Robert J Scholes
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 737563 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Robert J Scholes |
| NOMBRES | Robert J |
| APELLIDO | Scholes |
| FIRMA | SCHOLES R J |
| AFILIACIONES | Council for Scientific and Industrial Research |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-5537-6935 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 53 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 417 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 53 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1964 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2023 |
| ÍNDICE H | 7 |
Overcoming the coupled climate and biodiversity crises and their societal impacts
Earth’s biodiversity and human societies face pollution, overconsumption of natural resources, urbanization, demographic shifts, social and economic inequalities, and habitat loss, many of which are exacerbated by climate change. Here, we review links among climate, biodiversity, and society and develop a roadmap toward sustainability. These include limiting warming to 1.5°C and effectively conserving and restoring functional ecosystems on 30 to …
The Southern African Program on Ecosystem Change and Society
Sustainability-focused research networks and communities of practice have emerged as a key response and strategy to build capacity and knowledge to support transformation towards more sustainable, just and equitable futures. This paper synthesises insights from the development of a community of practice on social-ecological systems (SES) research in southern Africa over the past decade, linked to the international Programme on Ecosystem Change an…
Towards a better future for biodiversity and people
The Nature Futures Framework (NFF) is a heuristic tool for co-creating positive futures for nature and people. It seeks to open up a diversity of futures through mainly three value perspectives on nature – Nature for Nature, Nature for Society, and Nature as Culture. This paper describes how the NFF can be applied in modelling to support decision-making. First, we describe key considerations for the NFF in developing qualitative and quantitative …
Governing for Transformative Change across the Biodiversity–Climate–Society Nexus
Transformative governance is key to addressing the global environmental crisis. We explore how transformative governance of complex biodiversity–climate–society interactions can be achieved, drawing on the first joint report between the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services to reflect on the current opportunities, barriers, and challenges for transformati…
Social-ecological change
Social-ecological systems (SES) research has emerged as an important area of sustainability \nscience, informing and supporting pressing issues of transformation towards more sustainable, \njust and equitable futures. To date, much SES research has been done in or from the Global \nNorth, where the challenges and contexts for supporting sustainability transformations are \nsubstantially different from the Global South. This paper synthesises emer…
How to halt the global decline of lands
The assessment of land degradation and restoration by the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services shows that land degradation across the globe is a wide and severe issue and is showing no signs of slowing down. This trend must be halted and reversed
Principles for knowledge co-production in sustainability research
Towards a feasible and representative pan-African research infrastructure network for GHG observations
There is currently a lack of representative, systematic and harmonised greenhouse gas (GHG) observations covering the variety of natural and human-altered biomes that occur in Africa. This impedes the long-term assessment of the drivers of climate change, in addition to their impacts and feedback loops at the continental scale, but also limits our understanding of the contribution of the African continent to the global carbon (C) cycle. Given the…
Relationships Between Ecosystem Services
IPCC reasons for concern regarding climate change risks
Essential Variables help to focus Sustainable Development Goals monitoring
The imperative to measure progress towards Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) has resulted in a proliferation of targets and indicators fed by an ever-expanding set of observations. This proliferation undermines one principal purpose of the SDGs: to provide a framework for coordinated action across policy domains. Systems approaches to defining Essential Variables have focused monitoring of climate, biodiversity and oceans and offer opportuniti…
Climate change and ecosystem services
Studies of the impacts of climate change cover three broad areas: direct effects on humans, their enterprises, and assets; effects on natural systems; and effects on humans via natural systems. ‘Ecosystem services’ fall into the latter category. Future climates continue to allow ecosystem services to be delivered and consumed, in some cases at a level greater than in the past, and in others degraded relative to their historic supply. Across a wid…
Assessing non-CO2 climate-forcing emissions and mitigation in sub-Saharan Africa
The Ipbes Conceptual Framework — connecting nature and people
The first public product of the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) is its Conceptual Framework. This conceptual and analytical tool, presented here in detail, will underpin all IPBES functions and provide structure and comparability to the syntheses that IPBES will produce at different spatial scales, on different themes, and in different regions. Salient innovative aspects of the IPBES Conceptual Framework …
Approaches to defining a planetary boundary for biodiversity
The idea that there is an identifiable set of boundaries, beyond which anthropogenic change will put the Earth system outside a safe operating space for humanity, is attracting interest in the scientific community and gaining support in the environmental policy world. Rockstrom et al. (2009) identify nine such boundaries and highlight biodiversity loss as being the single boundary where current rates of extinction put the Earth system furthest ou…
Essential Biodiversity Variables
A global system of harmonized observations is needed to inform scientists and policy-makers.
Multi-scale and cross-scale assessments of social–ecological systems and their ecosystem services
Greenness in semi-arid areas across the globe 1981–2007 — an Earth Observing Satellite based analysis of trends and drivers
Biodiversity and ecosystem services science for a sustainable planet
Building a global observing system for biodiversity
Program on ecosystem change and society
Are We Entering an Era of Concatenated Global Crises
An increase in the frequency and intensity of environmental crises associated with accelerating human-induced global change is of substantial concern to policy makers. The potential impacts, especially on the poor, are exacerbated in an increasingly connected world that enables the emergence of crises that are coupled in time and space. We discuss two factors that can interact to contribute to such an increased concatenation of crises: (1) the in…
Scenarios for Global Biodiversity in the 21st Century
Assessing Biodiversity Declines Understanding human impact on biodiversity depends on sound quantitative projection. Pereira et al. (p. 1496 , published online 26 October) review quantitative scenarios that have been developed for four main areas of concern: species extinctions, species abundances and community structure, habitat loss and degradation, and shifts in the distribution of species and biomes. Declines in biodiversity are projected for…
Biodiversity targets after 2010
Science for managing ecosystem services
The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) introduced a new framework for analyzing social–ecological systems that has had wide influence in the policy and scientific communities. Studies after the MA are taking up new challenges in the basic science needed to assess, project, and manage flows of ecosystem services and effects on human well-being. Yet, our ability to draw general conclusions remains limited by focus on discipline-bound sectors of t…
The Ipbes Conceptual Framework — connecting nature and people
The first public product of the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) is its Conceptual Framework. This conceptual and analytical tool, presented here in detail, will underpin all IPBES functions and provide structure and comparability to the syntheses that IPBES will produce at different spatial scales, on different themes, and in different regions. Salient innovative aspects of the IPBES Conceptual Framework …
Principles for knowledge co-production in sustainability research
Biodiversity, climate change, and ecosystem services
Approaches to defining a planetary boundary for biodiversity
The idea that there is an identifiable set of boundaries, beyond which anthropogenic change will put the Earth system outside a safe operating space for humanity, is attracting interest in the scientific community and gaining support in the environmental policy world. Rockstrom et al. (2009) identify nine such boundaries and highlight biodiversity loss as being the single boundary where current rates of extinction put the Earth system furthest ou…
Multi-scale and cross-scale assessments of social–ecological systems and their ecosystem services
Towards a better future for biodiversity and people
The Nature Futures Framework (NFF) is a heuristic tool for co-creating positive futures for nature and people. It seeks to open up a diversity of futures through mainly three value perspectives on nature – Nature for Nature, Nature for Society, and Nature as Culture. This paper describes how the NFF can be applied in modelling to support decision-making. First, we describe key considerations for the NFF in developing qualitative and quantitative …
Relationships Between Ecosystem Services
Building a global observing system for biodiversity
Phonemic Interference as a Perceptual Phenomenon
The paper reports the results of a series of experiments in which a set of synthetic vocalic stimuli were presented to speakers of various languages under two conditions. In the first condition, the subject was asked to decide whether or not the sound heard was like a vowel sound of his native language and, if so, to give an example word containing that sound. The examples were then grouped by the subject so that all examples of the same vowel so…
Are We Entering an Era of Concatenated Global Crises
An increase in the frequency and intensity of environmental crises associated with accelerating human-induced global change is of substantial concern to policy makers. The potential impacts, especially on the poor, are exacerbated in an increasingly connected world that enables the emergence of crises that are coupled in time and space. We discuss two factors that can interact to contribute to such an increased concatenation of crises: (1) the in…
Categorial Responses to Synthetic Vocalic Stimuli By Speakers of Various Languages
This paper reports the results of presenting native speakers of thirteen different languages a set of synthetically produced vocalic stimuli. The speakers were asked to judge the relevance of each such sound to the vowel sounds of the native language and to group those judged to be relevant. The results of this procedure closely resemble vowel phoneme inventories as derived by analysis-of-production techniques but is claimed to be superior to the…
Essential Variables help to focus Sustainable Development Goals monitoring
The imperative to measure progress towards Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) has resulted in a proliferation of targets and indicators fed by an ever-expanding set of observations. This proliferation undermines one principal purpose of the SDGs: to provide a framework for coordinated action across policy domains. Systems approaches to defining Essential Variables have focused monitoring of climate, biodiversity and oceans and offer opportuniti…
Phoneme Categorization of Synthetic Vocalic Stimuli By Speakers of Japanese, Spanish, Persian, and American English
A set of 69 synthetic vowel sounds were generated which covered a wide range of F1/F2 frequency combinations. Subjects from four language groups (American English, Spanish, Japanese and Persian) were asked to listen to these stimuli in random order and to assign each one either to a vowel phoneme of their native language (as represented in a key-word) or to a class of sound which was not represented in that language. The results showed that the s…
Biodiversity and ecosystem services science for a sustainable planet
Program on ecosystem change and society
Biodiversity targets after 2010
Developmental Comprehension of Third Person Personal Pronouns in English
A review of relevant literature indicates a gap in the available data on the normal acquisition of the animate third person personal pronouns of English. In this study a comprehension task (picture verification) employing this class of words was run on 100 children from three to seven years of age. The results show that comprehension of these forms beyond chance level first appears at age five with continuing improvement through ages six and seve…
Climate change and ecosystem services
Studies of the impacts of climate change cover three broad areas: direct effects on humans, their enterprises, and assets; effects on natural systems; and effects on humans via natural systems. ‘Ecosystem services’ fall into the latter category. Future climates continue to allow ecosystem services to be delivered and consumed, in some cases at a level greater than in the past, and in others degraded relative to their historic supply. Across a wid…
Scenarios of biodiversity loss in southern Africa in the 21st century
How to halt the global decline of lands
The assessment of land degradation and restoration by the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services shows that land degradation across the globe is a wide and severe issue and is showing no signs of slowing down. This trend must be halted and reversed
Assessing non-CO2 climate-forcing emissions and mitigation in sub-Saharan Africa
The Comprehension of Double-Object Constructions in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
A series of studies utilizing the Double Object Comprehension Test is reviewed. This test, designed to distinguish between classes of lexical and syntactic comprehension errors, was administered to normal children, good and poor readers, hearing-impaired populations, mentally retarded populations, aphasics and non-native speakers of English. The results strongly indicated that linguistically "immature" individuals often can correctly comprehend o…
On the Spoken Disambiguation of Superficially Ambiguous Sentences
A set of sentences containing the phrase good flies quickly in each of two constituent structurings (e.g., the good flies quickly past v. the good flies quickly passed) was read by five trained readers. The recorded readings of this phrase were then excised from the full sentences and presented to two groups of listeners—one group being asked to judge the location of the " sentence break " in each reading, the other group being asked whether good…
Some objections to Levin's 'deviation
On the orthographic basis of phonemic segments in linguistic competence and performance
Some objections to Levin's 'deviation
Children's Imitation and Comprehension of English Imperative Constructions
Syllable Segmentation and Identification in American English
Categorial Responses to Synthetic Vocalic Stimuli By Speakers of Various Languages
This paper reports the results of presenting native speakers of thirteen different languages a set of synthetically produced vocalic stimuli. The speakers were asked to judge the relevance of each such sound to the vowel sounds of the native language and to group those judged to be relevant. The results of this procedure closely resemble vowel phoneme inventories as derived by analysis-of-production techniques but is claimed to be superior to the…
Phoneme Categorization of Synthetic Vocalic Stimuli By Speakers of Japanese, Spanish, Persian, and American English
A set of 69 synthetic vowel sounds were generated which covered a wide range of F1/F2 frequency combinations. Subjects from four language groups (American English, Spanish, Japanese and Persian) were asked to listen to these stimuli in random order and to assign each one either to a vowel phoneme of their native language (as represented in a key-word) or to a class of sound which was not represented in that language. The results showed that the s…
Phonemic Interference as a Perceptual Phenomenon
The paper reports the results of a series of experiments in which a set of synthetic vocalic stimuli were presented to speakers of various languages under two conditions. In the first condition, the subject was asked to decide whether or not the sound heard was like a vowel sound of his native language and, if so, to give an example word containing that sound. The examples were then grouped by the subject so that all examples of the same vowel so…
Perceptual Categorization of Synthetic Vowels as a Tool in Dialectology and Typology
In this paper the possibility of using the results of the perceptual categorization of synthetic vocalic stimuli to assign a degree of similarity to the languages or dialects which the subjects represent is explored. It is shown that there are any number of procedures whereby this can be done-some being applicable to languages having the same number of categories (phonemes), others being usable with any two categorizations
On the Spoken Disambiguation of Superficially Ambiguous Sentences
A set of sentences containing the phrase good flies quickly in each of two constituent structurings (e.g., the good flies quickly past v. the good flies quickly passed) was read by five trained readers. The recorded readings of this phrase were then excised from the full sentences and presented to two groups of listeners—one group being asked to judge the location of the " sentence break " in each reading, the other group being asked whether good…
Immediate Recall of Sentences Plus Digits
Subjects were asked to recall sentences followed by random strings of digits. Presentation was auditory, recall was spoken and the format followed the Wechsler digit retention sub-test. Consideration of the number of digits correctly recalled following correct recall of the sentence indicated that (a) simple active affirmative declarative sentences reduced the average digits recalled by 2, (b) passivization did not significantly increase this red…
Sentence Comprehension and Short-Term Memory
Four types of stimuli—digit strings, noun phrases plus digit strings, intransitive sentences plus digit strings, and transitive sentences plus digit strings—were presented to subjects for immediate recall. Three groups of subjects were tested: 20 seven-year olds, 20 ten-year olds, and 20 adults. Sentence recall errors and digit spans for each condition are considered in terms of the age of the subjects. Analyses indicate that while digit span for…
Syntactic and Strategic Aspects of the Comprehension of Indirect and Direct Object Constructions By Children
One hundred children aged five to thirteen were asked to demonstrate their comprehension of ambiguous and unambiguous double-object constructions of English sentences. In the unambiguous cases article or disjuncture clues were used to indicate which words of the sentence predicates belonged to the indirect and direct object constituents. Results indicate that children tend to prefer a reading of the ambiguous sentences in which the last two nomin…
Developmental Comprehension of Third Person Personal Pronouns in English
A review of relevant literature indicates a gap in the available data on the normal acquisition of the animate third person personal pronouns of English. In this study a comprehension task (picture verification) employing this class of words was run on 100 children from three to seven years of age. The results show that comprehension of these forms beyond chance level first appears at age five with continuing improvement through ages six and seve…
The Comprehension of Double-Object Constructions in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
A series of studies utilizing the Double Object Comprehension Test is reviewed. This test, designed to distinguish between classes of lexical and syntactic comprehension errors, was administered to normal children, good and poor readers, hearing-impaired populations, mentally retarded populations, aphasics and non-native speakers of English. The results strongly indicated that linguistically "immature" individuals often can correctly comprehend o…
Language, Mind, and Brain
Grammars and agrammatism
Five heuristics for the practice of neurolinguistics
A Reader's Guide to Contemporary Literary Theory
Textual Power
Éperon Strings
Bugs and the Victorians
On the orthographic basis of phonemic segments in linguistic competence and performance
Literacy and Language Analysis
The Rise and Fall of English
Determinants of woody cover in African savannas
Formulaic Creativity
This chapter examines Georges Simenon's Maigret novels. It discusses the relationship between formulaic patterns and creativity, looking especially at the early works, in which Simenon is adapting the more general formula of crime fiction to his own purposes. Simenon's Maigret fiction demonstrates that formulas and creativity may go together in the creation of durable literary works, and that popular fiction in the modern period reached a range o…
Geography (23 obras) · Computer Science (21 obras) · Environmental resource management (21 obras) · Environmental Science (19 obras) · Psychology (19 obras) · Ecology (18 obras) · Linguistics (18 obras) · Business (16 obras) · Land Use and Ecosystem Services (16 obras) · Biology (15 obras)