered experiences of gender non-b…
Ethnic Minority Health and Employment
Narratives of meaningful endurance – how migrant women escape the vicious cycle between health problems and unemployment
Migrant women in Europe have a higher incidence of health problems and have disproportionately high unemployment rates. We examine how Dutch and Turkish, Moroccan and Surinamese first and second generation migrant women escape the vicious cycle between health problems and unemployment by using the theory of the Sense of Coherence (SOC). We study how SOC works and whether SOC is also applicable outside the domain of health. Our findings from life …
The postmodern perfectionist, the pragmatic hedonist and the materialist maximalist
This study focuses on high school students’ profile choices and the choice for or against the Nature and Technology (NT) profile in the Netherlands. A mixed-methods approach is used to study cultural values that affect this choice. The quantitative part of the study shows that being female is negatively correlated with the choice for the NT-profile, irrespective of the grade average for mathematics, chemistry and physics. It further shows that st…
Suicidality of young ethnic minority women with an immigrant background
Ethnic minority status and female gender convey a risk for suicidal behavior, yet research of suicidality of ethnic minority female immigrants is scarce. The authors of this article conducted qualitative interviews with 15 young women (of four ethnicities) in the Netherlands, who either had attempted suicide or contemplated suicide, and analyzed these in a narrative psychology tradition. Suicidality was associated with despair and frustration ove…
Outsiders Within
While women in Europe who wear the Islamic headscarf are generally seen as outsiders who do not belong to the nation, some countries are more tolerant towards the wearing of headscarves than others. France, Germany and the Netherlands have developed different policies regarding veiling. In this paper we describe how headscarves became regulated in each of these countries and discuss the ways in which French, Dutch and German politicians have deli…
Proactive policing and equal treatment of ethnic-minority youths
Proactive policing aims at suppressing delinquency at an early stage. In the Netherlands, it is applied, inter alia, to youths and youth groups to prevent them from slipping off into delinquent behaviour and crime. Proactive policing implies that police officers keep in touch with local youths and monitor their behaviour. Furthermore, it entails police officers applying discretion in giving warnings, in asking for identification and in conducting…
Multiculturalism and Identity
This article is concerned with critical and liberal multiculturalism as well as the gender dilemmas between relativism and universalism. It identifies four liberal answers to the question of how to deal with the issue of universalism–relativism and discusses in detail the “multiculturalism versus feminism” debate. The article ends with a section on the important contributions of feminists to multiculturalism.
Gendered Perspectives on Integration Discourses and Measures
This article focuses on gendered discourses in integration policy and the problems immigrants pose in the reproduction of inequalities in a number of European countries. There has been little consideration of how gender categories operate in relation to broader political discourses around the construction of ‘us’ and ‘them’ and the constitution of national social and political communities and identities. Yet gender issues have become significant …
In the spotlight
Within a short period of time, the Netherlands transformed itself from a relatively tolerant country to a nation that called for cultural assimilation, tough measures and neo-patriotism. The discursive genre of `new realism' played a crucial role in this retreat from multiculturalism, and that had a dual effect for immigrant women. Whereas formerly they were virtually ignored by both the integration and the emancipation policy, since the triumph …
Introduction
Journal Article Introduction: The Veil: Debating Citizenship, Gender and Religious Diversity Get access Sevgi Kılıç, Sevgi Kılıç Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Sawitri Saharso, Sawitri Saharso Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Birgit Sauer Birgit Sauer E-mail: [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Social Po…
Who needs integration? Debating a central, yet increasingly contested concept in migration studies
Integration is a pivotal concept in migration studies. Yet, over time critiques have been formulated that question the very assumptions that the concept of integration rests on. Willem Schinkel, one of the major criticasters explains what is wrong with the concept. Is it that bad? Some of his discussants believe yes, but offer alternative conceptualizations as way out, whilst others believe the critique is unjustified and write in defense of inte…
Suicidal behaviour of young immigrant women in the Netherlands. Can we use Durkheim's concept of'fatalistic suicide' to explain their high incidence of attempted suicide
Young immigrant women of South Asian, Turkish and Moroccan origin in The Netherlands demonstrate disproportionate rates of non-fatal suicidal behavior. Suicidal behavior is usually explained from a psychological or medical tradition. However, we would like to emphasize sociological correlates, by examining the relevance of Durkheim's fatalistic suicide, characterized by overregulation. We conducted a retrospective analysis of 115 case files of yo…
Guest editorial
The Settlement Country and Ethnic Identification of Children of Turkish Immigrants in Germany, France, and the Netherlands
Germany, France, and the Netherlands have pursued different types of integration policies. Using data from a mixed method study, this paper investigates whether and how these differences have affected the settlement country and ethnic identification of the children of Turkish immigrants. The results indicate that integration policies do not affect ethnic identification, but an inclusive policy has a positive impact on settlement country identific…
Dementia care-sharing and migration
Rather than overemphasizing ethnicity and culture, practice and policy should take into account that intersections of various social categories affect care-sharing and the type of support that is (or is not) organized
Contentious Citizenship
Journal Article Contentious Citizenship: Policies and Debates on the Veil in the Netherlands Get access Sawitri Saharso, Sawitri Saharso E-mail: [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Doutje Lettinga Doutje Lettinga Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society, Volume 15, Issue 4, Winter 2008, Pages …
Culture, Tolerance and Gender
Defenders of multiculturalism have been recently criticized for failing to address gender inequality in minority cultures. Multiculturalism would seem incompatible with a commitment to feminism. This article discusses two empirical cases that pose a problem for public policy in the Netherlands: a conflict over wearing headscarves (hijab) and requests for surgical hymen repair. These cases evoke widespread public controversy, in part because they …
Transcending the gender binary
This qualitative study discusses the experienced identity of gender non-binary young adults. Despite growing positive discourse in the Netherlands toward gender minorities, in practice this group still faces exclusion and stigmatization of their identity. This article draws from Butler’s (Citation2004, Citation2011) conceptions of deconstructing the hegemonic gender binary and heteronormativity. It explores the layered experiences of gender non-b…
Hymen ‘repair
In Europe, hymen ‘repair’ is controversial because it is often seen as a concession to immigrant groups that do not respect women’s sexual autonomy. But how is hymen ‘repair’ viewed in societies in which the norm is that women should not have premarital sex? And why do women want hymen ‘repair’? Hymen ‘repair’ is also controversial in Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) countries because it is seen as undermining social mores about women and …
Outsiders Within
While women in Europe who wear the Islamic headscarf are generally seen as outsiders who do not belong to the nation, some countries are more tolerant towards the wearing of headscarves than others. France, Germany and the Netherlands have developed different policies regarding veiling. In this paper we describe how headscarves became regulated in each of these countries and discuss the ways in which French, Dutch and German politicians have deli…
Beyond race
While at the moment the world seems to be divided along racial lines and ‘race’ appears to be a central axe of social inclusion and exclusion, in this article we ask whether it is thinkable to go ‘beyond race’. We want to explore the idea of going ‘beyond race’ in four different ways: (1) ‘Beyond race’ as a demographic reality when people of mixed origin form the majority of population; (2) ‘Beyond race’ in regard to policies that aim at combatti…
I felt so hurt and lonely
Young immigrant women in the Netherlands demonstrate disproportionate rates of suicidal behavior. This study investigated the origins of suicidal behavior in South Asian-Surinamese, Turkish, and Moroccan immigrant young women in order to identify ethnic- and gender-specific patterns of suicidal behavior. Based on life story interviews of women who had been enrolled in mental health care, we constructed five typical patterns in which social, cultu…
Headscarves
This article focuses on public debates and public policy on the Islamic headscarf in the Netherlands and Germany. In the Netherlands the Islamic headscarf meets with an accommodating policy reaction, while in Germany some eight federal states have introduced legislation to ban the headscarf. This difference is explained, so I argue, by national differences in citizenship traditions. While the Netherlands represents a multicultural model, Germany …
Institutional Solidarity in The Netherlands
In The Netherlands, women who experience domestic violence can rely on public policies that aim to support them, such as shelters. Drawing on the lived experiences, through 10 interviews and observations, of women with different cultural backgrounds and nationalities staying in a shelter, and on 37 interviews with social workers working with these women, we observed that this support falls short for them. We argue that immigration rules, together…
Weaving webs of well-being
This article analyzes ethical issues arising in transreligious foster care placements in relation to foster children's needs regarding religious socialization and identification. Applying Urban Walker's expressive-collaborative framework to 30 qualitative interviews with foster parents, foster children, parents, and professionals, we elaborate and apply a three-level reflection on Christian foster parents' ethics of care in everyday practice of f…
Coming of age in Dutch schools
In this article we compare research we did 30 years ago in Dutch schools among youth of diverse ethnic backgrounds about their identities with today’s research evidence. Taking the position that education is a site for implicit and explicit identity development mediated by the social conditions in which young people grow up and the political climate regarding multiculturalism and inclusiveness, we sketch a picture of changing frameworks relating …
Feminist Ethics, Autonomy and the Politics of Multiculturalism
Should the liberal state accommodate the cultural traditions of minority groups even if these traditions infringe upon the rights of women? This article discusses two empirical cases that pose just this problem for public policy in the Netherlands: requests for surgical reconstruction of the hymen and gender-selective abortion. While hymen reconstruction is linked to a cultural norm that young women, but not young men, remain virgins until marria…
State of the Art
The wicked triangle of race, class and gender was at the heart of our discussion with bell hooks and Nira Yuval-Davis.In the autumn of 1997 both women lectured in Amsterdam on `the linking of gender and ethnicity in an alternative policy perspective'.Their presence offered a unique opportunity for our State of the Art series, allowing us to bring together two celebrated and controversial thinkers on race, class, ethnicity and gender.bell hooks is…
Surinamese–Hindustani Same-Sex Love Individuals
How do people cope with homonegative responses from their family within a collectivistic culture? This study examines Surinamese–Hindustani same-sex love individuals and identifies a gap in the literature about same-sex love (SSL) individuals coping styles in collectivistic cultures. In Surinamese–Hindustani culture the self is interwoven with and inseparable from the family and family honour is considered extremely important. This study is part …
Narratives of meaningful endurance – how migrant women escape the vicious cycle between health problems and unemployment
Migrant women in Europe have a higher incidence of health problems and have disproportionately high unemployment rates. We examine how Dutch and Turkish, Moroccan and Surinamese first and second generation migrant women escape the vicious cycle between health problems and unemployment by using the theory of the Sense of Coherence (SOC). We study how SOC works and whether SOC is also applicable outside the domain of health. Our findings from life …
Suicidality of young ethnic minority women with an immigrant background
Ethnic minority status and female gender convey a risk for suicidal behavior, yet research of suicidality of ethnic minority female immigrants is scarce. The authors of this article conducted qualitative interviews with 15 young women (of four ethnicities) in the Netherlands, who either had attempted suicide or contemplated suicide, and analyzed these in a narrative psychology tradition. Suicidality was associated with despair and frustration ove…
The political debates on the veil in France and the Netherlands
Geschlecht, Ethnie und öffentliche Moral
State of the Art
The wicked triangle of race, class and gender was at the heart of our discussion with bell hooks and Nira Yuval-Davis.In the autumn of 1997 both women lectured in Amsterdam on `the linking of gender and ethnicity in an alternative policy perspective'.Their presence offered a unique opportunity for our State of the Art series, allowing us to bring together two celebrated and controversial thinkers on race, class, ethnicity and gender.bell hooks is…
Culture, Tolerance and Gender
Defenders of multiculturalism have been recently criticized for failing to address gender inequality in minority cultures. Multiculturalism would seem incompatible with a commitment to feminism. This article discusses two empirical cases that pose a problem for public policy in the Netherlands: a conflict over wearing headscarves (hijab) and requests for surgical hymen repair. These cases evoke widespread public controversy, in part because they …
Feminist Ethics, Autonomy and the Politics of Multiculturalism
Should the liberal state accommodate the cultural traditions of minority groups even if these traditions infringe upon the rights of women? This article discusses two empirical cases that pose just this problem for public policy in the Netherlands: requests for surgical reconstruction of the hymen and gender-selective abortion. While hymen reconstruction is linked to a cultural norm that young women, but not young men, remain virgins until marria…
Introduction
Sex-selective abortion
Sex-selective abortion
International audience
Headscarves in the Policeforce and the Court
Headscarves
This article focuses on public debates and public policy on the Islamic headscarf in the Netherlands and Germany. In the Netherlands the Islamic headscarf meets with an accommodating policy reaction, while in Germany some eight federal states have introduced legislation to ban the headscarf. This difference is explained, so I argue, by national differences in citizenship traditions. While the Netherlands represents a multicultural model, Germany …
Introduction
Journal Article Introduction: The Veil: Debating Citizenship, Gender and Religious Diversity Get access Sevgi Kılıç, Sevgi Kılıç Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Sawitri Saharso, Sawitri Saharso Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Birgit Sauer Birgit Sauer E-mail: [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Social Po…
Contentious Citizenship
Journal Article Contentious Citizenship: Policies and Debates on the Veil in the Netherlands Get access Sawitri Saharso, Sawitri Saharso E-mail: [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Doutje Lettinga Doutje Lettinga Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society, Volume 15, Issue 4, Winter 2008, Pages …
Guest editorial
In the spotlight
Within a short period of time, the Netherlands transformed itself from a relatively tolerant country to a nation that called for cultural assimilation, tough measures and neo-patriotism. The discursive genre of `new realism' played a crucial role in this retreat from multiculturalism, and that had a dual effect for immigrant women. Whereas formerly they were virtually ignored by both the integration and the emancipation policy, since the triumph …
Débats sur le “voile musulman” en France et aux Pays-Bas
Suicidal behaviour of young immigrant women in the Netherlands. Can we use Durkheim's concept of'fatalistic suicide' to explain their high incidence of attempted suicide
Young immigrant women of South Asian, Turkish and Moroccan origin in The Netherlands demonstrate disproportionate rates of non-fatal suicidal behavior. Suicidal behavior is usually explained from a psychological or medical tradition. However, we would like to emphasize sociological correlates, by examining the relevance of Durkheim's fatalistic suicide, characterized by overregulation. We conducted a retrospective analysis of 115 case files of yo…
Suicidal behavior and ethnicity of young females in Rotterdam, the Netherlands
Our findings underscored the need for developing suicide prevention for specific minority females in multicultural cities in Western Europe. Screening programs, which aim at preventing suicide attempts by young immigrant women should include risk factors in the family environment and relationship with the parents as well as physical and sexual abuse. However, the study also showed that the disproportionate risk of Turkish and South Asian-Suriname…
The Settlement Country and Ethnic Identification of Children of Turkish Immigrants in Germany, France, and the Netherlands
Germany, France, and the Netherlands have pursued different types of integration policies. Using data from a mixed method study, this paper investigates whether and how these differences have affected the settlement country and ethnic identification of the children of Turkish immigrants. The results indicate that integration policies do not affect ethnic identification, but an inclusive policy has a positive impact on settlement country identific…
The political debates on the veil in France and the Netherlands
I felt so hurt and lonely
Young immigrant women in the Netherlands demonstrate disproportionate rates of suicidal behavior. This study investigated the origins of suicidal behavior in South Asian-Surinamese, Turkish, and Moroccan immigrant young women in order to identify ethnic- and gender-specific patterns of suicidal behavior. Based on life story interviews of women who had been enrolled in mental health care, we constructed five typical patterns in which social, cultu…
Multiculturalism and Identity
This article is concerned with critical and liberal multiculturalism as well as the gender dilemmas between relativism and universalism. It identifies four liberal answers to the question of how to deal with the issue of universalism–relativism and discusses in detail the “multiculturalism versus feminism” debate. The article ends with a section on the important contributions of feminists to multiculturalism.
Comparative Migration Studies
This inaugural issue marks the launch of the new journal Comparative Migration Studies (CMS). Over the past decades, and especially since the 1970s and 1980s, migration studies has evolved rapidly as a research field rooted in various disciplines. Like the phenomenon of migration itself, migration research has become increasingly globalized, which is manifested by the many migration research institutes across the world where academics from variou…
Coming of age in Dutch schools
In this article we compare research we did 30 years ago in Dutch schools among youth of diverse ethnic backgrounds about their identities with today’s research evidence. Taking the position that education is a site for implicit and explicit identity development mediated by the social conditions in which young people grow up and the political climate regarding multiculturalism and inclusiveness, we sketch a picture of changing frameworks relating …
Gendered Perspectives on Integration Discourses and Measures
This article focuses on gendered discourses in integration policy and the problems immigrants pose in the reproduction of inequalities in a number of European countries. There has been little consideration of how gender categories operate in relation to broader political discourses around the construction of ‘us’ and ‘them’ and the constitution of national social and political communities and identities. Yet gender issues have become significant …
Outsiders Within
While women in Europe who wear the Islamic headscarf are generally seen as outsiders who do not belong to the nation, some countries are more tolerant towards the wearing of headscarves than others. France, Germany and the Netherlands have developed different policies regarding veiling. In this paper we describe how headscarves became regulated in each of these countries and discuss the ways in which French, Dutch and German politicians have deli…
Proactive policing and equal treatment of ethnic-minority youths
Proactive policing aims at suppressing delinquency at an early stage. In the Netherlands, it is applied, inter alia, to youths and youth groups to prevent them from slipping off into delinquent behaviour and crime. Proactive policing implies that police officers keep in touch with local youths and monitor their behaviour. Furthermore, it entails police officers applying discretion in giving warnings, in asking for identification and in conducting…
Sociology (34 obras) · Political science (30 obras) · Gender Studies (21 obras) · Psychology (20 obras) · Gender Studies (19 obras) · Law (18 obras) · Law (16 obras) · Social Psychology (14 obras) · Migration, Refugees, and Integration (13 obras) · Politics (13 obras)