Wilkinson Daniel Wong Gonzales
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 752368 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Wilkinson Daniel Wong Gonzales |
| NOMBRES | Wilkinson Daniel Wong |
| APELLIDO | Gonzales |
| FIRMA | GONZALES W D W |
| AFILIACIONES | Chinese University of Hong Kong |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-6073-256X |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 34 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 26 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 34 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2016 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 3 |
The acceptability of non-standard usages in four postcolonial Asian Englishes
While structural variation in postcolonial World Englishes is extensively documented, empirical studies exploring speaker attitudes toward non-standard grammar remain scarce. This paper investigates the linguistic acceptability of 21 salient morphosyntactic features across four Outer Circle East Asian communities: Singapore, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Hong Kong. Drawing on a 5-point Likert scale elicitation questionnaire administered to unive…
Revisiting the fou(r)th floo(r)
Revisiting Labov’s “fourth floor” paradigm, this study analyzes English syllable coda (r) across 11 socio-spatially stratified Hong Kong malls through production, perception, and rationalization data. Results reveal that rhoticity is driven by social factors (age, occupational role, mall class) over phonological or stylistic (careful/casual) ones, indexing cosmopolitan professionalism within a heterarchical prestige ecology. Perceptually, listene…
Predicting language choice in a digital medium
Aims and objectives: This paper attempts to develop a predictive computational model of Cantonese–English code-switching (CS) in Hong Kong, informed by language-internal and “language-external” (e.g., social) factors. I analyze this bilingual practice with respect to these factors and evaluate how accurately a model informed by this analysis can forecast Cantonese–English lexical choice in the context of digital platform WhatsApp. Approach: A qua…
Variation and change in Philippine languages
This article offers the first curated synthesis of sociolinguistic research on variation and change in Philippine languages. It pursues two interrelated aims: to map and evaluate the existing body of work, and to trace how the field has developed over time conceptually, methodologically, and institutionally. Drawing on a systematic review of 77 studies published up to May 2025, the analysis identifies persistent tensions between structure and mea…
Migrating meanings
This article examines how the socio-indexical meanings of dialects/style are reconfigured through two-way parallel migration in Ningbo-Fenghua, China, focusing on the socio-indexical (re)valuation of Putonghua, Ningbonese, and Fenghuanese. Using two-phase matched-guise experiments and interviews, the study traces how mobility patterns and generational positioning mediate these meanings. Results show that, while Putonghua retains institutional pre…
Sociolinguistic Analysis with Missing Metadata? Leveraging Linguistic and Semiotic Resources Through Deep Learning to Investigate English Variation and Change on Twitter
This paper highlights a language and sign-based computational solution to the problem of missing social metadata on Twitter (now, ‘X’): demographic prediction using Deep Learning. It aims to apply this method to variationist sociolinguistics research, illustrating how the approach can facilitate analyses with missing metadata (i.e. stylistic age and sex/gender) by deriving this metadata solely from publicly available linguistic and semiotic resou…
Rethinking (from) the Islands
This paper calls for rethinking not only studies in the Philippines but also, from them, the premises of variationist sociolinguistics. Through a grounded-theoretic thematic analysis of 77 sociolinguistic studies, it identifies seven patterns shaped by postcolonialism. Key findings show that degree of language contact does not automatically determine the social salience of differences and that most studies depart from “canonical” methodologies, p…
From tweets to trends
This article presents the Twitter Corpus of English in Hong Kong (TCOEHK): a 123-million-word corpus derived from sampling tweets across the 18 districts and three geographical (macro-)regions of Hong Kong from 2010 to 2022. It introduces the corpus and demonstrates its utility by examining four linguistic variables found in English in Hong Kong (EngHK) and the dominant variety Hong Kong English (HKE): tense marking, ‘-ize/-ise’ suffix use, adver…
Styling mono-/bi-/multilingualism in the signs of plurilingual landscapes in Hong Kong
Shifting style-shifts? Higher-order style-shifting in Hong Kong Cantonese-English languaging through indexicality and audience design
Mixed language in flux? The various impacts of multilingual contact on Lánnang-uè’s wh -question system
Aims and objectives: What exactly happens to a mixed language’s system in a multilingual contact setting? This study aims to investigate the interactions between speakers’ exposure to, frequency of, and proficiency in four languages (English, Tagalog, Hokkien, and Mandarin) and their influences on the why-fronting only wh-question system of Lánnang-uè, a mixed language used by the metropolitan Manila Lannangs. It also aims to test the validity of…
Variation in Asian and Pacific Islander North American English
Within sociolinguistic research on English variation, Asian and Pacific Islander North Americans (APINAs) are frequently described as an “understudied population” due to the relative lack of published studies that analyze these speakers or communities. This structured literature review systematically characterizes the state of the field from a variationist perspective. We find that while studies on APINAs have become more common in the last decad…
When to (not) split the infinitive
The variability of adverbial placement in the modified infinitive construction (i.e. split infinitives vs. full infinitives with adverbial pre- and post-modification) has been widely discussed in the (American English) literature. Yet a convincing generalized explanation for the variation that simultaneously incorporates language-internal and language-external factors has yet to be found, particularly in English varieties that have not received a…
Clause-Final Adverbs in Colloquial Singapore English Revisited
Many scholars consider clause-final adverbs (CFAs) like already, also, and only to be a prominent feature of Colloquial Singapore English (CSE), but little is known about their use in present-day CSE. Using data from the Corpus of Singapore English Messages (CoSEM), we investigate patterns of variation involving CFAs and examine whether they are sensitive to factors such as speaker age and gender. We find that clause-final already and only has in…
Adverbial confirm in colloquial Singapore English
Despite its innovative, salient, and robust usage in Colloquial Singapore English (CSE), the adverbial use of confirm has largely gone unnoticed. In this paper, we provide morphosyntactic and semantic evidence to show that adverbial confirm behaves like a strongly subjective speaker-oriented adverb (SpOA). We argue that adverbial confirm developed as a result of contact with the Mandarin adverbial kending, likely due to English–Mandarin bilingual…
Diachrony and Diachronica
Sociolinguistic variation in Colloquial Singapore English sia
Colloquial Singapore English (CSE), also known as ‘Singlish’, features a wide range of sentence‐final particles (SFP) influenced by local languages such as Hokkien, Cantonese, Mandarin and Malay. This study focuses on the SFP sia , a relatively new and less‐explored particle with Malay roots. We examine sia and its variants ( sia, sial , siak and siol ) using data from the Corpus of Singapore English Messages, a 6.9‐million‐word text‐message corp…
The Holistic Advantage
What happens when recognized and diverse conditioning factors of linguistic variation are omitted from analysis and/or are not analyzed under a single analytical procedure? This paper explores the consequences of such a choice on data interpretation and, consequently, (socio)linguistic theorization. Utilizing Twitter-style English in the Philippines (EngPH) as a case study, I employ the Twitter Corpus of Philippine Englishes (TCOPE) primarily to …
The Multi Project
Research Article| May 01 2024 The MULTI Project: Resources for Enhancing Multifaceted Creole Language Expertise in the Linguistics Classroom Danielle Burgess; Danielle Burgess Independent Researcher danielle burgess recently completed her Ph.D. in linguistics at the University of Michigan, experimentally investigating mechanisms that may play a role in language change across various linguistic contexts, including those that give rise to pidgins a…
Philippine Englishes in the Sino-Philippine Lannang context
This article explores the relationship between Philippine English and the Lannangs, individuals with Filipino and Southern Chinese cultural heritage. It highlights the multifaceted nature of this English variety by discussing how it interacts with non-English languages in contemporary Lannang communities located in Manila, Iloilo and Cebu. Using corpus data from 10 Lannang linguistic varieties used in these areas, I found that Philippine English …
Variability in clusters and continuums
This study explores the sociolinguistic situation of a metropolitan Manila Lannang community based on data gathered between 2017 and 2020. A survey was administered to 117 individuals to probe into various dimensions of self-reported language use (e.g., proficiency, confidence) and attitudes (e.g., pride). The results show that, among the Lannangs, there is a range of language use and attitudes, with age and other social factors such as identity …
Is it in Colloquial Singapore English
Colloquial Singapore English (CSE, commonly known as Singlish) is a linguistic variety used in Singapore, a Southeast Asian nation home to three major ethnic groups: the Chinese (74.35% of the citizen and permanent resident population), the Malays (13.43%), and the Indians (9%) (Singapore Department of Statistics, 2019). It is one of the best known post-colonial varieties of English and has been documented since the emergence of the field of worl…
The Corpus of Singapore English Messages (CoSEM)
This article introduces the first version of the Corpus of Singapore English Messages (CoSEM), a 3.6‐million‐word monitor corpus of online text messages collected between 2016 and 2019, compiled and managed by a group of scholars who share an interest in Colloquial Singapore English (CSE) research. The paper explains the motivations behind developing a new corpus for the investigation of CSE. It also documents the process of compiling and organiz…
Spread, stability, and sociolinguistic variation in multilingual practices
This study examines nominal derivational affixes in a multilingual practice in the Philippines involving Hokkien, Tagalog, and English called Lánnang-uè. A feature of this practice is the systematic combination of affixes and roots (henceforth, ‘system’). Certain morphological combinations (e.g. Tagalog prefixes + English root) are used frequently and are regarded by Lánnang-uè users as well-formed, while others are not. This paper seeks to exami…
Advancing Sino-Philippine linguistics and sociolinguistics using the Lannang Corpus (LanCorp)
This paper introduces the Lannang Corpus (LanCorp), a public 375,000-word collection of raw and transcribed recordings of Lannang languages spoken in metropolitan Manila, which have been annotated with part-of-speech tags and linked to 40 types of sociolinguistic metadata. It begins by providing an overview of the LanCorp (e.g. design, formats, accessibility). Then, it goes on to show various examples of how the corpus can be used for variationis…
Language contact in the Philippines
This article narrates the sociohistory of the Philippines through the lens of a Sinitic minority group – the Chinese Filipinos. It provides a systematic account of the history, language policies, and educational policies in six major eras, beginning from the precolonial period until the Fifth Republic (960 – present). Concurrently, it presents a diachronic narrative on the different linguistic varieties utilized by the ethnic minority, such as En…
Filipino, Chinese, neither, or both? The Lannang identity and its relationship with language
Broadening horizons in the diachronic and sociolinguistic study of Philippine English with the Twitter Corpus of Philippine Englishes (TCOPE)
This paper presents the Twitter Corpus of Philippine Englishes (TCOPE): a dataset of 27 million tweets amounting to 135 million words collected from 29 cities across the Philippines. It provides an overview of the dataset, and then shows how it can be employed to examine Philippine English (PhilE) and its relationship with extralinguistic factors (e.g. ethno-geographic region, time, sex). The focus is on the patterns of variation involving four P…
Philippine Englishes in the Sino-Philippine Lannang context
This article explores the relationship between Philippine English and the Lannangs, individuals with Filipino and Southern Chinese cultural heritage. It highlights the multifaceted nature of this English variety by discussing how it interacts with non-English languages in contemporary Lannang communities located in Manila, Iloilo and Cebu. Using corpus data from 10 Lannang linguistic varieties used in these areas, I found that Philippine English …
Spread, stability, and sociolinguistic variation in multilingual practices
This study examines nominal derivational affixes in a multilingual practice in the Philippines involving Hokkien, Tagalog, and English called Lánnang-uè. A feature of this practice is the systematic combination of affixes and roots (henceforth, ‘system’). Certain morphological combinations (e.g. Tagalog prefixes + English root) are used frequently and are regarded by Lánnang-uè users as well-formed, while others are not. This paper seeks to exami…
Styling mono-/bi-/multilingualism in the signs of plurilingual landscapes in Hong Kong
Shifting style-shifts? Higher-order style-shifting in Hong Kong Cantonese-English languaging through indexicality and audience design
Mixed language in flux? The various impacts of multilingual contact on Lánnang-uè’s wh -question system
Aims and objectives: What exactly happens to a mixed language’s system in a multilingual contact setting? This study aims to investigate the interactions between speakers’ exposure to, frequency of, and proficiency in four languages (English, Tagalog, Hokkien, and Mandarin) and their influences on the why-fronting only wh-question system of Lánnang-uè, a mixed language used by the metropolitan Manila Lannangs. It also aims to test the validity of…
The Multi Project
Research Article| May 01 2024 The MULTI Project: Resources for Enhancing Multifaceted Creole Language Expertise in the Linguistics Classroom Danielle Burgess; Danielle Burgess Independent Researcher danielle burgess recently completed her Ph.D. in linguistics at the University of Michigan, experimentally investigating mechanisms that may play a role in language change across various linguistic contexts, including those that give rise to pidgins a…
Languages in contact
Philippine Englishes
After outlining recent developments and surveying various perspectives, I argue that scholars should adopt the notion of Philippine ‘Englishes’ to acknowledge all substrate-influenced ‘regional’ (e.g. Iloilo English), social, and hybrid varieties (e.g. Hokaglish). Beginning with a brief overview of the current situation, I examine literature hinting for the invalidation of a standard Philippine English, identifying some evidence of variation due …
Split infinitives across World Englishes
This article investigates split infinitives in 12 World Englishes using Kachru’s concentric circles framework. Beginning with a brief description of split infinitives, the article explores two significant aspects of splitting: the most common ‘breakers’, and split infinitive use across different genres and domains. Sourcing from the International Corpus of English, findings reveal that split infinitive use in Inner Circle and Outer Circle English…
Language contact in the Philippines
This article narrates the sociohistory of the Philippines through the lens of a Sinitic minority group – the Chinese Filipinos. It provides a systematic account of the history, language policies, and educational policies in six major eras, beginning from the precolonial period until the Fifth Republic (960 – present). Concurrently, it presents a diachronic narrative on the different linguistic varieties utilized by the ethnic minority, such as En…
Vowel system or vowel systems
The Manila variety of Philippine Hybrid Hokkien (PHH-M) or Lánnang-uè is a contact language used by the metropolitan Manila Chinese Filipinos; it is primarily comprised of Hokkien, Tagalog/Filipino, and English elements. Approaching PHH-M as a mixed language, we investigate linguistically and socially conditioned variation in the monophthongs of PHH-M, focusing on the extent to which the vowel systems of the three source languages have converged.…
Two Englishes diverged in the Philippines
Although World Englishes (WE) scholarship is concerned with the study of English varieties in different social contexts, there is a tendency to treat postcolonial ones as homogenous regional phenomena (e.g., Philippine English). Few researchers have discussed variation and social differentiation in detail with empirical evidence. Thus, in order to understand how layers of different varieties of WE operate within a specific group of speakers, this…
Ethnic and gender variation in the use of Colloquial Singapore English discourse particles
Discourse particles are among the most commented-upon features of Colloquial Singapore English (CSE). Their use has been shown to vary depending on formality, context, gender and ethnicity, although results differ from one study to another. This study uses the Corpus of Singapore English Messages (CoSEM), a large-scale corpus of texts composed by Singaporeans and sent using electronic messaging services, to investigate gender and ethnic factors a…
Filipino, Chinese, neither, or both? The Lannang identity and its relationship with language
Variability in clusters and continuums
This study explores the sociolinguistic situation of a metropolitan Manila Lannang community based on data gathered between 2017 and 2020. A survey was administered to 117 individuals to probe into various dimensions of self-reported language use (e.g., proficiency, confidence) and attitudes (e.g., pride). The results show that, among the Lannangs, there is a range of language use and attitudes, with age and other social factors such as identity …
Is it in Colloquial Singapore English
Colloquial Singapore English (CSE, commonly known as Singlish) is a linguistic variety used in Singapore, a Southeast Asian nation home to three major ethnic groups: the Chinese (74.35% of the citizen and permanent resident population), the Malays (13.43%), and the Indians (9%) (Singapore Department of Statistics, 2019). It is one of the best known post-colonial varieties of English and has been documented since the emergence of the field of worl…
The Corpus of Singapore English Messages (CoSEM)
This article introduces the first version of the Corpus of Singapore English Messages (CoSEM), a 3.6‐million‐word monitor corpus of online text messages collected between 2016 and 2019, compiled and managed by a group of scholars who share an interest in Colloquial Singapore English (CSE) research. The paper explains the motivations behind developing a new corpus for the investigation of CSE. It also documents the process of compiling and organiz…
Spread, stability, and sociolinguistic variation in multilingual practices
This study examines nominal derivational affixes in a multilingual practice in the Philippines involving Hokkien, Tagalog, and English called Lánnang-uè. A feature of this practice is the systematic combination of affixes and roots (henceforth, ‘system’). Certain morphological combinations (e.g. Tagalog prefixes + English root) are used frequently and are regarded by Lánnang-uè users as well-formed, while others are not. This paper seeks to exami…
Advancing Sino-Philippine linguistics and sociolinguistics using the Lannang Corpus (LanCorp)
This paper introduces the Lannang Corpus (LanCorp), a public 375,000-word collection of raw and transcribed recordings of Lannang languages spoken in metropolitan Manila, which have been annotated with part-of-speech tags and linked to 40 types of sociolinguistic metadata. It begins by providing an overview of the LanCorp (e.g. design, formats, accessibility). Then, it goes on to show various examples of how the corpus can be used for variationis…
Broadening horizons in the diachronic and sociolinguistic study of Philippine English with the Twitter Corpus of Philippine Englishes (TCOPE)
This paper presents the Twitter Corpus of Philippine Englishes (TCOPE): a dataset of 27 million tweets amounting to 135 million words collected from 29 cities across the Philippines. It provides an overview of the dataset, and then shows how it can be employed to examine Philippine English (PhilE) and its relationship with extralinguistic factors (e.g. ethno-geographic region, time, sex). The focus is on the patterns of variation involving four P…
Variation in Asian and Pacific Islander North American English
Within sociolinguistic research on English variation, Asian and Pacific Islander North Americans (APINAs) are frequently described as an “understudied population” due to the relative lack of published studies that analyze these speakers or communities. This structured literature review systematically characterizes the state of the field from a variationist perspective. We find that while studies on APINAs have become more common in the last decad…
When to (not) split the infinitive
The variability of adverbial placement in the modified infinitive construction (i.e. split infinitives vs. full infinitives with adverbial pre- and post-modification) has been widely discussed in the (American English) literature. Yet a convincing generalized explanation for the variation that simultaneously incorporates language-internal and language-external factors has yet to be found, particularly in English varieties that have not received a…
Clause-Final Adverbs in Colloquial Singapore English Revisited
Many scholars consider clause-final adverbs (CFAs) like already, also, and only to be a prominent feature of Colloquial Singapore English (CSE), but little is known about their use in present-day CSE. Using data from the Corpus of Singapore English Messages (CoSEM), we investigate patterns of variation involving CFAs and examine whether they are sensitive to factors such as speaker age and gender. We find that clause-final already and only has in…
Adverbial confirm in colloquial Singapore English
Despite its innovative, salient, and robust usage in Colloquial Singapore English (CSE), the adverbial use of confirm has largely gone unnoticed. In this paper, we provide morphosyntactic and semantic evidence to show that adverbial confirm behaves like a strongly subjective speaker-oriented adverb (SpOA). We argue that adverbial confirm developed as a result of contact with the Mandarin adverbial kending, likely due to English–Mandarin bilingual…
Diachrony and Diachronica
Sociolinguistic variation in Colloquial Singapore English sia
Colloquial Singapore English (CSE), also known as ‘Singlish’, features a wide range of sentence‐final particles (SFP) influenced by local languages such as Hokkien, Cantonese, Mandarin and Malay. This study focuses on the SFP sia , a relatively new and less‐explored particle with Malay roots. We examine sia and its variants ( sia, sial , siak and siol ) using data from the Corpus of Singapore English Messages, a 6.9‐million‐word text‐message corp…
The Holistic Advantage
What happens when recognized and diverse conditioning factors of linguistic variation are omitted from analysis and/or are not analyzed under a single analytical procedure? This paper explores the consequences of such a choice on data interpretation and, consequently, (socio)linguistic theorization. Utilizing Twitter-style English in the Philippines (EngPH) as a case study, I employ the Twitter Corpus of Philippine Englishes (TCOPE) primarily to …
The Multi Project
Research Article| May 01 2024 The MULTI Project: Resources for Enhancing Multifaceted Creole Language Expertise in the Linguistics Classroom Danielle Burgess; Danielle Burgess Independent Researcher danielle burgess recently completed her Ph.D. in linguistics at the University of Michigan, experimentally investigating mechanisms that may play a role in language change across various linguistic contexts, including those that give rise to pidgins a…
Philippine Englishes in the Sino-Philippine Lannang context
This article explores the relationship between Philippine English and the Lannangs, individuals with Filipino and Southern Chinese cultural heritage. It highlights the multifaceted nature of this English variety by discussing how it interacts with non-English languages in contemporary Lannang communities located in Manila, Iloilo and Cebu. Using corpus data from 10 Lannang linguistic varieties used in these areas, I found that Philippine English …
Sociolinguistic Analysis with Missing Metadata? Leveraging Linguistic and Semiotic Resources Through Deep Learning to Investigate English Variation and Change on Twitter
This paper highlights a language and sign-based computational solution to the problem of missing social metadata on Twitter (now, ‘X’): demographic prediction using Deep Learning. It aims to apply this method to variationist sociolinguistics research, illustrating how the approach can facilitate analyses with missing metadata (i.e. stylistic age and sex/gender) by deriving this metadata solely from publicly available linguistic and semiotic resou…
Rethinking (from) the Islands
This paper calls for rethinking not only studies in the Philippines but also, from them, the premises of variationist sociolinguistics. Through a grounded-theoretic thematic analysis of 77 sociolinguistic studies, it identifies seven patterns shaped by postcolonialism. Key findings show that degree of language contact does not automatically determine the social salience of differences and that most studies depart from “canonical” methodologies, p…
Linguistic Variation and Morphology (31 obras) · Multilingual Education and Policy (28 obras) · Linguistics (27 obras) · Language, Discourse, Communication Strategies (21 obras) · Sociology (21 obras) · Computer Science (16 obras) · History (14 obras) · Philosophy (14 obras) · Psychology (10 obras) · Geography (8 obras)