Brian Mullen
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 633213 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Brian Mullen |
| NOMBRES | Brian |
| APELLIDO | Mullen |
| FIRMA | MULLEN B |
| AFILIACIONES | Syracuse University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-1340-8692 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 39 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 739 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 38 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 1 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1982 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2025 |
| ÍNDICE H | 12 |
Comparison of appetite assessment methods in older adults from the Appetite study
Poor appetite is an important health concern in older adults. Numerous methods exist for appetite assessment, without a consensual gold standard. This study aims to compare Simplified Nutritional Appetite Questionnaire (SNAQ) and two single-item appetite questions with appetite ratings from visual analogue scales (VAS) and energy intake (EI). In 126 community-dwelling adults aged ≥65 years from the APPETITE trial, appetite was assessed using SNAQ…
The Psychology of Consumer Behavior
After years of study in the area of consumer behavior, Mullen and Johnson bring together a broad survey of small answers to a big question: "Why do consumers do what they do?" This book provides an expansive, accessible presentation of current psychological theory and research as it illuminates fundamental issues regarding the psychology of consumer behavior. The authors hypothesize that an improved understanding of consumer behavior could be emp…
Psychology of Consumer Behavior
Complexity and valence in ethnophaulisms and exclusion of ethnic out-groups
Ethnophaulisms (A. A. Roback, 1944) are the words used as ethnic slurs to refer to out-groups in hate speech. The results of previous archival research have suggested that it is the complexity, more so than the valence, of ethnophaulisms that predicts the exclusion of ethnic immigrant out-groups from the receiving society. This article reports the results of 3 experimental examinations of the relative contributions of complexity and valence in et…
A social psychological study of ethnonyms
Ethnonyms (M. G. Levin & L. P. Potapov, 1964; from the Greek roots meaning "a national group" and "name") are the names an in-group uses to distinguish itself from out-groups. There has been no social psychological research to date exploring the effects of ethnonyms. The authors report the results of 3 studies examining the potential effects of various features of ethnonyms on intergroup behavior. Analyses of archival data indicate that among ind…
Sufficiency and Stability of Evidence for Public Health Interventions Using Cumulative Meta-Analysis
We propose cumulative meta-analysis as the procedure of completing a new meta-analysis at each successive wave in a research database. Two facets of cumulative knowledge are considered: the first, sufficiency, refers to whether the meta-analytic database adequately demonstrates that a public health intervention works. The second, stability, refers to the shifts over time in the accruing evidence about whether a public health intervention works. W…
Social Network Analysis
Social network analysis is a set of procedures-mathematical and graphical techniques-that use indices of relatedness among entities to represent social structures in a compact and systematic manner. There are several general goals of network analysis. The first goal is to represent relationships of interest visually as a network or graph, and to display information in a way that allows the user to see relationships among actors embedded in the ov…
Social Network Analysis
Immigrant Suicide Rates as a Function of Ethnophaulisms
Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine whether suicide rates among ethnic immigrant groups were predicted by the ethnophaulisms, or the hate speech, used to refer to those ethnic immigrant groups. Methods: Data were obtained for 10 European ethnic immigrant groups during the 1950s. These 10 European ethnic immigrant groups accounted for approximately 40% of all immigration into the United States during this time period. Both the su…
Altering intergroup perceptions by altering prevailing mode of cognitive representation
This article reports the results of 3 studies that attempted to alter the mode of cognitive representation by training with nonsocial targets and then examined subsequent intergroup perception. In each study, participants examined an array of drinking glasses while receiving training in exemplar or prototype cognitive representation. Participants then responded to written trait descriptions of people (Experiment 1), photographs of the faces of me…
Ethnophaulisms for ethnic immigrant groups
Crossed categorization versus simple categorization and intergroup evaluations
Crossed categorization typically refers to the crossing of two dichotomous social dimensions, resulting in four groups (double‐ingroup, two mixed groups, and double‐outgroup). This paper reports the results of a meta‐analysis comparing the effects of crossed categorization on intergroup evaluations with the effects of simple categorization on intergroup evaluations. The crossed categorization paradigm is shown to increase or decrease ingroup bias…
Ethnophaulisms for ethnic immigrant groups
An archival analysis was conducted on the ethnophaulisms for ethnic immigrant groups as a function of the size and the familiarity of those groups. Cognitive representation was operationalized as the degree of complexity in, and the valence of, the ethnophaulisms applied to ethnic immigrant groups in the United States during each of 15 consecutive 10‐year time periods. Group size was operationalized as the number of first‐generation persons in th…
Ethnophaulisms for Ethnic Immigrant Groups
Ethnophaulisms (Roback, 1944) are the words used as slurs to refer to ethnic immigrant outgroups. This article explores the effects of attributes of ethnic immigrant groups on the cognitive representations of these groups in ethnophaulisms and the effects of these cognitive representations on behavior toward these immigrant groups. The results of these analyses, based on archival data spanning a 150‐year period of American history, provide a sobe…
Ethnophaulisms for Ethnic Immigrant Groups
An archival analysis was conducted on the ethnophaulisms for ethnic immigrant groups as a function of the size and the `foreignness' of those groups. Cognitive representation was operationalized as the degree of complexity in, and the valence of, the ethnophaulisms applied to ethnic immigrant groups in the United States during each of 15 consecutive 10-year time periods. Group size was operationalized as the number of first-generation persons in …
The relation between group cohesiveness and performance
This paper reports on a meta-analytic integration of the relation between group cohesiveness and performance. Overall, the cohesiveness-performance effect was highly significant and of small magnitude. Several theoretically informative determinants of the cohesiveness-performance effect were examined. This effect was significantly stronger when cohesiveness was operationalized in terms of measurements of group members' perceptions of cohesiveness…
Ingroup bias as a function of salience, relevance, and status
This paper reports the results of a meta‐analytic integration of the results of 137 tests of the ingroup bias hypothesis. Overall, the ingroup bias effect was highly significant and of moderate magnitude. Several theoretically informative determinants of the ingroup bias effect were established. This ingroup bias effect was significantly stronger when the ingroup was made salient (by virtue of proportionate size and by virtue of reality of the gr…
In-group-out-group differences in social projection
Most studies of Allport's notion of social projection have addressed in-group social projection (the perceived prevalence of one's own position within the in-group). The possibility of out-group social projection (the perceived prevalence of one's own position within the out-group) has been suggested, but the specific patterns of out-group social projection have never been established. This paper reports the results of three studies which directl…
Conceptual Rigor Mortis
In his paper entitled `Conceptual rigor versus practical impact', Chow (1991) argued against Rosnow and Rosenthal's (1989) recent call for caution and sophistication in the evaluation of the results of empirical studies. Chow also holds forth upon the purported failings of meta-analysis as a form of integrating research findings that is antithetical to the purpose of reviewing research. This commentary considers the paucity of evidence in support…
Effects of communication network structure
A meta-analytic integration is reported which summarizes the effects of positional centrality on communication network member behavior. Three distinct components of centrality are considered (Degree, Betweenness, and Closeness) along with three classes of behavior (Leadership, Satisfaction, and Participation). Results indicate that each component of centrality is a significant, moderate predictor of network member behavior. However, after partial…
Group composition, salience, and cognitive representations
A series of meta-analytic integrations is summarized, and a perspective on what it is like to be a member of a group is described. Proportionate group sizes are demonstrated to predict the magnitude of a variety of effects at the interface between social cognition and group processes. Self-focused attention, the participation-leadership effect, social projection, ingroup bias, relative heterogeneity, and binocular resolution effects are all demon…
Boundaries Around Group Interaction
We report a meta-analytic integration that summarizes American research by psychologists on the effects of group size on the permeability of group boundaries. Results indicate that the tendency for larger groups to have less permeable boundaries is highly significant but of small magnitude. This impermeability generally increases as a function of the relative size of the larger group and decreases as a function of the interpersonal distance betwe…
Social projection, actual consensus and valence
A reanalysis of the meta‐analytic database reported in Mullen & Hu (1988) revealed a strong effect of valence on social projection: overestimation of consensus decreased as a function of the valence, or the positivity, of the behaviour or choice. The previously demonstrated effect of actual consensus (overestimation of consensus decreasing as a function of actual consensus of the behaviour or choice) and this new effect of valence were shown to e…
Social Projection as a Function of Actual Consensus
A sample of American students responded to a series of political-opinion questions, indicating their own choices and estimating the consensus for each choice. Analyses revealed the standard social projection patterns (underestimation by majorities, overestimation by minorities, and overall false consensus). Moreover, social projection varied as a function of the actual consensus: As the minority's actual consensus decreased, its overestimation in…
Group Size, Leadership Behavior, and Subordinate Satisfaction
The results of a meta-analytic integration of previous research on the interrelations between group size, leadership behavior, and subordinate satisfaction are reported. The following patterns emerged from eight studies conducted in the United States: As the work group gets larger, the leader is more likely to engage in initiating structure behaviors but no more likely to engage in consideration behaviors, and subordinates are more likely to be d…
Ingroup bias as a function of salience, relevance, and status
This paper reports the results of a meta‐analytic integration of the results of 137 tests of the ingroup bias hypothesis. Overall, the ingroup bias effect was highly significant and of moderate magnitude. Several theoretically informative determinants of the ingroup bias effect were established. This ingroup bias effect was significantly stronger when the ingroup was made salient (by virtue of proportionate size and by virtue of reality of the gr…
Perceptions of Ingroup and Outgroup Variability
This article reports the results of a meta-analytic integration of previous research on perceptions of ingroup and outgroup variability. The following patterns were observed: The tendency to perceive greater variability for the ingroup relative to the variability perceived for the outgroup (relative heterogeneity) was demonstrated to be a significant but small effect. The basic relative heterogeneity effect is the result of a small shift away fro…
The false consensus effect
Group composition, salience, and cognitive representations
A series of meta-analytic integrations is summarized, and a perspective on what it is like to be a member of a group is described. Proportionate group sizes are demonstrated to predict the magnitude of a variety of effects at the interface between social cognition and group processes. Self-focused attention, the participation-leadership effect, social projection, ingroup bias, relative heterogeneity, and binocular resolution effects are all demon…
Operationalizing the effect of the group on the individual
The relation between group cohesiveness and performance
This paper reports on a meta-analytic integration of the relation between group cohesiveness and performance. Overall, the cohesiveness-performance effect was highly significant and of small magnitude. Several theoretically informative determinants of the cohesiveness-performance effect were examined. This effect was significantly stronger when cohesiveness was operationalized in terms of measurements of group members' perceptions of cohesiveness…
Social projection as a function of cognitive mechanisms
Two meta‐analyses were conducted on the results of previous research examining two distinct species of social projection: under‐/overestimation of consensus, and false consensus. These meta‐analyses were guided by an interest in the relative contributions of cognitive mechanisms and motivational mechanisms to social projection. The following patterns were observed in these meta‐analyses: the majority significantly underestimates its own consensus…
In-group-out-group differences in social projection
Most studies of Allport's notion of social projection have addressed in-group social projection (the perceived prevalence of one's own position within the in-group). The possibility of out-group social projection (the perceived prevalence of one's own position within the out-group) has been suggested, but the specific patterns of out-group social projection have never been established. This paper reports the results of three studies which directl…
Salience, motivation, and artifact as contributions to the relation between participation rate and leadership
Newcasters' facial expressions and voting behavior of viewers
Two studies were conducted to examine the association between newscasters' facial expressions and the voting behavior of viewers. Study 1 examined the facial expressions exhibited by network newscasters while referring to the 1984 presidential candidates prior to the election. Results indicated that one of the three newscasters exhibited significantly more positive facial expressions when referring to Reagan than when referring to Mondale. Study …
Ethnophaulisms for Ethnic Immigrant Groups
Ethnophaulisms (Roback, 1944) are the words used as slurs to refer to ethnic immigrant outgroups. This article explores the effects of attributes of ethnic immigrant groups on the cognitive representations of these groups in ethnophaulisms and the effects of these cognitive representations on behavior toward these immigrant groups. The results of these analyses, based on archival data spanning a 150‐year period of American history, provide a sobe…
Crossed categorization versus simple categorization and intergroup evaluations
Crossed categorization typically refers to the crossing of two dichotomous social dimensions, resulting in four groups (double‐ingroup, two mixed groups, and double‐outgroup). This paper reports the results of a meta‐analysis comparing the effects of crossed categorization on intergroup evaluations with the effects of simple categorization on intergroup evaluations. The crossed categorization paradigm is shown to increase or decrease ingroup bias…
Atrocity as a Function of Lynch Mob Composition
An archival analysis was conducted to determine whether the atrocities committed by lynch mobs could be accounted for in terms of self-attention processes. In all, 60 newspaper reports of lynching events were coded for information regarding group composition and atrocity. Group composition was operationalized in terms of the Other-Total Ratio (that is, Other-Total Ratio = Number of Victims/[Number of Victims + Number of Lynchers]), an algorithm p…
Strength and immediacy of sources
Ethnophaulisms for Ethnic Immigrant Groups
An archival analysis was conducted on the ethnophaulisms for ethnic immigrant groups as a function of the size and the `foreignness' of those groups. Cognitive representation was operationalized as the degree of complexity in, and the valence of, the ethnophaulisms applied to ethnic immigrant groups in the United States during each of 15 consecutive 10-year time periods. Group size was operationalized as the number of first-generation persons in …
Know thyself”
Complexity and valence in ethnophaulisms and exclusion of ethnic out-groups
Ethnophaulisms (A. A. Roback, 1944) are the words used as ethnic slurs to refer to out-groups in hate speech. The results of previous archival research have suggested that it is the complexity, more so than the valence, of ethnophaulisms that predicts the exclusion of ethnic immigrant out-groups from the receiving society. This article reports the results of 3 experimental examinations of the relative contributions of complexity and valence in et…
Accuracy in perceptions of consensus
When people are interested in how common one or more of their attributes is in a reference population, they must often generate their own comparison information based on a limited sample of acquaintances and experiences. Subjects in the present research were asked to describe themselves in terms of a variety of attributes, and were also asked to estimate the percentage of other college students who would indicate possession of each attribute. For…
Group Size, Leadership Behavior, and Subordinate Satisfaction
The results of a meta-analytic integration of previous research on the interrelations between group size, leadership behavior, and subordinate satisfaction are reported. The following patterns emerged from eight studies conducted in the United States: As the work group gets larger, the leader is more likely to engage in initiating structure behaviors but no more likely to engage in consideration behaviors, and subordinates are more likely to be d…
Ethnophaulisms for ethnic immigrant groups
An archival analysis was conducted on the ethnophaulisms for ethnic immigrant groups as a function of the size and the familiarity of those groups. Cognitive representation was operationalized as the degree of complexity in, and the valence of, the ethnophaulisms applied to ethnic immigrant groups in the United States during each of 15 consecutive 10‐year time periods. Group size was operationalized as the number of first‐generation persons in th…
Social Projection as a Function of Actual Consensus
A sample of American students responded to a series of political-opinion questions, indicating their own choices and estimating the consensus for each choice. Analyses revealed the standard social projection patterns (underestimation by majorities, overestimation by minorities, and overall false consensus). Moreover, social projection varied as a function of the actual consensus: As the minority's actual consensus decreased, its overestimation in…
Organizational Productivity as a Function of Group Composition
Organizational productivity was studied from the perspective of self-attention theory. The other-total ratio is an algorithm that has previously been established to predict the effect of group composition on the individual's self-attention processes and resultant social behaviors. The other-total ratio was derived for subordinates in each of the 58 offices of a federal agency (where other-total ratio = supervisors / [supervisors + subordinates]).…
Altering intergroup perceptions by altering prevailing mode of cognitive representation
This article reports the results of 3 studies that attempted to alter the mode of cognitive representation by training with nonsocial targets and then examined subsequent intergroup perception. In each study, participants examined an array of drinking glasses while receiving training in exemplar or prototype cognitive representation. Participants then responded to written trait descriptions of people (Experiment 1), photographs of the faces of me…
Social projection, actual consensus and valence
A reanalysis of the meta‐analytic database reported in Mullen & Hu (1988) revealed a strong effect of valence on social projection: overestimation of consensus decreased as a function of the valence, or the positivity, of the behaviour or choice. The previously demonstrated effect of actual consensus (overestimation of consensus decreasing as a function of actual consensus of the behaviour or choice) and this new effect of valence were shown to e…
A social psychological study of ethnonyms
Ethnonyms (M. G. Levin & L. P. Potapov, 1964; from the Greek roots meaning "a national group" and "name") are the names an in-group uses to distinguish itself from out-groups. There has been no social psychological research to date exploring the effects of ethnonyms. The authors report the results of 3 studies examining the potential effects of various features of ethnonyms on intergroup behavior. Analyses of archival data indicate that among ind…
Know thyself”
Accuracy in perceptions of consensus
When people are interested in how common one or more of their attributes is in a reference population, they must often generate their own comparison information based on a limited sample of acquaintances and experiences. Subjects in the present research were asked to describe themselves in terms of a variety of attributes, and were also asked to estimate the percentage of other college students who would indicate possession of each attribute. For…
Operationalizing the effect of the group on the individual
The false consensus effect
Strength and immediacy of sources
Newcasters' facial expressions and voting behavior of viewers
Two studies were conducted to examine the association between newscasters' facial expressions and the voting behavior of viewers. Study 1 examined the facial expressions exhibited by network newscasters while referring to the 1984 presidential candidates prior to the election. Results indicated that one of the three newscasters exhibited significantly more positive facial expressions when referring to Reagan than when referring to Mondale. Study …
Effects of strength and immediacy in group contexts
Atrocity as a Function of Lynch Mob Composition
An archival analysis was conducted to determine whether the atrocities committed by lynch mobs could be accounted for in terms of self-attention processes. In all, 60 newspaper reports of lynching events were coded for information regarding group composition and atrocity. Group composition was operationalized in terms of the Other-Total Ratio (that is, Other-Total Ratio = Number of Victims/[Number of Victims + Number of Lynchers]), an algorithm p…
Theories of Group Behavior
Statistical Methods for Meta-Anlaysis
Organizational Productivity as a Function of Group Composition
Organizational productivity was studied from the perspective of self-attention theory. The other-total ratio is an algorithm that has previously been established to predict the effect of group composition on the individual's self-attention processes and resultant social behaviors. The other-total ratio was derived for subordinates in each of the 58 offices of a federal agency (where other-total ratio = supervisors / [supervisors + subordinates]).…
Social projection as a function of cognitive mechanisms
Two meta‐analyses were conducted on the results of previous research examining two distinct species of social projection: under‐/overestimation of consensus, and false consensus. These meta‐analyses were guided by an interest in the relative contributions of cognitive mechanisms and motivational mechanisms to social projection. The following patterns were observed in these meta‐analyses: the majority significantly underestimates its own consensus…
Group Size, Leadership Behavior, and Subordinate Satisfaction
The results of a meta-analytic integration of previous research on the interrelations between group size, leadership behavior, and subordinate satisfaction are reported. The following patterns emerged from eight studies conducted in the United States: As the work group gets larger, the leader is more likely to engage in initiating structure behaviors but no more likely to engage in consideration behaviors, and subordinates are more likely to be d…
Salience, motivation, and artifact as contributions to the relation between participation rate and leadership
Perceptions of Ingroup and Outgroup Variability
This article reports the results of a meta-analytic integration of previous research on perceptions of ingroup and outgroup variability. The following patterns were observed: The tendency to perceive greater variability for the ingroup relative to the variability perceived for the outgroup (relative heterogeneity) was demonstrated to be a significant but small effect. The basic relative heterogeneity effect is the result of a small shift away fro…
Social projection, actual consensus and valence
A reanalysis of the meta‐analytic database reported in Mullen & Hu (1988) revealed a strong effect of valence on social projection: overestimation of consensus decreased as a function of the valence, or the positivity, of the behaviour or choice. The previously demonstrated effect of actual consensus (overestimation of consensus decreasing as a function of actual consensus of the behaviour or choice) and this new effect of valence were shown to e…
Social Projection as a Function of Actual Consensus
A sample of American students responded to a series of political-opinion questions, indicating their own choices and estimating the consensus for each choice. Analyses revealed the standard social projection patterns (underestimation by majorities, overestimation by minorities, and overall false consensus). Moreover, social projection varied as a function of the actual consensus: As the minority's actual consensus decreased, its overestimation in…
Conceptual Rigor Mortis
In his paper entitled `Conceptual rigor versus practical impact', Chow (1991) argued against Rosnow and Rosenthal's (1989) recent call for caution and sophistication in the evaluation of the results of empirical studies. Chow also holds forth upon the purported failings of meta-analysis as a form of integrating research findings that is antithetical to the purpose of reviewing research. This commentary considers the paucity of evidence in support…
Effects of communication network structure
A meta-analytic integration is reported which summarizes the effects of positional centrality on communication network member behavior. Three distinct components of centrality are considered (Degree, Betweenness, and Closeness) along with three classes of behavior (Leadership, Satisfaction, and Participation). Results indicate that each component of centrality is a significant, moderate predictor of network member behavior. However, after partial…
Group composition, salience, and cognitive representations
A series of meta-analytic integrations is summarized, and a perspective on what it is like to be a member of a group is described. Proportionate group sizes are demonstrated to predict the magnitude of a variety of effects at the interface between social cognition and group processes. Self-focused attention, the participation-leadership effect, social projection, ingroup bias, relative heterogeneity, and binocular resolution effects are all demon…
Boundaries Around Group Interaction
We report a meta-analytic integration that summarizes American research by psychologists on the effects of group size on the permeability of group boundaries. Results indicate that the tendency for larger groups to have less permeable boundaries is highly significant but of small magnitude. This impermeability generally increases as a function of the relative size of the larger group and decreases as a function of the interpersonal distance betwe…
Ingroup bias as a function of salience, relevance, and status
This paper reports the results of a meta‐analytic integration of the results of 137 tests of the ingroup bias hypothesis. Overall, the ingroup bias effect was highly significant and of moderate magnitude. Several theoretically informative determinants of the ingroup bias effect were established. This ingroup bias effect was significantly stronger when the ingroup was made salient (by virtue of proportionate size and by virtue of reality of the gr…
In-group-out-group differences in social projection
Most studies of Allport's notion of social projection have addressed in-group social projection (the perceived prevalence of one's own position within the in-group). The possibility of out-group social projection (the perceived prevalence of one's own position within the out-group) has been suggested, but the specific patterns of out-group social projection have never been established. This paper reports the results of three studies which directl…
The relation between group cohesiveness and performance
This paper reports on a meta-analytic integration of the relation between group cohesiveness and performance. Overall, the cohesiveness-performance effect was highly significant and of small magnitude. Several theoretically informative determinants of the cohesiveness-performance effect were examined. This effect was significantly stronger when cohesiveness was operationalized in terms of measurements of group members' perceptions of cohesiveness…
Ethnophaulisms for Ethnic Immigrant Groups
An archival analysis was conducted on the ethnophaulisms for ethnic immigrant groups as a function of the size and the `foreignness' of those groups. Cognitive representation was operationalized as the degree of complexity in, and the valence of, the ethnophaulisms applied to ethnic immigrant groups in the United States during each of 15 consecutive 10-year time periods. Group size was operationalized as the number of first-generation persons in …
Psychology (35 obras) · Social Psychology (29 obras) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (21 obras) · Social Psychology (20 obras) · Opinion Dynamics and Social Influence (15 obras) · Sociology (10 obras) · Computer Science (9 obras) · Political science (9 obras) · Cognition (8 obras) · Group (periodic table (8 obras)