George Joffe
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 708022 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | George Joffe |
| NOMBRES | George |
| APELLIDO | Joffe |
| FIRMA | JOFFE G |
| AFILIACIONES | University of Cambridge |
| VERIFICADO | No |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 69 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 183 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 67 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 2 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1981 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2022 |
| ÍNDICE H | 6 |
North Africa's Afarit awaken
Like tears in rain
Authoritarian Resilience and the Absence of Democratic Transition
By the end of 2021 it will be a decade since the events of the ‘Arab Spring’ (al-rabīʿ al-ʿarabī) profoundly disrupted the Arab world, particularly in North Africa, raising hopes that the region overall would, through a permanent democratic transition, shake off its apparent exceptionalism in endorsing authoritarian governance. A decade later, such aspirations would appear to have been dashed, except in Tunisia, although fresh rounds of protest i…
All Fall Down
It is a profound irony that the Jasmine blossom of Tunisia’s democratic revolution should wilt, just ten years after blooming in 2011, despite widespread convictions that Tunisia, perhaps alone in
Morocco
The last two months of 2020 have offered Morocco a stunning and unexpected opportunity to realise two of its major objectives in regional and foreign policy. On the one hand, what began as a relati
Back to the future
The future of minorities in the governance process in North Africa
Despite the normative assumption that the states of North Africa have populations that are culturally, ethnically and socially homogenous their actual demographic composition does not fit this paradigm. This has become particularly important in the recent past as Amazighté has begun to play a significant role in regional affairs, alongside the growing popular pressure for participatory governance throughout the region. Both these factors raise a …
Algeria
On 12 June 2021 Algerians turned out to vote in the country’s latest legislative elections, which had been called a year early after a constitutional referendum in mid-November 2020 and a president
What goes around, comes around
A decade ago, in the wake of the Arab Awakening at the end of 2010, it seemed as if the Middle East and North Africa was about to enter a new era of equitable governance and burgeoning economic gro
The outcomes of 2011
Libya
The kaleidoscope has been shaken, the pieces are in flux, soon they will settle again. Tony Blair, October 2001Almost without warning, Libya seems to have become the new geopolitical arena for the
Shame-faced no longer
On 12 December 2019, Algerians – some of them at least – went to the polls to elect a new president. According to the official body in charge of the elections, the Autorite nationale independante d
Where does Libya go now
Khalifa Haftar’s latest attempt to reconstruct the Libyan state in his own preferred autocratic image appears – for now at least – to have been derailed. Last April, after having taken control of t
Covid-19 and North Africa
Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 CORONAVIRUS CASES (April 12, 2020). TableDownload CSVDisplay Table2 IMF (Citation2020), International Monetary Fund: Tunisia (April 10, 2020) https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/TUN.3 STATE EXPENDITURE ON HEALTH AS A PROPORTION OF GDP AND PER CAPITA (2017). TableDownload CSVDisplay Table4 At their highest point in early 2014, the reserves stood at $195 billion…
Can Libya survive as a single State
Ever since the Qadhafi regime collapsed in late October 2011, the survival of the Libyan state has been opened to increasing question. The causes are manifold; the collapse of the Libyan army in the wake of the NATO-led attacks, the hostility of Britain and France, the roles played by the Gulf states, Turkey and Egypt, and the growth of extremism against the background of the privatised violence of the militias have all contributed towards its im…
The Western Sahara and the United States
Morocco's relations with the United States encompass many issues but one of the most important and immediate is that of America's attitudes towards Morocco's long-standing claim to the Western Saha
Have Algerians seized back the initiative
Since mid-February 2019, Algeria has become the scene of massive, peaceful demonstrations against the prospect of a fifth presidential term for the country’s veteran president, Ahmed Bouteflika. Th
The Trojan horse
The vast majority of comment on the role of political Islam in North Africa focuses on the activities of extremist groups there, particularly with respect to Libya, the Sahara and the Sahel. There
States and Caliphates
At the end of June 2014, Abu Baqr al-Baghdadi, the leader of what was to become Da’ish or the Islamic State, announced at the main mosque in Mosul the creation of an ‘Islamic caliphate’ with himself as caliph. With its creation, he announced, the division of the Middle East, forced upon the region by the 1916 Sykes–Picot agreement, was ended, to be replaced by a territorially limitless caliphate for all Muslims. Despite the obvious political rhet…
Global Jihad and Foreign Fighters
One question that has been unresolved since the current phase of extremism began in the early- to mid-1990s has been whether or not there is a global structure to the jihadi phenomenon. This paper argues that no such definable structure exists, although regional, national, and local networks may well share common objectives and ideological ambitions. There has, in short, been a process of global branding that has developed that, in structural ter…
Party dualities
One of the unusual features of the recent emergence of moderate Sunni Islamist political parties onto the formal political scene in the Arab world as a result of the Arab Awakening is that they nearly always emerge as elements in political dualities. Thus the party – a political movement – is wedded to a social movement and, sometimes, to a trade union as well. In addition, the social movement usually predates its parallel political movement. Fur…
The fateful phoenix
Although the Islamic State in Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS) is seen as a novel manifestation of Islamic extremism, it is in fact the latest, albeit perhaps the most effective, of a long line of revivalist movements in the Islamic and the Arab worlds. Its motivations – hisba and jihad – differ little from its predecessors and its ambitions – to create a state organised in accordance with the precepts of the Islamic caliphate – reflect a long-standing Is…
Global Jihad and Foreign Fighters
One question that has been unresolved since the current phase of extremism began in the early- to mid-1990s has been whether or not there is a global structure to the jihadi phenomenon. This paper argues that no such definable structure exists, although regional, national, and local networks may well share common objectives and ideological ambitions. There has, in short, been a process of global branding that has developed that, in structural ter…
Traditions of governance in North Africa
The recent political convulsions in North Africa have usually been analysed as a binary confrontation between universalist political Islam and secularist democracy, with violent chaos as the price of failure. To a very large extent, this has been a reflection of analytical templates derived, respectively, from the arguments of the Salafiyyist movement of the late nineteenth century or from the European experience of the Enlightenment, as mediated…
Nationalism and the bled
One of the striking features of the study of nationalism in the colonial era in Morocco is the way in which the rural world hardly features in histories of the movement. Issues such as the Rif War and the Jaysh at-Tahrir (Army of Liberation), or even the Rif Rebellion, tend to be treated in isolation, not as integral parts of the overall resistance to colonialism that developed from the 1920s onwards. In part, this is the problem of the ‘subalter…
The Arab Spring in North Africa
The insurgencies in Tunisia and Egypt – the Jasmine and the Tahrir Revolutions – seemed to offer great hope of the outbreak of democratic change in the Middle East and North Africa in what has come to be called the 'Arab Spring'. However, the civil war in Libya and the ongoing crises in Yemen and Syria suggest that overall regional change may prove to be more difficult to achieve. In fact there are quite specific reasons why insurgencies occurred…
The European Union, Democracy and Counter‐Terrorism in the Maghreb
Since 2001, the nature of the European Union's external action in the Mediterranean, particularly with respect to North Africa, has undergone significant change. The normative objectives of the Euro‐Mediterranean Partnership have become securitized in that co‐operation to achieve economic and political development between South Mediterranean states has been effectively replaced by co‐operation to combat a shared threat: transnational terrorism. T…
Morocco's Reform Process
The reform process in Morocco is often seen as a paradigm for the Arab world. This article argues that, at least as far as political reform is concerned, this is a mistake. Political reform was a strategy to ensure dynastic survival which sought to re-create the principles on which the pre-colonial sultanate ensured its survival. External pressure, then, influenced the timing of reform but was not responsible for the reform itself which had purel…
The role of violence within the Algerian economy
Algeria's economic crisis parallels and is an intrinsic part of its political crisis over the past decade. It consists, furthermore, of an interrelated crisis over control of economic rent and the activities of an informal, parallel economy originally based on smuggling and now sustained through violence which is legitimised by Islamist rhetoric. Economic reform, therefore, cannot be meaningfully achieved until appropriate institutions are constr…
Sovereignty and the Western Sahara
The Western Sahara conflict, now in its 35th year, is a conflict that challenges concepts of territorial sovereignty and self-determination and of the alleged linkage between them. It is also a manifestation of the struggle for regional hegemony between Algeria and Morocco and, by extension, a struggle by both regional powers to capture the attention and support of Europe and the United States. Amidst these major concerns, the interests of the We…
Government-media relations in Tunisia
The removal of the Ben Ali regime from power in Tunisia raised fundamental questions over the future role and structure of the country's media. A new structural relationship with government would have to reflect changes in ownership patterns and a new narrative about the media's future function. The government too had to adjust to a new relationship with the media in a participatory political system in transition. This paper discusses how and why…
Covid-19 and North Africa
Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 CORONAVIRUS CASES (April 12, 2020). TableDownload CSVDisplay Table2 IMF (Citation2020), International Monetary Fund: Tunisia (April 10, 2020) https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/TUN.3 STATE EXPENDITURE ON HEALTH AS A PROPORTION OF GDP AND PER CAPITA (2017). TableDownload CSVDisplay Table4 At their highest point in early 2014, the reserves stood at $195 billion…
Traditions of governance in North Africa
The recent political convulsions in North Africa have usually been analysed as a binary confrontation between universalist political Islam and secularist democracy, with violent chaos as the price of failure. To a very large extent, this has been a reflection of analytical templates derived, respectively, from the arguments of the Salafiyyist movement of the late nineteenth century or from the European experience of the Enlightenment, as mediated…
National Reconciliation and General Amnesty in Algeria
Reconciliation and amnesty have become an accepted way of dealing with the process of transition after civil conflict or political repression. Algeria's Charter for National Reconciliation and Peace was, however, more limited than most such initiatives in that one side in the violence of the 1990s was given blanket amnesty and immunity whilst the other was required to submit to the authority of the state. It is questionable, therefore, how succes…
The Psychology of Political Extremism
Any attempt to analyse the phenomenon of political extremism must seek to explain why choices are sometimes made to articulate such views through violence. It is proposed that such a choice may have little to do with the specific ideology through which extremism is expressed but instead may reflect deeper psychological considerations. Investigations of persons who grew up in totalitarian systems suggest that the state may invade the psyche, inter…
Libya and Europe
Contemporary Libyan relations with Europe are still marked by the radical origins of the Qadhdhafi regime, as they are by a much older historical record. The radicalism of the past has, however, now been subdued by commercial realities and European and American hostility. Nevertheless, despite the Libyan leader's professed desire to make Libya the 'Kuwait of the Mediterranean', strains in the relationship with Europe remain regardless of the reso…
Islamic opposition in Libya
On 17 February 1987, Libyan television startled its viewers with a special programme-the public executions of nine persons. The persons concerned were identified as members of two Islamic fundamentalist groups: Jihad (Struggle) and Hizbullah (Party of God). According to the charges made against them, they had carried out two assassinations, and had attempted to assassinate Soviet military personnel in Libya. They had also carried out acts of trea…
The foreign policy process in Libya
The policy process in Libya is complex and intensely personalised around the figure of the Libyan leader, even if it also relies on a structured consultation process. Libya's foreign policy fits within this paradigm as well, as our research amongst Libyan policy-makers has demonstrated. Yet, despite its apparent unpredictability, it abides by three basic principles that interact with each other: opportunistic constancy, national self-interest and…
Morocco
The last two months of 2020 have offered Morocco a stunning and unexpected opportunity to realise two of its major objectives in regional and foreign policy. On the one hand, what began as a relati
Libya
The kaleidoscope has been shaken, the pieces are in flux, soon they will settle again. Tony Blair, October 2001Almost without warning, Libya seems to have become the new geopolitical arena for the
Have Algerians seized back the initiative
Since mid-February 2019, Algeria has become the scene of massive, peaceful demonstrations against the prospect of a fifth presidential term for the country’s veteran president, Ahmed Bouteflika. Th
States and Caliphates
At the end of June 2014, Abu Baqr al-Baghdadi, the leader of what was to become Da’ish or the Islamic State, announced at the main mosque in Mosul the creation of an ‘Islamic caliphate’ with himself as caliph. With its creation, he announced, the division of the Middle East, forced upon the region by the 1916 Sykes–Picot agreement, was ended, to be replaced by a territorially limitless caliphate for all Muslims. Despite the obvious political rhet…
Libya's Saharan destiny
Libya's self-image and its foreign policy have driven the concept of the country as primarily part of the Arab world. However, since 1997, the Qadhafi regime has increasingly argued that the country is firmly rooted in Africa and that this is its true source of identity, despite the fact that it continues to be a member of the Arab League and inward migration from sub-Saharan Africa causes major domestic and diplomatic difficulties. No attempt ha…
The Euro‐mediteranean partnership initiative
Reflections on the role of the Sanusi in the central Sahara
Traditional Islamic constitutional theory is ideological, rather than political, territorial or ethnic in nature, and closely connected with the concept of community. The Sanusi Order in eastern Libya and the central Sahara organised a system of control that approximated to the traditional Islamic view of the state, although the ways in which it did this do not correspond to the analytical paradigms put forward by Evans‐Pritchard. Since it mainta…
Morocco
(1988). Morocco: Monarchy, legitimacy and succession. Third World Quarterly: Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 201-228
The Trojan horse
The vast majority of comment on the role of political Islam in North Africa focuses on the activities of extremist groups there, particularly with respect to Libya, the Sahara and the Sahel. There
The fateful phoenix
Although the Islamic State in Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS) is seen as a novel manifestation of Islamic extremism, it is in fact the latest, albeit perhaps the most effective, of a long line of revivalist movements in the Islamic and the Arab worlds. Its motivations – hisba and jihad – differ little from its predecessors and its ambitions – to create a state organised in accordance with the precepts of the Islamic caliphate – reflect a long-standing Is…
Global Jihad and Foreign Fighters
One question that has been unresolved since the current phase of extremism began in the early- to mid-1990s has been whether or not there is a global structure to the jihadi phenomenon. This paper argues that no such definable structure exists, although regional, national, and local networks may well share common objectives and ideological ambitions. There has, in short, been a process of global branding that has developed that, in structural ter…
Libya and the European Union
Libya has always remained outside the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership, although it enjoys the status of an observer. The European Union has, for some years, sought to bring it into a structured relationship similar to that of the Barcelona Process, but allowing for the objections Libya has voiced to full membership of the Partnership itself. As a result, it has been negotiating a Framework Agreement since 2007 to this end. The real purpose of the …
Morocco's Sahara factor
Libya
Tunisia and the PLO
B. Reviews
THE HISTORY OF AL‐TABARl (TA'RIKH AL‐RUSUL WA ‘L‐MULÜK). (An annotated translation] (Bibliotheca Persica) (SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies): VOLUME II: PROPHETS AND PATRIARCHS. Translated and annotated by WILLIAM M. BRINNER. Albany, State University of New York Press, 1987. xii, 207pp. VOLUME IV: THE ANCIENT KINGDOMS. Translated and annotated by MOSHE PERLMANN. Albany, State University of New York Press, 1987. xii, 205pp. THE FIRST DYNASTY OF…
C. Reviews and notes
FIHRIS AL‐KHIZANAH AL‐'ILMIYYA AL‐SUBAYHIYYA BI‐SALA. CATALOG OF SUBAIHEYYA LIBRARY IN SALA. By MUHAMMAD HAJJI. Kuwait, MaTiad al‐Makhtūtat al‐'Arabiyya (Institute of Arab Manuscripts), 1985.722pp., illus. i. FIHRIS MAKHTÜTAT MAKTABAT KÜPRILI. CATALOGUE OF MANUSCRIPTS IN THE KÖPRÜLÜ LIBRARY. Prepared by RAMAZAN SESEN, CEVAT İZGİ, CEMIL AKPINAR. Istanbul, Research Centre for Islamic History, Art and Culture, 1406/1986. 3 vols. 609, 34; 647; 639,22…
Morocco
(1988). Morocco: Monarchy, legitimacy and succession. Third World Quarterly: Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 201-228
Islamic opposition in Libya
On 17 February 1987, Libyan television startled its viewers with a special programme-the public executions of nine persons. The persons concerned were identified as members of two Islamic fundamentalist groups: Jihad (Struggle) and Hizbullah (Party of God). According to the charges made against them, they had carried out two assassinations, and had attempted to assassinate Soviet military personnel in Libya. They had also carried out acts of trea…
A. Reviews
THE HISTORY OF AL‐TABARI (TA'RIKH AL‐RUSUL WA ‘L‐MULUK) [An annotated translation] (Bibliotheca Persica) (SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies): VOLUME VI: MUHAMMAD AT MECCA. Translated and annotated by W. MONTGOMERY WATT and M.V. McDONALD. Albany, State University of New York Press, 1988. xlvi, 178pp. VOLUME VII: THE FOUNDATION OF THE COMMUNITY [MUHAMMAD AT ALMADINA A.D. 622–626/HIJRAH‐4 A.H.]. Translated and annotated by W. MONTGOMERY WATT and M…
Turmoil in Chad
Essay| April 01 1990 Turmoil in Chad George Joffe George Joffe Research Associate, Centre for Near and Middle Eastern Studies, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London George Joffe is consultant editor for the Middle East and North Africa at The Economist Intelligence Unit. He is the author of more than 40 articles on North Africa and Middle Eastern history and current affairs and the coauthor (with K.S. McLachlan) of four stu…
B. Reviews
REGIERUNG UND VERWALTUNG DES VORDEREN ORIENTS IN ISLAMISCHER ZEIT. TEIL 2. Mit Beiträgen von D. SOURDEL und J. BOSCH VILÁ. (Handbuch der Orientalistik, Band VI: Geschichte der islamischen Länder, Abschnitt 5.) Leiden, Brill, 1988. vi, 152pp. Hfl.68.‐ (58.‐ to Series subscribers). BRITAIN AND THE MIDDLE EAST: AN ECONOMIC HISTORY 1945–87. By FRANK BRENCHLEY. (Middle East Studies.) London, Lester Crook, 1989. 391pp. AN IMPERIAL TWILIGHT. By SIR GAWA…
Feature reviews
Amazonia 1990: the burning question White Gold: the diary of a rubber cutter in the Amazon 1906–1916 John C Yung johann Edited by Ghillean Prance Oracle, Arizona: Synergetic Press. 1989. 103pp. $7.95/£6.95pb Fight for the Forest: Chico Mendes in his own words Tony Gross London: Latin America Bureau. 1989. 96pp. £2.95pb Government Development Policies and Deforestation in Brazil's Amazon Region Dennis J Mahar Washington DC: World Bank Publications…
Nationalisation of Foreign‐owned Property for a Public Purpose
Libya's Foreign Policy in North Africa
Journal Article Libya's Foreign Policy in North Africa Get access Libya's Foreign Policy in North Africa, by Mary-Jane Deeb. Westview Press, Boulder, San Francisco, 1991. x + 214 pp. £27.95. ISBN 0 8133 7244 5. G. JOFFÉ G. JOFFÉ SOAS Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar African Affairs, Volume 91, Issue 363, April 1992, Pages 294–295, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098506 Published: 01 April 1992
Middle Eastern views of the Gulf conflict and its aftermath
There can be little doubt that the conflict between the UN-authorized and US-led Multinational Coalition and Iraq at the start of 1991, as a result of the Iraqi Ba'athist regime's decision in August 1990 to invade and annex Kuwait, has produced profound changes in the political and diplomatic environment of the Middle East and North Africa, as well as in Mashriqi and Maghribi political attitudes. The new atmosphere of confidence amongst the gover…
Political Geography
Past, present and future Geopolitical codes and world orders Situating geopolitical codes and theories The War on Terrorism: Geopolitical transition and world order 3 Geography of imperialisms The revolutionary heritage Formal imperialism: the creation of empires Informal imperialism: dominance without empire Empirein the twenty-first century 4 Territorial states The making of the world political map The nature of the states Territorial states un…
Unrest in Libya
Walter Harris and the imperial vision of Morocco
Walter Harris was the Times correspondent in Tangier during the first three decades of the twentieth century and observed the installation of the French and Spanish protectorates at first hand. His impressions were recounted in a series of confidential memoranda to the Times and in several full‐length books, as well as in his published reports to the newspaper. Despite his literary elegance, however, his understanding of Morocco was clouded by hi…
Reflections on the role of the Sanusi in the central Sahara
Traditional Islamic constitutional theory is ideological, rather than political, territorial or ethnic in nature, and closely connected with the concept of community. The Sanusi Order in eastern Libya and the central Sahara organised a system of control that approximated to the traditional Islamic view of the state, although the ways in which it did this do not correspond to the analytical paradigms put forward by Evans‐Pritchard. Since it mainta…
Southern attitudes towards an integrated Mediterranean region
The Euro‐Mediterranean Partnership reflects the hegemony that Europe has established over the Mediterranean region. Southern Mediterranean countries have participated for lack of an alternative, but they remain highly sceptical. The project's security aims are flawed by EU disunity over a common foreign and security policy and the fact that a third party ‐ the USA ‐ remains the region's key security player. Southern Mediterraneans feel that Europ…
Europe and North Africa
Democracy, Islam and the culture of modernism
The Islamic world seems to lack the ability to confront the challenge of modernism and has chosen instead to turn inwards towards Islam as a political paradigm. As a result, there appears to be a reluctance to adopt democratic principles of government. This is due at the level of ideas to a failure to embrace secularism in the collective sphere, as occurred in Europe. The cause for this failure lies in the marginalization of the Hellenistic philo…
The moroccan political system after the elections
(1998). The moroccan political system after the elections. Mediterranean Politics: Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 106-125
The Euro‐mediteranean partnership initiative
Foreign investment and the rule of law
En matière de régime des investissements étrangers, la plupart des PTM (pays tiers méditerranéens) ont adopté, depuis la fin des années 80, des codes d'investissements simplifiés offrant d'importants avantages fiscaux. Ces codes sont la plupart du temps reliés aux programmes de privatization. Mais la conversion radicale à l'accueil des investissements étrangers succède à plusieurs décennies de méfiance . . . et les avantages maintenant proposés s…
Towards Euro‐Mediterranean regional integration
(2000). Towards Euro‐Mediterranean regional integration. Mediterranean Politics: Vol. 5, The Barcelona Process Building a Euro-Mediterranean Regional Community, pp. 3-6
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