Kamila Nowak
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 73412 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Kamila Nowak |
| NOMBRES | Kamila |
| APELLIDO | Nowak |
| FIRMA | NOWAK K |
| AFILIACIONES | Nicolaus Copernicus University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-8137-0059 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 26 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 37 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 26 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2014 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 4 |
New Early Bronze Age Metal Finds from Western Poland
In recent years, a significant number of hoards of metal objects and individual finds have been uncovered and dated to the early phases of the Bronze Age. According to Reinecke’s classification, these artifacts belong to phases A1–B1 (2300–1600 BCE). Although the discovery sites of some individual objects raise questions about their exact context, the available data regarding their locations clearly suggest that these sites were selected with spe…
On the Amber Road. Bioarchaeological and archaeometric studies of raw materials identified in the artifacts from an Early Iron Age biritual cemetery in Opole-Groszowice (southern Poland)
‘You Load Sixteen Tons, What Do You Get?’. The Jodłowno Hoard (Pomerania, Poland) as Evidence of Long‐Distance Contacts in the Early Iron Age
This study presents multifaceted analyses of metal artefacts from the Jodłowno Hoard (Northern Poland), revealing that the metal originated from Iberian polymetallic ore deposits. Transported as raw ingots via Atlantic maritime routes, this copper was reworked locally into regionally distinctive forms. Elemental classification identified deliberate deposition patterns based on metallurgical properties, with artefacts wrapped together using lime b…
The metalwork hoard from Czarków, Gliwice District, Silesian Voivodeship
The Czarków hoard, discovered accidentally in 1875, probably during agricultural work, comprised 21 bronzeartefacts and ceramic vessel fragments, presumably the original container. The assemblage includes socketed axes of Lusatian and Middle Danubian types, a tanged sickle, and a spearhead.Metallurgical analysis indicates the use of tin bronze with low tin and trace levels of arsenic, antimony, nickel, silver, and lead. Both local and non-local a…
Local and non-local metal supply strategies in the Early Iron Age. Case study
During the Early Iron Age (750–450 BC), settlement centres emerged in western Poland, playing a significant socio-economic role in local development. The fortified settlement of Wicina (Żary County, Lubusz Voivodeship) in western Poland, is an exemplar of such a regional center, strategically positioned on a natural dune above a marshland. In this study, we use archaeometallurgical analyses to shed light on the role of this settlement in the supr…
Metal casting moulds in Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Poland. Current state of research
This article presents the first comprehensive study of metal casting moulds from the Bronze Age and Early Iron Age discovered within present-day Poland. These artefacts, primarily made of tin bronze and unalloyed copper, were used in the direct casting of socketed axes, ornaments, and weapons. Drawing on recent discoveries, the study examines their technological characteristics, metal composition, and spatial distribution. Particular attention is…
For special purposes only
Ceramic moulds are regarded as highly specialised, refractory tools used in metallurgy, yet their production process still needs clarification. Our research aimed to characterise the stages of operational chains applied in mould manufacture. The evidence comes from the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age lake settlement in Grzybiany in SW Poland, dated to 9/8th–5th century bce . The site provided rich data on tin‐bronze metallurgy, chiefly the lost‐wa…
Iron age metal trade between the Atlantic and the Baltic Sea
Cross-crafting in standardized and customized metallurgy. Some examples from Bronze Age Poland
Halberds of power
Analysis of use-wear and chemical composition of five early Bronze Age halberds from Muszkowo reveals that they were crafted over several casting events and meticulously finished, then subjected to use before their final deposition
Metallurgy in first-millennium BC Poland
Multidisciplinary methods permit the first archaeometallurgical study of artefacts from five key first-millennium BC settlements in Poland: Grzybiany, Wicina, Kamieniec, Tarławki and Mołtajny. This project fills a lacuna in our understanding of technical ceramics, metal provenance and the role of settlements in the cultural landscape
Impacts of working bone and antler on a bronze knife
Traceology of metalwork - limitations and new perspectives
The article focuses on the traceology of metalwork, its methodological limitations, and new research perspectives. In the text, we explain what studies on traces on metals entail and how they are characterized. We provide examples from both Poland and other regions of Europe. We highlight possible directions for the development of the method as well as factors that hinder it
Shifting techniques in perforating animal teeth and metal objects. Some examples from Early Bronze Age contexts
This paper addresses shifting techniques between manufacturing two types of raw materials. On the one hand, they are copper-based alloys that were processed in the Early Bronze Age (c. 2300-1600 BCE) only by a few craftspersons, and, on the other hand, well-known and commonly processed animal hard tissues. At least one technique we observed on the metal objects originates from those of working with animal hard tissues, while the other one can be …
Skarb z Paszowic, woj. dolnośląskie. Analiza śladów produkcji i (nie)używania
Odkryty w 2015 r. skarb z Paszowic zawiera w swoim inwentarzu gotowe wyroby, takie jak siekiery, sierpy, grot, ozdoby, surowiec, w różnych stadiach produkcji, a także elementy będące pozostałościami po procesie odlewniczym. Przeprowadzone badania składu chemicznego (SEM-EDS) oraz analizy śladów obecnych na przedmiotach pozwoliły na określenie rodzajów zastosowanego stopu odlewniczego oraz identyfikację sposobów produkcji metalurgicznej. Obserwacj…
Early Iron Age hoard from Jodłowno, Northern Poland
The hoard from Jodłowno, near Gdańsk, about 27 km from the coast of the Baltic Sea in northern Poland, was found in 2021. The hoard, comprising 68 metal artefacts, was accidentally discovered during an authorised metal detector survey in the area. Its upper part was disturbed upon discovery, but the lower one has remained intact, enabling the reconstruction of the finds’ position within the deposit. The hoard included four cast hollow ankle rings…
A complex case of trade in metals
Metal artefacts from Bronze Age hoards have routinely been used to study interregional contacts. Their stylistic and typological features helped distinguish local products and imports by appearance. In the last 40 years, combined lead isotope and chemical analyses of metals have been widely applied to verify hypotheses based on style and typology. This paper is a comprehensive typological and analytical study of a metal item hoard discovered in P…
Siekierka z piętką typu nordyjskiego „ze Szczecina”. Głos w dyskusji na temat obecności replik w zbiorach muzealnych
Do Muzeum Okręgowego im. Stanisława Staszica w Pile w 2003 r. została przekazana siekierka z piętką typu nordyjskiego. Siekierki tego typu nie występują na terenie Polski. Stan zachowania przedmiotu, charakteryzujący się licznymi uszkodzeniami, mógł być związany z miejscem jego pozyskania (skup metalu). Niedokładny sposób wykonania ornamentu może wskazywać, że siekierka nie jest oryginalnym zabytkiem archeologicznym, ale współczesną kopią. Przepr…
The Late Bronze Age 'metallurgists' graves’ in south-western Poland. Tracing the provenance of the metal raw material using casting moulds
A collection of objects associated with prehistoric metallurgy, including casting moulds, a casting core, and a fragment of a tuyere, were found in three metallurgists’ graves in the Late Bronze Age cemetery in Legnica, south-west Poland. The finds from these graves presented an opportunity for a scientific investigation of several aspects of Bronze Age metallurgy in this region by applying various analytical procedures to characterise the remain…
Overbeck, Michael
Same but different. Composition, production and use of bronze arrowheads from the Late Bronze Age deposit from Wrocław-Widawa in SW Poland
Influence of conservation of copper and bronze artefacts on traces of production and use-wear
More Bronze Age less bronze
A Late Bronze Age hoard from Karmin, Poland, contained 16 socketed axes, half of which were made of copper. The copper axes represent the same local type as the bronze objects and bear the same traces of manufacturing and use. The authors argue that the move to copper was a response to unexpected difficulties in the tin supply
Sutry jako źródło weryfikacji bezpośredniego wglądu w tradycji buddyzmu chan
The article discusses the connection between Chan Buddhism and the study of the Sutras and Å astras. The first part shows the prevalent view according to which Chan negates the value of texts, focusing only on the direct experience. The author then shows the historical dependence of this view and its lack of compatibility with many Chan Buddhist schools. In the later part, the author discusses the Wenzi Chan current and, based on its postulates, …
Comorbidities in patients over 60 years of age treated at the rehabilitation clinic
Patients aged above 60 represent a very diversified population group with respect to their health condition. This may result from multimorbidity. In the rehabilitation process of elderly patients it is especially crucial to identify not only the underlying diseases which constituted the grounds for referral to the rehabilitation clinic, but also the comorbidities that have to be taken into consideration while planning their rehabilitation. The ai…
Influence of conservation of copper and bronze artefacts on traces of production and use-wear
The Late Bronze Age 'metallurgists' graves’ in south-western Poland. Tracing the provenance of the metal raw material using casting moulds
A collection of objects associated with prehistoric metallurgy, including casting moulds, a casting core, and a fragment of a tuyere, were found in three metallurgists’ graves in the Late Bronze Age cemetery in Legnica, south-west Poland. The finds from these graves presented an opportunity for a scientific investigation of several aspects of Bronze Age metallurgy in this region by applying various analytical procedures to characterise the remain…
Functions and contexts of Bronze Age metal casting moulds from Poland
Les moules en métal, élaborés essentiellement en vue de produire un seul type d’artefact, constituent un groupe d’objets fascinant qui a été documenté dans beaucoup de régions de l’Europe à l’âge du Bronze. Bien qu’il existe des exemples de moules ayant été destinés à la fabrication de parures, l’usage de moules métalliques est très fortement lié à la production de haches. De plus, la plupart des moules ont été déposés intentionnellement dans des…
A complex case of trade in metals
Metal artefacts from Bronze Age hoards have routinely been used to study interregional contacts. Their stylistic and typological features helped distinguish local products and imports by appearance. In the last 40 years, combined lead isotope and chemical analyses of metals have been widely applied to verify hypotheses based on style and typology. This paper is a comprehensive typological and analytical study of a metal item hoard discovered in P…
Same but different. Composition, production and use of bronze arrowheads from the Late Bronze Age deposit from Wrocław-Widawa in SW Poland
For special purposes only
Ceramic moulds are regarded as highly specialised, refractory tools used in metallurgy, yet their production process still needs clarification. Our research aimed to characterise the stages of operational chains applied in mould manufacture. The evidence comes from the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age lake settlement in Grzybiany in SW Poland, dated to 9/8th–5th century bce . The site provided rich data on tin‐bronze metallurgy, chiefly the lost‐wa…
Traceology of metalwork - limitations and new perspectives
The article focuses on the traceology of metalwork, its methodological limitations, and new research perspectives. In the text, we explain what studies on traces on metals entail and how they are characterized. We provide examples from both Poland and other regions of Europe. We highlight possible directions for the development of the method as well as factors that hinder it
More Bronze Age less bronze
A Late Bronze Age hoard from Karmin, Poland, contained 16 socketed axes, half of which were made of copper. The copper axes represent the same local type as the bronze objects and bear the same traces of manufacturing and use. The authors argue that the move to copper was a response to unexpected difficulties in the tin supply
Functions and contexts of Bronze Age metal casting moulds from Poland
Les moules en métal, élaborés essentiellement en vue de produire un seul type d’artefact, constituent un groupe d’objets fascinant qui a été documenté dans beaucoup de régions de l’Europe à l’âge du Bronze. Bien qu’il existe des exemples de moules ayant été destinés à la fabrication de parures, l’usage de moules métalliques est très fortement lié à la production de haches. De plus, la plupart des moules ont été déposés intentionnellement dans des…
Comorbidities in patients over 60 years of age treated at the rehabilitation clinic
Patients aged above 60 represent a very diversified population group with respect to their health condition. This may result from multimorbidity. In the rehabilitation process of elderly patients it is especially crucial to identify not only the underlying diseases which constituted the grounds for referral to the rehabilitation clinic, but also the comorbidities that have to be taken into consideration while planning their rehabilitation. The ai…
Sutry jako źródło weryfikacji bezpośredniego wglądu w tradycji buddyzmu chan
The article discusses the connection between Chan Buddhism and the study of the Sutras and Å astras. The first part shows the prevalent view according to which Chan negates the value of texts, focusing only on the direct experience. The author then shows the historical dependence of this view and its lack of compatibility with many Chan Buddhist schools. In the later part, the author discusses the Wenzi Chan current and, based on its postulates, …
Same but different. Composition, production and use of bronze arrowheads from the Late Bronze Age deposit from Wrocław-Widawa in SW Poland
Influence of conservation of copper and bronze artefacts on traces of production and use-wear
More Bronze Age less bronze
A Late Bronze Age hoard from Karmin, Poland, contained 16 socketed axes, half of which were made of copper. The copper axes represent the same local type as the bronze objects and bear the same traces of manufacturing and use. The authors argue that the move to copper was a response to unexpected difficulties in the tin supply
Overbeck, Michael
The Late Bronze Age 'metallurgists' graves’ in south-western Poland. Tracing the provenance of the metal raw material using casting moulds
A collection of objects associated with prehistoric metallurgy, including casting moulds, a casting core, and a fragment of a tuyere, were found in three metallurgists’ graves in the Late Bronze Age cemetery in Legnica, south-west Poland. The finds from these graves presented an opportunity for a scientific investigation of several aspects of Bronze Age metallurgy in this region by applying various analytical procedures to characterise the remain…
Skarb z Paszowic, woj. dolnośląskie. Analiza śladów produkcji i (nie)używania
Odkryty w 2015 r. skarb z Paszowic zawiera w swoim inwentarzu gotowe wyroby, takie jak siekiery, sierpy, grot, ozdoby, surowiec, w różnych stadiach produkcji, a także elementy będące pozostałościami po procesie odlewniczym. Przeprowadzone badania składu chemicznego (SEM-EDS) oraz analizy śladów obecnych na przedmiotach pozwoliły na określenie rodzajów zastosowanego stopu odlewniczego oraz identyfikację sposobów produkcji metalurgicznej. Obserwacj…
Early Iron Age hoard from Jodłowno, Northern Poland
The hoard from Jodłowno, near Gdańsk, about 27 km from the coast of the Baltic Sea in northern Poland, was found in 2021. The hoard, comprising 68 metal artefacts, was accidentally discovered during an authorised metal detector survey in the area. Its upper part was disturbed upon discovery, but the lower one has remained intact, enabling the reconstruction of the finds’ position within the deposit. The hoard included four cast hollow ankle rings…
A complex case of trade in metals
Metal artefacts from Bronze Age hoards have routinely been used to study interregional contacts. Their stylistic and typological features helped distinguish local products and imports by appearance. In the last 40 years, combined lead isotope and chemical analyses of metals have been widely applied to verify hypotheses based on style and typology. This paper is a comprehensive typological and analytical study of a metal item hoard discovered in P…
Siekierka z piętką typu nordyjskiego „ze Szczecina”. Głos w dyskusji na temat obecności replik w zbiorach muzealnych
Do Muzeum Okręgowego im. Stanisława Staszica w Pile w 2003 r. została przekazana siekierka z piętką typu nordyjskiego. Siekierki tego typu nie występują na terenie Polski. Stan zachowania przedmiotu, charakteryzujący się licznymi uszkodzeniami, mógł być związany z miejscem jego pozyskania (skup metalu). Niedokładny sposób wykonania ornamentu może wskazywać, że siekierka nie jest oryginalnym zabytkiem archeologicznym, ale współczesną kopią. Przepr…
Impacts of working bone and antler on a bronze knife
Traceology of metalwork - limitations and new perspectives
The article focuses on the traceology of metalwork, its methodological limitations, and new research perspectives. In the text, we explain what studies on traces on metals entail and how they are characterized. We provide examples from both Poland and other regions of Europe. We highlight possible directions for the development of the method as well as factors that hinder it
Shifting techniques in perforating animal teeth and metal objects. Some examples from Early Bronze Age contexts
This paper addresses shifting techniques between manufacturing two types of raw materials. On the one hand, they are copper-based alloys that were processed in the Early Bronze Age (c. 2300-1600 BCE) only by a few craftspersons, and, on the other hand, well-known and commonly processed animal hard tissues. At least one technique we observed on the metal objects originates from those of working with animal hard tissues, while the other one can be …
‘You Load Sixteen Tons, What Do You Get?’. The Jodłowno Hoard (Pomerania, Poland) as Evidence of Long‐Distance Contacts in the Early Iron Age
This study presents multifaceted analyses of metal artefacts from the Jodłowno Hoard (Northern Poland), revealing that the metal originated from Iberian polymetallic ore deposits. Transported as raw ingots via Atlantic maritime routes, this copper was reworked locally into regionally distinctive forms. Elemental classification identified deliberate deposition patterns based on metallurgical properties, with artefacts wrapped together using lime b…
The metalwork hoard from Czarków, Gliwice District, Silesian Voivodeship
The Czarków hoard, discovered accidentally in 1875, probably during agricultural work, comprised 21 bronzeartefacts and ceramic vessel fragments, presumably the original container. The assemblage includes socketed axes of Lusatian and Middle Danubian types, a tanged sickle, and a spearhead.Metallurgical analysis indicates the use of tin bronze with low tin and trace levels of arsenic, antimony, nickel, silver, and lead. Both local and non-local a…
Local and non-local metal supply strategies in the Early Iron Age. Case study
During the Early Iron Age (750–450 BC), settlement centres emerged in western Poland, playing a significant socio-economic role in local development. The fortified settlement of Wicina (Żary County, Lubusz Voivodeship) in western Poland, is an exemplar of such a regional center, strategically positioned on a natural dune above a marshland. In this study, we use archaeometallurgical analyses to shed light on the role of this settlement in the supr…
Metal casting moulds in Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Poland. Current state of research
This article presents the first comprehensive study of metal casting moulds from the Bronze Age and Early Iron Age discovered within present-day Poland. These artefacts, primarily made of tin bronze and unalloyed copper, were used in the direct casting of socketed axes, ornaments, and weapons. Drawing on recent discoveries, the study examines their technological characteristics, metal composition, and spatial distribution. Particular attention is…
For special purposes only
Ceramic moulds are regarded as highly specialised, refractory tools used in metallurgy, yet their production process still needs clarification. Our research aimed to characterise the stages of operational chains applied in mould manufacture. The evidence comes from the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age lake settlement in Grzybiany in SW Poland, dated to 9/8th–5th century bce . The site provided rich data on tin‐bronze metallurgy, chiefly the lost‐wa…
Iron age metal trade between the Atlantic and the Baltic Sea
Cross-crafting in standardized and customized metallurgy. Some examples from Bronze Age Poland
Halberds of power
Analysis of use-wear and chemical composition of five early Bronze Age halberds from Muszkowo reveals that they were crafted over several casting events and meticulously finished, then subjected to use before their final deposition
Metallurgy in first-millennium BC Poland
Multidisciplinary methods permit the first archaeometallurgical study of artefacts from five key first-millennium BC settlements in Poland: Grzybiany, Wicina, Kamieniec, Tarławki and Mołtajny. This project fills a lacuna in our understanding of technical ceramics, metal provenance and the role of settlements in the cultural landscape
New Early Bronze Age Metal Finds from Western Poland
In recent years, a significant number of hoards of metal objects and individual finds have been uncovered and dated to the early phases of the Bronze Age. According to Reinecke’s classification, these artifacts belong to phases A1–B1 (2300–1600 BCE). Although the discovery sites of some individual objects raise questions about their exact context, the available data regarding their locations clearly suggest that these sites were selected with spe…
Ancient and Medieval Archaeology Studies (17 obras) · Archaeology (13 obras) · Historical and Archaeological Studies (13 obras) · Bronze Age (12 obras) · Archaeology and ancient environmental studies (11 obras) · Bronze (11 obras) · History (9 obras) · Metallurgy and Cultural Artifacts (9 obras) · Geography (8 obras) · Hoard (7 obras)