Ralph L Holloway
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 75358 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Ralph L Holloway |
| NOMBRES | Ralph L |
| APELLIDO | Holloway |
| FIRMA | HOLLOWAY R L |
| AFILIACIONES | Columbia University |
| VERIFICADO | No |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 66 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 817 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 66 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1962 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2017 |
| ÍNDICE H | 15 |
The Australopithecine Brain
The endocast of the one‐million‐year‐old human cranium from Buia (UA 31), Danakil Eritrea
The endocast of UA 31 shows a general plesiomorphic phenotype, with some individual features (e.g., dolichocephaly and rounded lower parietal areas) which confirm a remarkable degree of morphological variability within the H. erectus/ergaster hypodigm. Am J Phys Anthropol 160:458-468, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc
The Evolution of the Hominid Brain
Brain, Evolution of
Levantine cranium from Manot Cave (Israel) foreshadows the first European modern humans
Variations in size, shape and asymmetries of the third frontal convolution in hominids
The Evolution of the Hominid Brain
Reply to Falk and Clarke on Taung virtual endocast midline and volume
Variations and asymmetries in regional brain surface in the genus Homo
Technical note
The Taung endocast is one of the best‐preserved and most important known in paleoanthropology. Although the endocast is undistorted and preserves distinctive landmarks, Taung has proved a difficult endocast, because it is only about 60% complete. To reconstruct Taung it is necessary to first use the available anatomical landmarks to define the midline of the endocast. It is only with a proper description of the midline that it is possible to reco…
A new brain endocast of Homo erectus from Hulu Cave, Nanjing, China
A new brain endocast of Homo erectus from Hulu Cave, Tangshan, Nanjing is described and compared with a broad sample of endocasts of H. erectus , Neanderthals, and recent modern humans. The Nanjing 1 endocast is reconstructed based on two portions of endocranial casts taken from the original fossil fragments. The fossil was discovered in 1993, near Nanjing, South China and is dated to ∼ 0.58–0.62 Ma. The cranial capacity is ∼ 876 cc, as determine…
A bivariate approach to the widening of the frontal lobes in the genus Homo
The Human Brain Evolving
Minor controversies notwithstanding, the evolution of the human brain has been an intermingled composite of allometric and nonallometric increases of brain volume and reorganizational events such as the reduction of primary visual cortex and a relative increase in both posterior association and (most probably) prefrontal cortex, as well as increased cerebral asymmetries, including Broca's and Wernicke's regions, with some of these changes already…
Validation of plaster endocast morphology through 3D CT image analysis
A crucial component of research on brain evolution has been the comparison of fossil endocranial surfaces with modern human and primate endocrania. The latter have generally been obtained by creating endocasts out of rubber latex shells filled with plaster. The extent to which the method of production introduces errors in endocast replicas is unknown. We demonstrate a powerful method of comparing complex shapes in 3‐dimensions (3D) that is broadl…
Evolution of the brainstem orofacial motor system in primates
Recovery and Reconstruction of A.L. 444-2
The A.L. 444-2 skull was found on 26 February 1992, during a strategic paleontological survey of Kada Hadar Member sediments that are stratigraphically situated between BKT-1 and BKT-2 tephras, on the eastern edge of the Awash River’s Kada Hadar tributary. Yoel Rak discovered two fragments of hominin occipital bone (A.L. 444-1) at the base of a steep hill composed of Kada Hadar Member silts and clays capped by a weathered sandstone remnant. Subse…
Endocranial Morphology of A.L. 444-2
The original endocast of A.L. 444-2 consisted of a single plastic cast, colored to show the original fragments (light brown) and the reconstructed missing parts (black). This we label the Rak-Kimbel endocast, which was based on the reconstruction of cranial and facial fragments. Because distortion was severe enough to interfere with morphological description and measurements, and especially the assessment of endocranial capacity, a plaster endoca…
A.l. 444-2
Among the largest Plio-Pleistocene hominin skulls found to date, A.L. 444-2 is bigger, though not by much, than an average female gorilla’s skull. At first glance, A.L. 444-2 assumes a somewhat simian appearance, the outcome of a relatively small braincase combined with an inclined frontal squama and prognathic jaws. However, this apelike appearance is offset by several distinctive hominin features: a very tall face that is much less prognathic t…
Implications of A.L. 444-2 for the Taxonomic and Phylogenetic Status of Australopithecus afarensis
A.L. 444-2 is the first specimen to preserve the cranium and mandible of a single adult individual of A. afarensis. Pairing this specimen with A.L. 417-1, which includes a mandible and maxilla, enables us to compare comprehensively the craniofacial morphology of male and female individuals of the species for the first time. The occluded mandibles and maxillae of A.L. 444-2 and A.L. 417-1 reveal a distinctive hominoid snout contour, combining a st…
Elements of the Disarticulated Skull
The 1970s collection of hominin cranial remains from Hadar is notoriously weak in its representation of the frontal bone. Besides the complete but distorted frontal of the A.L. 333-105 juvenile (Kimbel et al., 1982), only two very incomplete adult specimens provided glimpses of frontal morphology: A.L. 288-1 (Johanson et al., 1982b) and A.L. 333-125 (Asfaw, 1987). With the recovery of the almost complete frontal bone of A.L. 444-2, we are able to…
Background
Australopithecus afarensis is a fossil hominin species known from at least four East African Rift Valley sites ranging from northern Ethiopia in the north to northern Tanzania in the south and bridging the time period between approximately 3.6 and 3.0 million years ago (Ma). First identified in the late 1970s as the bipedal but craniodentally apelike rootstock from which later Australopithecus and Homo evolved (Johanson et al., 1978; Johanson and…
The Human Fossil Record
Brain structure variation in great apes, with attention to the mountain gorilla ( Gorilla beringei beringei )
This report presents data regarding the brain structure of mountain gorillas ( Gorilla beringei beringei ) in comparison with other great apes. Magnetic resonance (MR) images of three mountain gorilla brains were obtained with a 3T scanner, and the volume of major neuroanatomical structures (neocortical gray matter, hippocampus, thalamus, striatum, and cerebellum) was measured. These data were included with our existing database that includes 23 …
The Skull of Australopithecus afarensis
The book is the most in-depth account of the fossil skull anatomy and evolutionary significance of the 3.6-3.0 million year old early human species Australopithecus afarensis. Knowledge of this species is pivotal to understanding early human evolution, because 1) the sample of fossil remains of A. afarensis is among the most extensive for any early human species, and the majority of remains are of taxonomically inormative skulls and teeth; 2) the…
In the mind's eye
The Skull of Australopithecus afarensis
The book is the most in-depth account of the fossil skull anatomy and evolutionary significance of the 3.6-3.0 million year old early human species Australopithecus afarensis. Knowledge of this species is pivotal to understanding early human evolution, because 1) the sample of fossil remains of A. afarensis is among the most extensive for any early human species, and the majority of remains are of taxonomically inormative skulls and teeth; 2) the…
Culture
It is argued that a number of recent writings based on primate studies and on analysis of early hominid evolution have blurred certain central issues regarding human and non-human primate behavior. The central problem of how man organizes his experience and how he interacts with his environment is seldom squarely faced. A framework is provided here which examines tool-making in terms of psychological processes. It is argued that both tool-making …
Volumetric and asymmetry determinations on recent hominid endocasts
Full brain endocast reconstructions of the Neandertals, Spy I and II, Djebel Ihroud I, and the Homo erectus specimen from Salè, Morocco have yielded accurate volumes. Spy I = 1,305 ml; Spy II = 1,553 ml; Djebel Ihroud I = 1,305 ml; Salè = 880 ml. While there are no remarkable gyral and sulcal patterns one can delineate, the brain endocasts do show evidence of left‐occipital, right‐frontal petalias, suggesting right‐handedness, and possibly human …
Brain endocast asymmetry in pongids and hominids
Observations on petalial asymmetry for 190 hominoid endocasts are reported, and their statistical differences assessed. While all taxa of hominoids show asymmetries to various degrees, the patterns or combinations of petalial asymmetries are very different, with fossil hominids and modern Homo sapiens showing an identical pattern of left‐occipital, right‐frontal petalias, which contrasts with those found normally in pongids. Of the pongids, Goril…
A bivariate approach to the widening of the frontal lobes in the genus Homo
Cranial Capacity, Neural Reorganization, and Hominid Evolution
Revisiting the South African Taung australopithecine endocast
Falk's (1980a) claims regarding the pongid‐like disposition of convolutional patterns on the South African australopithecine endocasts are critically examined. Using a stereoplotter apparatus and a small sample of chimpanzee brain casts, the angular coordinates of the lunate sulcus are recorded, and placed as such on the Taung and SK 1585 endocasts. The resulting location of such pongid‐oriented lunate sulci violates the gross morphology of the a…
New australopithecine endocast, SK 1585, from Swartkrans, South Africa
The new SK 1585 endocast, found by Dr. Brain at Swartkrans, 1966, is that of a robust australopithecine, matching the endocast of the Olduvai Hominid 5 in volume, and being almost identical to it in morphology. Aside from Olduvai Hominid 5 it is the only robust australopithecine endocast complete enough to permit easy reconstruction, as only a small portion of the frontal lobe is missing. While the gyral and sulcal patterns are not clear, there a…
The Indonesian Homo erectus brain endocasts revisited
New brain endocast reconstructions of Homo erectus discoveries from Indonesia since 1963 ( H. erectus VI, 1963; VII, 1965; VIII, 1969) have been made and their volumes determined. In addition, older discoveries ( H. erectus I, 1891; II, 1937; IV, 1937–38) have been reendocast and reconstructed, and have yielded volumes considerably different from those previously published. This is particularly so in the case of Dubois's original discovery, which…
Endocranial volumes of early African hominids, and the role of the brain in human mosaic evolution
Within‐species brain‐body weight variability
A restudy of the Danish brain weight data published by Pakkenberg and Voigt ('64), using partial correlation techniques, confirms and extends their earlier conclusions regarding a much stronger allometric relationship between height and brain weight than between body weight and brain weight. The relationship is particularly strong in males, and not in females, which is hypothesized to be related to higher fat components in the latter. Comparative…
Indonesian “Solo” (Ngandong) endocranial reconstructions
Latex rubber brain endocasts of Solo I, V, VI, X, and XI crania were prepared in order to determine accurate volumes by H 2 Odisplacement and morphological description. The new volumes are not markedly different from previous estimates that had been done by mensuration formulae. The mean volume is 1,151 ml. The endocast surfaces, while devoid of gyral and sulcal relief patterns, do show a preponderance of left‐occipital‐right‐frontal petalia patt…
The endocast of the Omo L338y‐6 Juvenile Hominid
This report is a description of a reconstructed endocast of the Omo L338y‐6 Juvenile Hominid, which has been attributed by Rak and Howell (1978) to the Australopithecus boisei taxon. The reconstructed volume obtained is 427 ml. For a variety of reasons, including the specimen's low endocranial volume, the author regards it more likely that this specimen should be attributed to a gracile line of Australopithecus . In addition to having a low endoc…
The Human Brain Evolving
Minor controversies notwithstanding, the evolution of the human brain has been an intermingled composite of allometric and nonallometric increases of brain volume and reorganizational events such as the reduction of primary visual cortex and a relative increase in both posterior association and (most probably) prefrontal cortex, as well as increased cerebral asymmetries, including Broca's and Wernicke's regions, with some of these changes already…
Tools and Teeth
Starting with a critique of current beliefs that maxillary canine reduction in hominids was causally related to tool-use and tool-making, the article suggests that reduction took place because selection favored a different pattern of social behavior. Sexual dimorphism and aggressive intragroup behavior tend to be related in terrestrial primates. A shift in hormonal interactions is suggested, such that selection for diminution of aggressiveness re…
Variations and asymmetries in regional brain surface in the genus Homo
The endocast of the one‐million‐year‐old human cranium from Buia (UA 31), Danakil Eritrea
The endocast of UA 31 shows a general plesiomorphic phenotype, with some individual features (e.g., dolichocephaly and rounded lower parietal areas) which confirm a remarkable degree of morphological variability within the H. erectus/ergaster hypodigm. Am J Phys Anthropol 160:458-468, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc
The taung endocast and the lunate sulcus
Using an independent method of direct tape‐arc measurements on six chimpanzee brain casts, it is shown that Falk's (1980, 1983) claims regarding an anterior pongidlike placement of a lunate sulcus on the Taung specimen remain unconfirmed. Thus Holloway's (1981) stereoplotting method of testing Falk's hypothesis is independently confirmed, using the actual specimens rather than photographs of them. Falk's (1980) placement of a lunate sulcus falls …
Some additional morphological and metrical observations on pan brain casts and their relevance to the taung endocast
Using an increased sample of chimpanzee brains and brain casts, 32 hemispheres were measured to determine the variability of OP–FP (occipital–pole) and OP–LS (occipital pole–lunate sulcus) arc dimensions and their ratios. The Taung endocast was remeasured to test Falk's assertions that the lunate sulcus is in a pongid position. The average ratio for the chimpanzee brains was 0.218, a value more than 2 + S.D.'s posterior to Falk's placement of the…
The Evolution of the Advanced Hominid Brain [and Comments and Reply]
A stochastic, hierarchical model for the evolution of the advanced hominid brain is developed. The fossil and geological data date the event to 1.6-1.8 million years ago. Palaeoclimatological evidence does not suggest that it coincided with significant ecological change. The cognitive capacities of "small" hominoid brains are reviewed in the context of pongid technology and carnivory and the evidence for hominid stone tool technology prior to the…
Structural reduction through the “probable mutation effect”. A critique with questions regarding human evolution
Brace's adaptation of Sewall Wright's concept of “mutation pressure” is critically examined. It is concluded that while Brace's adaptation of this principle is probably valid and useful in explaining certain aspects of structural reduction in human evolution, three criticisms can be made: (1) in its present form, the hypothesis does not provide any explanation of foci for positive selection pressures; (2) the hypothesis is overextened to include …
Variations in size, shape and asymmetries of the third frontal convolution in hominids
A new brain endocast of Homo erectus from Hulu Cave, Nanjing, China
A new brain endocast of Homo erectus from Hulu Cave, Tangshan, Nanjing is described and compared with a broad sample of endocasts of H. erectus , Neanderthals, and recent modern humans. The Nanjing 1 endocast is reconstructed based on two portions of endocranial casts taken from the original fossil fragments. The fossil was discovered in 1993, near Nanjing, South China and is dated to ∼ 0.58–0.62 Ma. The cranial capacity is ∼ 876 cc, as determine…
On Falk's 1989 accusations regarding holloway's study of the Taung endocast
Technical note
The Taung endocast is one of the best‐preserved and most important known in paleoanthropology. Although the endocast is undistorted and preserves distinctive landmarks, Taung has proved a difficult endocast, because it is only about 60% complete. To reconstruct Taung it is necessary to first use the available anatomical landmarks to define the midline of the endocast. It is only with a proper description of the midline that it is possible to reco…
A note on sagittal cresting
Structural reduction through the “probable mutation effect”. A critique with questions regarding human evolution
Brace's adaptation of Sewall Wright's concept of “mutation pressure” is critically examined. It is concluded that while Brace's adaptation of this principle is probably valid and useful in explaining certain aspects of structural reduction in human evolution, three criticisms can be made: (1) in its present form, the hypothesis does not provide any explanation of foci for positive selection pressures; (2) the hypothesis is overextened to include …
Cranial capacity and neuron number
Some recent studies correlating cranial capacity with behavioral development and more molecular parameters such as neuron number are critically examined. These studies are found lacking in terms of basic assumptions and empirical support from other studies. In general, it is shown that these studies have overlooked an important aspect of brain evolution in the Primate Order, i.e., reorganization, or the shifting quantitative relationships of subs…
Cranial Capacity, Neural Reorganization, and Hominid Evolution
The Territorial Imperative
Tools and Teeth
Starting with a critique of current beliefs that maxillary canine reduction in hominids was causally related to tool-use and tool-making, the article suggests that reduction took place because selection favored a different pattern of social behavior. Sexual dimorphism and aggressive intragroup behavior tend to be related in terrestrial primates. A shift in hormonal interactions is suggested, such that selection for diminution of aggressiveness re…
The Pleistocene Epoch and the Evolution of Man [and Comments and Reply]
Reply to Professor Washburn
Physical Anthropology
On Culture as a Human Domain
New australopithecine endocast, SK 1585, from Swartkrans, South Africa
The new SK 1585 endocast, found by Dr. Brain at Swartkrans, 1966, is that of a robust australopithecine, matching the endocast of the Olduvai Hominid 5 in volume, and being almost identical to it in morphology. Aside from Olduvai Hominid 5 it is the only robust australopithecine endocast complete enough to permit easy reconstruction, as only a small portion of the frontal lobe is missing. While the gyral and sulcal patterns are not clear, there a…
Physical Anthropology
Endocranial volumes of early African hominids, and the role of the brain in human mosaic evolution
On the brain and human status
Earl W. Count. Being and Becoming Human: Essays on the Biogram. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. Behavioral Science Series, 1973. xv + 349 pp. Tables, bibliography, and index. $14.95 (cloth; $6.95 (paper). Harry J. Jerison. Evolution of the Brain and Intelligence. New York: Academic Press, 1973. xiv + 482 pp. Illustrations, figures, tables, index, and bibliography. $25.00
Professor Holloway replies
Craniofacial Morphology of Pan paniscus
I. Primate Taxonomy and Anatomy
The O.H. 7 (Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania) hominid partial brain endocast revisited
The O.H. 7 brain endocast was reexamined using a stereoplotting apparatus to quantify the amount of distortion. Some 127 measurements for each of the left and right sides were taken and treated statically by student t-tests, both in paired and grouped fashion. Grouped data indicated no significant left-right differences. Paired data suggested three small regions of distortion, which produced three pairs of left-right differences that were signifi…
Indonesian “Solo” (Ngandong) endocranial reconstructions
Latex rubber brain endocasts of Solo I, V, VI, X, and XI crania were prepared in order to determine accurate volumes by H 2 Odisplacement and morphological description. The new volumes are not markedly different from previous estimates that had been done by mensuration formulae. The mean volume is 1,151 ml. The endocast surfaces, while devoid of gyral and sulcal relief patterns, do show a preponderance of left‐occipital‐right‐frontal petalia patt…
Within‐species brain‐body weight variability
A restudy of the Danish brain weight data published by Pakkenberg and Voigt ('64), using partial correlation techniques, confirms and extends their earlier conclusions regarding a much stronger allometric relationship between height and brain weight than between body weight and brain weight. The relationship is particularly strong in males, and not in females, which is hypothesized to be related to higher fat components in the latter. Comparative…
The endocast of the Omo L338y‐6 Juvenile Hominid
This report is a description of a reconstructed endocast of the Omo L338y‐6 Juvenile Hominid, which has been attributed by Rak and Howell (1978) to the Australopithecus boisei taxon. The reconstructed volume obtained is 427 ml. For a variety of reasons, including the specimen's low endocranial volume, the author regards it more likely that this specimen should be attributed to a gracile line of Australopithecus . In addition to having a low endoc…
The Indonesian Homo erectus brain endocasts revisited
New brain endocast reconstructions of Homo erectus discoveries from Indonesia since 1963 ( H. erectus VI, 1963; VII, 1965; VIII, 1969) have been made and their volumes determined. In addition, older discoveries ( H. erectus I, 1891; II, 1937; IV, 1937–38) have been reendocast and reconstructed, and have yielded volumes considerably different from those previously published. This is particularly so in the case of Dubois's original discovery, which…
Volumetric and asymmetry determinations on recent hominid endocasts
Full brain endocast reconstructions of the Neandertals, Spy I and II, Djebel Ihroud I, and the Homo erectus specimen from Salè, Morocco have yielded accurate volumes. Spy I = 1,305 ml; Spy II = 1,553 ml; Djebel Ihroud I = 1,305 ml; Salè = 880 ml. While there are no remarkable gyral and sulcal patterns one can delineate, the brain endocasts do show evidence of left‐occipital, right‐frontal petalias, suggesting right‐handedness, and possibly human …
Revisiting the South African Taung australopithecine endocast
Falk's (1980a) claims regarding the pongid‐like disposition of convolutional patterns on the South African australopithecine endocasts are critically examined. Using a stereoplotter apparatus and a small sample of chimpanzee brain casts, the angular coordinates of the lunate sulcus are recorded, and placed as such on the Taung and SK 1585 endocasts. The resulting location of such pongid‐oriented lunate sulci violates the gross morphology of the a…
Brain endocast asymmetry in pongids and hominids
Observations on petalial asymmetry for 190 hominoid endocasts are reported, and their statistical differences assessed. While all taxa of hominoids show asymmetries to various degrees, the patterns or combinations of petalial asymmetries are very different, with fossil hominids and modern Homo sapiens showing an identical pattern of left‐occipital, right‐frontal petalias, which contrasts with those found normally in pongids. Of the pongids, Goril…
Biology (45 obras) · Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology (35 obras) · Anatomy (28 obras) · Paleontology (28 obras) · Skull (25 obras) · Endocast (24 obras) · Anatomy (22 obras) · Paleontology (22 obras) · Primate Behavior and Ecology (22 obras) · Brain size (19 obras)