Willem Floor
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 532497 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Willem Floor |
| NOMBRES | Willem |
| APELLIDO | Floor |
| FIRMA | FLOOR W |
| AFILIACIONES | World Bank |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-8629-0867 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 64 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 70 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 58 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1971 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2025 |
| ÍNDICE H | 5 |
Islamic Law in Early Modern Iran
Sugar and the Indian Ocean World
The Foreign Trade of Tabriz
Under the early Qajars, Tabriz rose from being a provincial backwater in ruins to the foremost commercial entrepôt of Iran. Initially, its insignificant foreign trade was limited to Turkey (mostly raw Gilani silk), but, when the major commercial southern and western supply routes of Iran became unsafe and costly, trade moved to the northern route. Moreover, after Russia opened its territory to European goods in 1821, these also flowed via Tiflis …
The Postal System in Safavid, Afsharid, and Zand Iran
While the functioning of the postal system in Iran before 1500 and after 1800 has been studied, this article analyzes, based entirely on primary sources, the operation and characteristics of the Iranian postal system between 1500 and 1800 for the very first time. Such a study enables scholars to better understand the functioning of communication between both government officials and private individuals in Safavid, Afshari, and Zand Iran. During t…
Literacy in the Persianate World
Literacy in the Persianate World: Writing and the Social Order. Edited by Brian Spooner and William L. Hanaway. Penn Museum International Research Conferences, vol. 4. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, 2012; distributed by University of Pennsylvania Press. Pp. xviii + 437. $59.95, £39
Jan Lucasz. van Hasselt
In February 1617, Jan Lucasz. van Hasselt arrived in Persia accompanying Pietro Della Valle (1586–1652), a Roman noble. Sometime between 1618 and 1621 Van Hasselt entered the service of Shah ʿAbbas I (r. 1588–1629), for whom he worked as a painter until the death of the shah. Later, during the reign of Shah Safi I (r. 1629–42) and until 1654 he tried to establish himself as a commercial agent for Persia. The present paper examines the career of t…
From Quasi-Vegetarians to Quasi-Carnivores
Until the twentieth century there was little change in the diet of Iranians. Bread was the major staple, accompanied by vegetables, fruits, yoghurt, and nuts. Meat and rice were a luxury food for most consumers. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries new food items were adopted by Persian consumers. After 1970, the modern Iranian diet—large amounts of white rice, meats, sugar-sweetened beverages and sweet/deserts, with few vegetables, herbs, n…
Qalʿeh-ye Mehrab Khan
Before discussing the establishment and functioning of the first real leprosarium in Iran, a brief explanation is given of the pathology of leprosy, the various names are listed under which it was known in Persian, and the earliest archeological evidence of its occurrence is presented. Also, societal behavior in Imperial Iran towards lepers is highlighted, while reference is made to the earliest medical descriptions of leprosy in Persian. Little …
India and the Heartlands
India and the Heartlands: An Eighteenth-Century World of Circulation and Exchange. By Gagan D. S. Sood. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016. Pp. xvii + 338. $99.99, £64.99
Bushehr
Although Bushehr remained the most important Iranian port in the Persian Gulf during the Qajar period (1794–1925) the reason for his was not obvious nor did it go unchallenged.1 Bushehr was not a better port than its competitors; in fact in some ways it was worse, while Bandar Abbas and later in the nineteenth century Muhammara tried to dislodge Bushehr from its position. However, a combination of political, demographic, logistical, and commercia…
The Role of Azerbaijani Turkish in Safavid Iran
Turkic languages and dialects played a much more important role in Safavid Iran than is generally thought, while Azerbaijani Turkish in particular was widely spoken and written in Safavid Iran. It was not only the language of the court and the army, but it was also used in poetry, even by renowned poets who usually wrote in Persian. The Safavid shahs, many of whom wrote poetry in Turkish themselves, promoted its literary use. Also, Turkish was us…
Qarn-e Gom Shodeh. Eqtesad va Jamèeh-ye Iran dar qarn-e nuzdahom , Ahmad Seyf, Tehran
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The Fiction and Reality of Jan Struys
This is the most comprehensive and in-depth study yet of Jan Struys’ Travels. In fourteen chapters the author aims to make us better understand the message of the Travels and its value as a historical source. The bulk of the book concerns the third Voyage—the two less adventurous Voyages are dealt with in the first two chapters. The following eight chapters deal with the third Voyage. Chapter Eleven deals with the readers of the Travels, Chapter …
Weights and Measures in Qajar Iran
Ce travail constitue un repertoire annote des poids et mesures en usage a l'epoque qajare, mentionnes par des sources persanes et europeennes. Il s'agit d'une ressource pour les chercheurs lors de la conversion des valeurs correspondant a ces termes en leurs equivalents dans le systeme metrique
Dutch Wholesalers and Retailers in Qajar Persia, 1815-1914
L'article analyse l'histoire de deux entreprises neerlandaises qui s'occupaient d'importation et d'exportation en Perse, dont un, Hotz et Zoon, etait une des grandes entreprises etrangeres en Perse et qui en plus entamait des initiatives originales pour stimuler le developpement du pays. Une biographie du PDG de cette compagnie est donnee. En plus, l'article analyse l'histoire du premier grand magasin en Perse (le Teheran Toko), qui se specialisa…
The Importation of Indigo into Qajar Iran
L'industrie traditionnelle de tissage iranien consommait beaucoup d'indigo. Durant le XIX e siecle, sa consommation et donc son importation diminuerent a cause de la chute dans la production de textiles domestiques en Iran. Cette tendance a la baisse de la consommation de l'indigo s'accelera apres 1909, en raison de la hausse de la consommation de l'indigo synthetique. La fin attendue de l'emploi de l'indigo naturel fut retardee par la Premiere G…
Venereal Disease in Iran (1855-2005)
Research Article| August 01 2006 Venereal Disease in Iran (1855-2005): A Public Affair Willem Floor Willem Floor Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East (2006) 26 (2): 260–278. https://doi.org/10.1215/1089201x-2006-008 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Twitter Permissions Search Site Citation Willem Floor; Venereal Disease in Iran (1855-2005): A Public Affair. Comparat…
The Rise and Fall of the Banū Kaʿb. A Borderer State in Southern Khuzestan
This study discusses the efforts of the Banū Kaʿb, a tribal confederacy straddling two countries (Iraq, Iran), to maintain their independence between 1740–1840. In doing so, they had to fight not only two powerful external foreign centres (Baghdad, Tehran), but also its own periphery (particularly Muhammarah). As a result, the Banu Ka'b lost their independence to the new nationstate of Iran with which it had nothing in common but for a claim to t…
The Woodworking Craft and Its Products in Iran
The Woodworking Craft and Its Products in Iran
Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Cultures of the Islamic World is sponsored by the Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture at Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Dutch trade in Afsharid Persia (1730-1753)
L'article est consacre aux relations commerciales de la Perse avec les Pays-bas durant les annees 1730-1753, par comparaison avec la periode anterieure a 1720. En raison de la politique belliqueuse menee par Nader Shah Afshar, la Perse n'a pas pu creer des conditions socio-economiques permettant que son economie puisse suffisamment se remettre des guerres precedentes, des pertes demographiques et de la destruction du systeme de production. Le com…
Borāzjān, a Rural Market Town in Bushire's Hinterland
Tea Consumption and Imports in Qajar Iran
Les etudes de la consommation de the en Iran se sont jusqu'a ici limitees a l'histoire de son usage et le processus de la transformation de l'Iran d'un pays des consommateurs de cafe a un pays des consammateurs de the. Le present travail offre de l'information sur comment les Persans buvaient le the. Neanmois, l'etude se concentre sur la dimension commerciale, quantitative et qualitative de la consommation de the, a savoir: combien, ou, et quelle…
A Note On Persian Cats
Jean-Pierre Digard's recent delightful and informative article on the Persian long-haired cat has stimulated me to write this short note to complement his contribution to the feline discussion. Digard and others before him have thrown doubt on the denomination “Persian” of the long-haired cat. Many reasons, all of them quite reasonable, have been adduced to make this point. I would like to offer some additional information, which is not available…
The Brickworkers of Khatunabad
This article discusses the working and living conditions of unskilled labourers in South Tehran, and pays particular attention to the workers of the brick-kiln factories of Khatunabad. The brick-kiln workers, mostly transient rural workers, were among the poorest of the Iranian labour class. At the same time, in terms of sheer numbers they represented 5 per cent of the population of Tehran in 1960. They lived and worked under appalling conditions…
Urban Change in Iran, 1920–1941
Introduction The reforms initiated by Reza Shah's urban modernization drive led to changes not only in cultural patterns of urban life in Iran and the economic structure of the country, but even in spatial organization. The full effect of these initiatives only started to be felt under Mohammad Reza Shah, who continued to pursue the policy of his predecessor. For our specific purpose—urban change under Reza Shah—we will focus on an analysis of th…
The Role of Azerbaijani Turkish in Safavid Iran
Turkic languages and dialects played a much more important role in Safavid Iran than is generally thought, while Azerbaijani Turkish in particular was widely spoken and written in Safavid Iran. It was not only the language of the court and the army, but it was also used in poetry, even by renowned poets who usually wrote in Persian. The Safavid shahs, many of whom wrote poetry in Turkish themselves, promoted its literary use. Also, Turkish was us…
The Revolutionary character of the Iranian Ulame
In several scholarly works it has been asserted that opposition to tyranny is a fundamental and pervasive characteristic of Shi'i Islam. 1 Here I shall try to show that the revolutionary character ascribed to the Shi'i ulama in Iran has been greatly exaggerated. I will argue that the ulama's perception of the socio-economic and political structure of Iranian society often did not basically differ from that of the secular power elite. Further, I w…
The Art of Smoking in Iran and Other Uses of Tobacco
Tobacco was ‘discovered’ by Christopher Columbus when he reached the Caribbean islands. The Carib Indians used tobacco, both for its medicinal and pleasurable properties and for ceremonial purposes. The result was tobacco's conquest of the world, which began with its introduction to Europe (France in 1556; Portugal, 1558; Spain, 1559, and England, 1565). The Portuguese soon also introduced it in India, probably around 1580. Tobacco is said to hav…
Safavid Iran's Search for Silver and Gold
Safavid Iran's foreign trade is usually described as the highly profitable export of silk to Europe. That is at best an incomplete description. One problem is that it focuses on only one side of the trade (exports) rather than looking at both sides. Taken to its extreme, the usual story could make Iranians look like mad mercantilists determined to export without thinking much about what they got in return, while Europeans could look like crazed c…
Tea Consumption and Imports in Qajar Iran
Les etudes de la consommation de the en Iran se sont jusqu'a ici limitees a l'histoire de son usage et le processus de la transformation de l'Iran d'un pays des consommateurs de cafe a un pays des consammateurs de the. Le present travail offre de l'information sur comment les Persans buvaient le the. Neanmois, l'etude se concentre sur la dimension commerciale, quantitative et qualitative de la consommation de the, a savoir: combien, ou, et quelle…
Education, Religion, and the Discourse of Cultural Reform in Qajar Iran
Art (Naqqashi) and Artists (Naqqashan) in Qajar Persia
The Creation of the Food Administration in Iran
Agricultural production considered from an economic point of view has two important functions: first, to provide prime necessities for those inside and outside the agricultural sector, and second, to enable the financing of imports. In preindustrial countries like Qajar Iran, where more than 85 percent of the population was earning its living in the agricultural sector, the economic basis of the country was land and agriculture. Agricultural prod…
The Rise and Fall of the Banū Kaʿb. A Borderer State in Southern Khuzestan
This study discusses the efforts of the Banū Kaʿb, a tribal confederacy straddling two countries (Iraq, Iran), to maintain their independence between 1740–1840. In doing so, they had to fight not only two powerful external foreign centres (Baghdad, Tehran), but also its own periphery (particularly Muhammarah). As a result, the Banu Ka'b lost their independence to the new nationstate of Iran with which it had nothing in common but for a claim to t…
The Brickworkers of Khatunabad
This article discusses the working and living conditions of unskilled labourers in South Tehran, and pays particular attention to the workers of the brick-kiln factories of Khatunabad. The brick-kiln workers, mostly transient rural workers, were among the poorest of the Iranian labour class. At the same time, in terms of sheer numbers they represented 5 per cent of the population of Tehran in 1960. They lived and worked under appalling conditions…
The Office of Muhtasib in Iran
On his return to Qom on March 7, 1979, Ayatollah Khomeini announced during a remarkable speech the intention to create a ministry having as its main task amr bi'l ma'ruf wa nahi ‘an al-munkar, or to promote the good and forbid the bad. What is so astounding about this is the fact that a government institution charged with this task has long since ceased to exist. Moreover, the charge of amr bi'l ma'ruf has been historically associated with an off…
Jan Lucasz. van Hasselt
In February 1617, Jan Lucasz. van Hasselt arrived in Persia accompanying Pietro Della Valle (1586–1652), a Roman noble. Sometime between 1618 and 1621 Van Hasselt entered the service of Shah ʿAbbas I (r. 1588–1629), for whom he worked as a painter until the death of the shah. Later, during the reign of Shah Safi I (r. 1629–42) and until 1654 he tried to establish himself as a commercial agent for Persia. The present paper examines the career of t…
From Quasi-Vegetarians to Quasi-Carnivores
Until the twentieth century there was little change in the diet of Iranians. Bread was the major staple, accompanied by vegetables, fruits, yoghurt, and nuts. Meat and rice were a luxury food for most consumers. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries new food items were adopted by Persian consumers. After 1970, the modern Iranian diet—large amounts of white rice, meats, sugar-sweetened beverages and sweet/deserts, with few vegetables, herbs, n…
The Woodworking Craft and Its Products in Iran
Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Cultures of the Islamic World is sponsored by the Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture at Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Borāzjān, a Rural Market Town in Bushire's Hinterland
The Chapar-Khāna System in Qajar Iran
The Bandar ?Abbas-Isfahan Route in the Late Safavid Era (1617-1717)
Cet article traite de la route caravaniere qui va de Bandar Abbas a Isfahan, en Iran, a la fin de l'epoque des Sefevides. L'A aborde ici la question du ravitaillement, en nourriture et autres produits de fourrage, et de l'hebergement par le biais des caravanserails et des citernes d'eau. Il s'interesse ensuite a la route-meme au cours des saisons, a sa structure (carrefours...) et au cout. Il apporte ainsi quelques complements a la description de…
The Iranian Navy in the Gulf during the Eighteenth Century
In the 18th century, rather remarkably, Iran formed a navy. Up to that time the shahs of Iran had relied on other powers to maintain security in the Persian Gulf. The dominant naval power in the gulf during the 16th century was Portugal, while the Dutch, and to a lesser extent the English, were supreme during the 17th and the beginning of the 18th centuries. Because Iran's southern borders were safe and secure after the conquest of Hormoz in 1622…
Hotz versus Muḥammad Shafīʿ A Case Study in Commercial Litigation in Qājār Iran, 1888–1894
With the growth of the volume of foreign trade in nineteenth-century Iran, as well as the direct participation of European merchants, the use of bills of exchange, promissary notes, and drafts increased. In fact, toward the end of the nineteenth century, trade in Iran would have been greatly hampered without trade bills, due to the fact that all the flow of capital was to Tehran
The lutis
The Office of Kalantar in Qajar Persia
THE OFFICE OF KAL NTAR IN Q J R PERSIA BY W. M. FLOOR Utrecht Before I start discussing the office of kalantar I'd like to point out a few facts which usually are neglected in discussions about Qajar Persia. Qajar Persia was a pre-industrial society with a rather weak central government. The various cities enjoyed self-government to a certain extent as did many corporate groups, such as tribes, guilds and village communities. The main function of…
The Marketpolice in Qajar Persia
The lutis
The Marketpolice in Qxjxr Persia
A special kind of police officer in the Igth century was the dariugha-yi bazar or superintendant of the main market in the city. He was an important official on the local scene, notwithstanding the fact that his jurisdiction was limited the bazar. The daruighayi bazar was often appointed from among one of the local leading families 1 by the governor. To call the dariugha-yi bazar simply a police officer does not do justice the range of his activi…
The Lūtīs - a Social Phenomenon in Qājār Persia
Discussions on the luitis have shown as tricky and elusive as our subject and alas as unsatisfactory as the information about it. Lambton's article, although in very general terms, has as yet given the best insight in this phenomenon.1 The best documented article is that of Migeod, but, notwithstanding all the information which he has collected, the lfitis remain still ,,schwer erfassbar.2 A third scholar who dealt with the liltis is Arasteh. His…
The Revolutionary character of the Iranian Ulame
In several scholarly works it has been asserted that opposition to tyranny is a fundamental and pervasive characteristic of Shi'i Islam. 1 Here I shall try to show that the revolutionary character ascribed to the Shi'i ulama in Iran has been greatly exaggerated. I will argue that the ulama's perception of the socio-economic and political structure of Iranian society often did not basically differ from that of the secular power elite. Further, I w…
The Creation of the Food Administration in Iran
Agricultural production considered from an economic point of view has two important functions: first, to provide prime necessities for those inside and outside the agricultural sector, and second, to enable the financing of imports. In preindustrial countries like Qajar Iran, where more than 85 percent of the population was earning its living in the agricultural sector, the economic basis of the country was land and agriculture. Agricultural prod…
Hotz versus Muḥammad Shafīʿ A Case Study in Commercial Litigation in Qājār Iran, 1888–1894
With the growth of the volume of foreign trade in nineteenth-century Iran, as well as the direct participation of European merchants, the use of bills of exchange, promissary notes, and drafts increased. In fact, toward the end of the nineteenth century, trade in Iran would have been greatly hampered without trade bills, due to the fact that all the flow of capital was to Tehran
The Office of Muhtasib in Iran
On his return to Qom on March 7, 1979, Ayatollah Khomeini announced during a remarkable speech the intention to create a ministry having as its main task amr bi'l ma'ruf wa nahi ‘an al-munkar, or to promote the good and forbid the bad. What is so astounding about this is the fact that a government institution charged with this task has long since ceased to exist. Moreover, the charge of amr bi'l ma'ruf has been historically associated with an off…
The Iranian Navy in the Gulf during the Eighteenth Century
In the 18th century, rather remarkably, Iran formed a navy. Up to that time the shahs of Iran had relied on other powers to maintain security in the Persian Gulf. The dominant naval power in the gulf during the 16th century was Portugal, while the Dutch, and to a lesser extent the English, were supreme during the 17th and the beginning of the 18th centuries. Because Iran's southern borders were safe and secure after the conquest of Hormoz in 1622…
Rahdars and Their Tolls in Safavid and Afsharid Iran
Le droit d'entreposage en Iran qajar
Le Châh et les Qizilbāš
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
The Dutch on Khark Island
The Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC) was founded in 1602 and began its trading activities in Iran and the Gulf in 1623, when factories (trading stations) were established in Bandar Abbas and Isfahan, after a favorable commercial treaty had been concluded with Shah Abbas I. This was the beginning of a very profitable trade for the VOC, which throughout the 17th and in the beginning of the 18th century was Iran's most important foreign tradi…
Beitraege zur Wirtschaftsstruktur und Wirtschaftsentwicklung Persiens 1850–1900 , Manfred Schneider, Erkundliches Wissen Series, Heft 103, Stuttgart
Beitraege zur Wirtschaftsstruktur und Wirtschaftsentwicklung Persiens 1850–1900, Manfred Schneider, Erkundliches Wissen Series, Heft 103, Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 1990, 381 pp., no price listed. - Volume 26 Issue 1-2
Urban Change in Iran, 1920–1941
Introduction The reforms initiated by Reza Shah's urban modernization drive led to changes not only in cultural patterns of urban life in Iran and the economic structure of the country, but even in spatial organization. The full effect of these initiatives only started to be felt under Mohammad Reza Shah, who continued to pursue the policy of his predecessor. For our specific purpose—urban change under Reza Shah—we will focus on an analysis of th…
The Rise and Fall of Mirza Taqi, The Eunuch Grand Vizier (1043-55/1633-45)
Art (Naqqashj) and Art1sts (Naqqashan) in Qajar Persia
Le Kârun et l'irrigation de la plaine d'Ahvâz
L'idee d'irriguer la plaine d'Ahvaz et ses environs fut lancee en 1875, et plusieurs propositions de concession furent proposees. Ce n'est qu'en 1902 que Mozaffar al-Din Shah employa un ingenieur neerlandais pour y etudier les possibilites d'irriguation. Mais le manque d'argent du gouvernement persan et l'opposition des anglais fit enterrer ce projet. Le plan d'irriguation de la plaine d'Ahvaz ne fut finalement realise que dans les annees 1960
The Bandar ?Abbas-Isfahan Route in the Late Safavid Era (1617-1717)
Cet article traite de la route caravaniere qui va de Bandar Abbas a Isfahan, en Iran, a la fin de l'epoque des Sefevides. L'A aborde ici la question du ravitaillement, en nourriture et autres produits de fourrage, et de l'hebergement par le biais des caravanserails et des citernes d'eau. Il s'interesse ensuite a la route-meme au cours des saisons, a sa structure (carrefours...) et au cout. Il apporte ainsi quelques complements a la description de…
Art (Naqqashi) and Artists (Naqqashan) in Qajar Persia
Frontier Nomads of Iran
The Secular Judicial System in Safavid Persia
L'article offre une analyse du fonctionnement du systeme judiciaire seculier a l'epoque safavide. Jusqu'au milieu du XVIIeme siecle le Shah jouait un role actif dans le processus judiciaire, mais apres cette date il ceda le terrain au dīvā-bēgī, son representant pour le droit commun et public, ainsi qu'a ses representants des rangs inferieurs. L'article s'interroge sur le role du dīvā-bēgī dans la gestion du systeme judiciaire, et identifie la ma…
Safavid Iran's Search for Silver and Gold
Safavid Iran's foreign trade is usually described as the highly profitable export of silk to Europe. That is at best an incomplete description. One problem is that it focuses on only one side of the trade (exports) rather than looking at both sides. Taken to its extreme, the usual story could make Iranians look like mad mercantilists determined to export without thinking much about what they got in return, while Europeans could look like crazed c…
From Anatolia to Indonesia
This book is the first monograph dealing with the opium trade undertaken by Dutchmen from Anatolia in the 19th and the early 20th centuries. The trade began to flower from the 1820s onwards when the Dutch government decided to commission the newly founded Dutch Trading Company with the exclusive sale of the drug on the East Indian market. Because of the large and growing consumption in the Indies, Holland became one of the biggest drug dealers th…
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