Philip Arestis
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 456320 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Philip Arestis |
| NOMBRES | Philip |
| APELLIDO | Arestis |
| FIRMA | ARESTIS P |
| AFILIACIONES | University of Cambridge |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-8729-4846 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 57 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 93 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 51 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 8 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1982 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2025 |
| ÍNDICE H | 5 |
Financial cooperatives and poverty mitigation during Brazil’s lost decade
Foreign direct investment openness and income classes in Europe around the Great Recession
Distributional implications of capital account regulation is eminently context-specific. This paper examines the distributional effects of the openness of foreign direct investment (FDI) flows across 27 European countries in different economic environments around the Great Recession, covering the period 2007–2013. Our multi-level approach allows us to combine country-level variables and sociodemographic characteristics of individuals. The results…
Reflections on Aspects of Macroeconomic Policies in the Spirit of Geoff Harcourt
This article opens with some remarks on Geoff Harcourt’s thoughts on macroeconomic policies (broadly conceived). This is followed by comments on some recent developments within the scope of fiscal policy. The article moves on to aspects of monetary policy and central banks, with particular reference to the ‘independence’ of central banks and inflation targeting. There are then relatively brief discussions on three policy areas on which policies p…
Local Financial Institutions and Income Inequality
Local financial institutions can play a crucial role in reducing income inequalities at the within-country level by promoting inclusive economic growth and development across time and space. This is against a backdrop of increasing financial and economic fragility, to which emerging economies have also been exposed over more recent decades and years. This article adds emerging economy evidence from Brazil to an empirical literature on the income …
A panel analysis of Brazilian regional inequality
A growing body of literature has concluded that financial liberalisation, in terms of the increased weight and influence of the financial sector, has contributed in a significant way to increasing disparities in income, wealth and society since the 1980s within advanced and emerging economies. Against a backdrop of financialisation, extreme inequality and evolving financial instability, this paper's primary contribution is to analyse the determin…
Inequality implications of European economic and monetary union membership
A growing number of studies have concluded that the European economic and monetary union has exacerbated inequalities in income, wealth and society. Furthermore, the endogeneity of income inequality is now becoming recognised as an important part of the cost–benefit analysis of euro currency adoption. Yet the nature, significance and scale of different monetary (and market) integration channels in operation remain uncertain. In this contribution,…
Monetary Policy in the Post Keynesian Theoretical Framework
The purpose of this contribution is to develop a Post Keynesian monetary policy model, presenting its goals, tools, and channels. The original contribution this paper develops, following (Keynes’s 1936, 1945) proposals, is the use of debt management as an instrument of monetary policy, along with the interest rate and regulation. Moreover, this paper draws its monetary policy model by broadly and strongly relying on Keynes’s original writings. A …
Regional financialisation and financial systems convergence
The term 'financialisation' has now entered the lexicon of academics and policy makers, though there is still no agreement on its meaning and significance. One of the earlier definitions was in relation to the growing weight of financial motives, financial actors and markets in the operation of modern economies, both at the national and international level, from the early 1980s until today. Building on this definition, this paper sheds further li…
Investment, financial markets and uncertainty
This contribution provides a theoretical explanation of the accumulation process, which focuses on the presence of correlations between physical and financial investment, and how the latter could affect the former. It also accounts for the influence of the cost of external finance and the impact of financial uncertainty as proxied by the interest rate and the exchange rate respectively; thereby utilising the Keynesian notion of conventions in the…
Finance and the Macroeconomics of Environmental Policies
This volume examines current and previous environmental policies, and suggests alternative strategies for the future. Addressing resource depletion and climate change are pressing priorities for moder
Finance and the Macroeconomics of Environmental Policies
Endogeneity Analysis of Output Synchronization in the Current and Prospective EMU
The sustainability of European EMU (economic and monetary union) remains an important issue in light of existing plans for enlargement. This article conducts an endogeneity analysis of output synchronization, based on panel data estimation from 1994 to 2013, for different country‐groups, including core, periphery, central and eastern European countries, northern European countries and the prospective candidate countries, which are expected to ado…
Power, Intergroup Conflicts and Social Stratification in the United States
Drawing on early sociological analyses of how power and intergroup conflicts can affect the development of modern economies, this paper investigates how the recent Global Crisis (GC) has affected the stratification of the US society. The paper argues that the consumerist society has reinforced the historical stratification of social identities with white men in high-paid, high-social status managerial and financial occupations at the top, and bla…
Introduction to the Special Issue on “Ethics, Global Finance and the Great Recession”
The global events of 2007–2008 have brought financialisation, namely the increasing role of financial motives in the operation of modern economies and societies, to the attention of millions of peo
Financialization, the Great Recession, and the Stratification of the US Labor Market
This contribution explores the possibility that the financialization of the US economy has created identity preference effects by linking managerial and financial occupations to high earnings, and in turn high earnings to the social status of the dominant demographic group in the labor force, namely white men. The empirical results for the 1983–2009 period confirm that a wage premium exists for individuals working in managerial and financial occu…
Economic and Monetary Union Macroeconomic Policies
This book focuses on the construction of the economic policies of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) and its institutions. It reviews the faltering economic performance of the EMU countries before
The Euro Crisis
The 'great recession' has highlighted a range of problems with the 'euro project', but these problems and difficulties are related to some fundamental weaknesses of the euro.The convergence criteria established by the Maastricht Treaty focused on nominal rather than real variables, failed to relate to issues such as current account positions.There are wellknown difficulties of macroeconomic policies under the Stability and Growth Pact including i…
The Persistence of Inequality
Philip Arestis, Ron Martin and Peter Tyler Department of Land Economy, University of Cambridge, 19 Silver Street, Cambridge, CB3 9EP, UK, [email protected], [email protected] Department of Applied Economics V, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of the Basque Country, Avenida Lehendakari Agirre, 83, 48015 Bilbao, Spain Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Downing Place, Cambridge CB2 3EN, UK, [email protected]
Inequality adjusted growth rates in Latin America
Doubts have been raised about the benefits to an economy with high rates of GDP growth without at the same time accounting for distributional effects. This difference arises from the emphasis by some on the mean income, while others are concerned with the distribution around the mean. This paper assesses the per capita income that would be needed, if income were equally distributed to reach the same level of welfare, which is available from curre…
The Design Faults of the Economic and Monetary Union
The basic proposition of this paper is that the economic problems which have threatened the existence of the euro have not arisen in the main through ‘bad’ behaviour of some member states. They rather come from ‘design faults’ in the construction of the euro project. These faults can be seen as present in the nature of the convergence criteria which focus on nominal rather than real variables; pay no attention to the validity of the exchange rate…
Absurd Austerity Policies in Europe
Austerity policies again prevail in Europe as well as in the United States. These economists, based in England and continental Europe, focus on the poorly understood damage that the austerity mania will almost certainly do on their side of the Atlantic. Why is it happening? There is no rational answer.
What Monetary Policy after the Crisis
The objective of this paper is to reflect on some of the implications that recent economic experience has for monetary and financial stability policies. We contend that the financial crisis and the upsurge in inflation 2007-08 have shown that the policy model based on the new consensus in macroeconomics, which largely held sway over the past decade or more, is broken. It is argued that inflation targeting cannot deliver low inflation. We argue th…
Money and Information in a New Neoclassical Synthesis Framework
We consider an (otherwise standard) New Neoclassical Synthesis theoretical framework that allows a role for money. Money in our model has an informational role which facilitates the estimation of the unobserved shocks that drive potential output and thus the state of the economy. For this purpose we estimate a small-scale sticky price model using Bayesian techniques. Our findings support the view that money has information value. This is reflecte…
A nova política monetária
Este artigo analisa, teórica e empiricamente, a "nova" política monetária, entendida, essencialmente, como o que se convencionou chamar regime de metas de inflação. Apesar de o presente artigo examinar o referido regime no âmbito dos países emergentes, o foco será centrado no caso brasileiro e na operacionalização da política monetária por parte do Banco Central desde 1999. O artigo inicia discutindo os fundamentos do regime de metas de inflação …
Financial liberalization and the geography of poverty
This contribution attempts to investigate the channels though which financial liberalization (FL) policies might affect poverty. Surprisingly little work has been done so far on this relationship. One channel of interaction between FL and poverty is the growth channel. This literature has been, to a great extent, based on the view that FL mobilizes savings and allocates capital to more productive uses, both of which help increase the amount of ph…
Financial Development and Economic Growth
In this paper we take a fresh look at the empirical evidence on the relationship between financial development and economic growth with a view to identifying outstanding issues and offering some suggestions about how these may be addressed in the future. To illustrate our suggestions we also present some new evidence utilising the proposed approaches. We examine the empirical literature from two angles. The first is the issue of whether, how and …
Keynesian Economic Policies for the New Millennium
Journal Article Keynesian Economic Policies for the New Millennium Get access Philip Arestis, Philip Arestis University of East London and University of Leeds and Jerome Levy Institute Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Malcolm Sawyer Malcolm Sawyer University of East London and University of Leeds and Jerome Levy Institute Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic …
The Economic Analysis Underlying the 'Third Way
(2001). The Economic Analysis Underlying the 'Third Way' New Political Economy: Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 255-278
The Post-Keynesian Approach to Economics
Journal Article The Post-Keynesian Approach to Economics: An Alternative Analysis of Economic Theory and Policy Foundations of Post-Keynesian Economic Analysis: New Directions in Modern Economics Get access The Post-Keynesian Approach to Economics: An Alternative Analysis of Economic Theory and Policy. By Arestis (Philip). (Aldershot and Brookfield, VT: Edward Elgar, 1992. Pp. xv + 316. £45.00 hardback. ISBN 1 85278 154 8.)Foundations of Post-Key…
Financialization, the Great Recession, and the Stratification of the US Labor Market
This contribution explores the possibility that the financialization of the US economy has created identity preference effects by linking managerial and financial occupations to high earnings, and in turn high earnings to the social status of the dominant demographic group in the labor force, namely white men. The empirical results for the 1983–2009 period confirm that a wage premium exists for individuals working in managerial and financial occu…
A Biographical Dictionary of Dissenting Economists
Journal Article A Biographical Dictionary of Dissenting Economists Get access A Biographical Dictionary of Dissenting Economists. Edited by Philip Arestis and Malcolm Sawyer. (Aldershot: Edward Elgar, 1992. Pp. xiv + 628. £85.00 hardback. ISBN 1 85278 331 1.) J. A. Kregel J. A. Kregel University of Bologna Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Volume 102, Issue 415, 1 November 1992, Pages 1…
Financial structure and economic growth
Divergence and Peripheral Fordism in the European Union
This paper attempts to show that convergence or divergence in the European Union (EU) will be influenced by developments in the periphery of Europe to a considerable extent, although the core situation cannot be ignored. In essence, therefore, it is the relationship between core and periphery that will determine the future of the EU. The main thesis of this study is that the EU economic position is such that divergence is more likely to occur tha…
What Monetary Policy after the Crisis
The objective of this paper is to reflect on some of the implications that recent economic experience has for monetary and financial stability policies. We contend that the financial crisis and the upsurge in inflation 2007-08 have shown that the policy model based on the new consensus in macroeconomics, which largely held sway over the past decade or more, is broken. It is argued that inflation targeting cannot deliver low inflation. We argue th…
Post-Keynesianism
This paper is an attempt to isolate and analyze the major characteristics of post-Keynesian economics and to draw the policy implications that follow from it. In doing so I hope to show that post-Keynesian economics does in fact constitute a new approach to our understanding of economic phenomena. The ideas which are classified as post-Keynesian have, in fact, a long history. But, post-Keynesianism as a school of thought is a fairly recent develo…
Reflections on Aspects of Macroeconomic Policies in the Spirit of Geoff Harcourt
This article opens with some remarks on Geoff Harcourt’s thoughts on macroeconomic policies (broadly conceived). This is followed by comments on some recent developments within the scope of fiscal policy. The article moves on to aspects of monetary policy and central banks, with particular reference to the ‘independence’ of central banks and inflation targeting. There are then relatively brief discussions on three policy areas on which policies p…
A panel analysis of Brazilian regional inequality
A growing body of literature has concluded that financial liberalisation, in terms of the increased weight and influence of the financial sector, has contributed in a significant way to increasing disparities in income, wealth and society since the 1980s within advanced and emerging economies. Against a backdrop of financialisation, extreme inequality and evolving financial instability, this paper's primary contribution is to analyse the determin…
Regional financialisation and financial systems convergence
The term 'financialisation' has now entered the lexicon of academics and policy makers, though there is still no agreement on its meaning and significance. One of the earlier definitions was in relation to the growing weight of financial motives, financial actors and markets in the operation of modern economies, both at the national and international level, from the early 1980s until today. Building on this definition, this paper sheds further li…
Endogeneity Analysis of Output Synchronization in the Current and Prospective EMU
The sustainability of European EMU (economic and monetary union) remains an important issue in light of existing plans for enlargement. This article conducts an endogeneity analysis of output synchronization, based on panel data estimation from 1994 to 2013, for different country‐groups, including core, periphery, central and eastern European countries, northern European countries and the prospective candidate countries, which are expected to ado…
Introduction to the Special Issue on “Ethics, Global Finance and the Great Recession”
The global events of 2007–2008 have brought financialisation, namely the increasing role of financial motives in the operation of modern economies and societies, to the attention of millions of peo
Inequality adjusted growth rates in Latin America
Doubts have been raised about the benefits to an economy with high rates of GDP growth without at the same time accounting for distributional effects. This difference arises from the emphasis by some on the mean income, while others are concerned with the distribution around the mean. This paper assesses the per capita income that would be needed, if income were equally distributed to reach the same level of welfare, which is available from curre…
The Design Faults of the Economic and Monetary Union
The basic proposition of this paper is that the economic problems which have threatened the existence of the euro have not arisen in the main through ‘bad’ behaviour of some member states. They rather come from ‘design faults’ in the construction of the euro project. These faults can be seen as present in the nature of the convergence criteria which focus on nominal rather than real variables; pay no attention to the validity of the exchange rate…
On the Main Ingredients of the European Economic and Monetary Union
The expansion of the European Union (EU) has created a single market and trading bloc of a size comparable to that of the United States and the eurozone (now a minority of countries inside the EU), a currency area rivaling the United States in many respects. The creation of the euro has many aspects for the future of the European economies but three are the focus of attention here. First, the eurozone (which we will use to signify the Economic an…
Is There a Trade‐Off Between Inflation Variability and Output‐Gap Variability in the EMU Countries
This paper examines the performance of monetary policy in eleven EMU countries for the whole period of the EMS. This is based on the trade‐off between inflation variability and output‐gap variability. To this end, we examine whether the introduction of an implicit inflation targeting by the EMU member countries after the Maastricht Treaty, changed the trade‐off between inflation variability and output‐gap variability. We employ a stochastic volat…
On the Effectiveness of Monetary Policy and of Fiscal Policy
There has been a major shift within macroeconomic policy over the past two decades or so in terms of the relative importance given to monetary policy and to fiscal policy in both policy and theoretical terms. The former has gained considerably in importance, with the latter being rarely mentioned. Furthermore, the nature of monetary policy has shifted away from any attempt to control some monetary aggregate (prevalent in the first half of the 198…
Capital Stock, Unemployment and Wages in the UK and Germany
This paper is concerned with the view that capital formation is an important variable in the determination of unemployment and wages in Germany and the UK. Adverse demand shocks affect employment and investment. When shocks reverse, unemployment may not fall to previous levels due to insufficient capital. The empirical results show that unemployment has risen in the last twenty years in both countries due to insufficient investment. Policies that…
On the Coherence of Post‐Keynesian Economics
This paper argues that the thesis advanced by Walters and Young on the lack of coherence of post-Keynesian economics itself lacks coherence and involves considerable misunderstanding and misinterpretation of post-Keynesian economics. We identify the central theme of post-Keynesian economics as the idea that in a monetary production economy the level of economic activity is set by effective demand, which in general will involve unemployment. Subse…
On Money, Method and Keynes
The Myths and Realities of Conservative Economic Policy-Making in the US
The post-World War II period in the US saw the emergence of what has been characterized as a Keynesian Social Democratic State or Keynesian Consensus.1 This Consensus, however, after reaching its zenith in the 1960s, proved to be fragile, and it was unable to survive the economic events of the following decade. Conservatives, of course, were not slow to lay the blame for the economic maladies of the US economy in the 1970s at the door of Keynesia…
Crowding Out in the UK within an Optimal Control Framework
An important issue in the discussion of fiscal policy is the contention that the public sector could expand only at the expense of the private sector, which must contract to provide the necessary room. This paper is concerned with ‘financial’ crowding out, which relates to the financing of public expenditure, rather than resource crowding out, which relates to the size of public expenditure. The paper attempts to determine empirically, using the …
The UK Monetarist Experiment
The paper argues that the monetarist ‘experiment’ of the first Thatcher government in Britain (1979–83) has been unsuccessful. Alternative monetarist philosophies and their specific application to Britain are outlined. These propositions are then re-examined in the light of the actual experience of economic policy in Britain, and are found to be inadequate. Inflation in Britain has come down, but ironically after a period when money supply grew q…
Modelling the UK Economy
Pricing, distribution, investment and growth
In this tribute to Eichner I outline some of the key features of his economic system. It is maintained that no proper understanding of Eichner's views can be achieved without a thorough examination of his distinctive views of economic methodology. Eichner's alternative macroeconomic model is then analysed and its implications explored. Although his model is internally consistent it is recognized that problems exist and further articulation is nec…
Post-Keynesianism
This paper is an attempt to isolate and analyze the major characteristics of post-Keynesian economics and to draw the policy implications that follow from it. In doing so I hope to show that post-Keynesian economics does in fact constitute a new approach to our understanding of economic phenomena. The ideas which are classified as post-Keynesian have, in fact, a long history. But, post-Keynesianism as a school of thought is a fairly recent develo…
The making of neoclassical economics
The Myths and Realities of Conservative Economic Policy-Making in the US
The post-World War II period in the US saw the emergence of what has been characterized as a Keynesian Social Democratic State or Keynesian Consensus.1 This Consensus, however, after reaching its zenith in the 1960s, proved to be fragile, and it was unable to survive the economic events of the following decade. Conservatives, of course, were not slow to lay the blame for the economic maladies of the US economy in the 1970s at the door of Keynesia…
A Biographical Dictionary of Dissenting Economists
Journal Article A Biographical Dictionary of Dissenting Economists Get access A Biographical Dictionary of Dissenting Economists. Edited by Philip Arestis and Malcolm Sawyer. (Aldershot: Edward Elgar, 1992. Pp. xiv + 628. £85.00 hardback. ISBN 1 85278 331 1.) J. A. Kregel J. A. Kregel University of Bologna Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Volume 102, Issue 415, 1 November 1992, Pages 1…
On Money, Method and Keynes
The Post-Keynesian Approach to Economics
Journal Article The Post-Keynesian Approach to Economics: An Alternative Analysis of Economic Theory and Policy Foundations of Post-Keynesian Economic Analysis: New Directions in Modern Economics Get access The Post-Keynesian Approach to Economics: An Alternative Analysis of Economic Theory and Policy. By Arestis (Philip). (Aldershot and Brookfield, VT: Edward Elgar, 1992. Pp. xv + 316. £45.00 hardback. ISBN 1 85278 154 8.)Foundations of Post-Key…
The Elgar Companion to Radical Political Economy
This major reference book has been designed to provide a comprehensive coverage of radical political economy. International in scope, The Elgar Companion to Radical Political Economy includes contributions from a very wide range of specialists who discuss topics, ideas and theories in the field
The Elgar Companion to Radical Political Economy
Change in income distribution and aggregate spending
During the 1980s, rising income inequality in the UK resulted partly from market conditions, and partly from supply-side policies that reduced social security benefits and income supports for low-wage earners. Greater Inequality, plus low levels of investment spending (relative to consumption)hinder the ability of demand management to raise the level of output and employment in the UK economy. Higher income earners have higher import propensities…
Divergence and Peripheral Fordism in the European Union
This paper attempts to show that convergence or divergence in the European Union (EU) will be influenced by developments in the periphery of Europe to a considerable extent, although the core situation cannot be ignored. In essence, therefore, it is the relationship between core and periphery that will determine the future of the EU. The main thesis of this study is that the EU economic position is such that divergence is more likely to occur tha…
The Political Economy of Full Employment
The Political Economy of Full Employment: Conservatism, Corporatism and Institutional Change Get access The Political Economy of Full Employment: Conservatism, Corporatism and Institutional Change. Edited by (Philip) Arestis and (Mike) Marshall (Aldershot and Brookfield, VT: Edward Elgar, 1995. Pp. xiii+281. £49.95. hardback. ISBN 1 85278880 1.)Actively Seeking Work? The Politics of Unemployment and Welfare Policy in the United States and Great B…
Financial Development and Economic Growth
In this paper we take a fresh look at the empirical evidence on the relationship between financial development and economic growth with a view to identifying outstanding issues and offering some suggestions about how these may be addressed in the future. To illustrate our suggestions we also present some new evidence utilising the proposed approaches. We examine the empirical literature from two angles. The first is the issue of whether, how and …
Unemployment and the Independent European System of Central Banks
A bstract .This paper scrutinizes the case for an Independent European System of Central Banks (IESCB) Proposals for IESCB are based on some specific interrelated theoretical propositions upon which we cast some doubt The case for an IESCB is rejected on the grounds that it would worsen the performance of the real economy We propose different arrangements, which are focused on high levels of employment throughout the European Union as the prime o…
Keynesian Economic Policies for the New Millennium
Journal Article Keynesian Economic Policies for the New Millennium Get access Philip Arestis, Philip Arestis University of East London and University of Leeds and Jerome Levy Institute Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Malcolm Sawyer Malcolm Sawyer University of East London and University of Leeds and Jerome Levy Institute Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic …
On the Coherence of Post‐Keynesian Economics
This paper argues that the thesis advanced by Walters and Young on the lack of coherence of post-Keynesian economics itself lacks coherence and involves considerable misunderstanding and misinterpretation of post-Keynesian economics. We identify the central theme of post-Keynesian economics as the idea that in a monetary production economy the level of economic activity is set by effective demand, which in general will involve unemployment. Subse…
Capital Stock, Unemployment and Wages in the UK and Germany
This paper is concerned with the view that capital formation is an important variable in the determination of unemployment and wages in Germany and the UK. Adverse demand shocks affect employment and investment. When shocks reverse, unemployment may not fall to previous levels due to insufficient capital. The empirical results show that unemployment has risen in the last twenty years in both countries due to insufficient investment. Policies that…
The Economic Analysis Underlying the 'Third Way
(2001). The Economic Analysis Underlying the 'Third Way' New Political Economy: Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 255-278
The Economics of the “Third Way”
This paper seeks to outline the type of economic analysis which we perceive to be involved in the ideas on the ‘third way’. In the UK, the emergence and then election of “new Labour” has been closely associated with the development of the notion of the “third way”. We sketch out what we see as the analysis of a market economy which underpins the ideas of the “third way”, which is followed by some remarks on the role of the State which is also inv…
Neo-Liberal Economic Policy
Over the past two decades there has been a prevailing shift in economic policy in many countries. This reflects the continuing rise of neo-liberalism – the doctrine that economic policy should ‘leave it to the market’ and that governments should retreat from market intervention. This book provides a balanced and comprehensive appraisal of these important policy developments. The authors examine the most notable trends in neo-liberal economic poli…
Re-examining Monetary and Fiscal Policy for the 21st Century
This book provides a much-needed re-examination of monetary and fiscal policies, their application in the real world and their potential for macroeconomic policy in the 21st century. It provides a detailed discussion and critique of the ‘new consensus' in macroeconomics along with the monetary and fiscal policies encapsulated within it.
Neo-liberal economic policy
Economics (53 obras) · Economic Theory and Policy (30 obras) · Macroeconomics (22 obras) · Political science (22 obras) · Monetary policy (17 obras) · Monetary economics (16 obras) · Keynesian economics (15 obras) · Housing, Finance, and Neoliberalism (13 obras) · Monetary Policy and Economic Impact (13 obras) · Global Financial Crisis and Policies (11 obras)