James H Wirth
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 766670 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | James H Wirth |
| NOMBRES | James H |
| APELLIDO | Wirth |
| FIRMA | WIRTH J H |
| AFILIACIONES | The Ohio State University Newark |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-1381-1462 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 24 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 180 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 24 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2008 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 7 |
CyberballOS
Researchers continually face challenges finding ways to test the fundamentals of psychology: affect, behavior, and cognition. Since 2000, researchers have used a universal tool called Cyberball to investigate these outcomes. Cyberball is a virtual ball-toss game played with computer-controlled players. We updated the Cyberball paradigm, creating CyberballOS (Open Source), to make it require no special resources, have easy-to-set-up games, and rec…
A festschrift honoring Dr. Kipling Williams
Dr. Kipling Williams was at the forefront of examining ostracism (being excluded and ignored). To acknowledge his essential contributions, we compiled a special issue consisting of several former students and mentees describing how their work expands on Williams's foundational scholarship. In the current article, we provided a brief overview of ostracism to contextualize the subsequent articles in this special issue. We summarized Williams's jour…
You’re No Good – I’m kicking You Out!” Ostracizing Burdensome Group Members
Why do individuals ostracize (exclude and ignore) others despite ostracism's unpleasantness for both the person being ostracized (a target) and the person doing the ostracism (a source)? Our research addressed one reason why individuals ostracize others: removing burdensome others due to their being poor exchange partners. Specifically, we found participants ostracized a virtual ball-toss player who was burdensome due to taking an excessive amoun…
You're leaving us?” Feeling ostracized when a group member leaves
Ostracism negatively impacts working self‐perceptions of personality
We examined if being ostracized (excluded and ignored) changes working self‐perception of personality ─ a core aspect of the self ─ which may contribute to understanding post‐ostracism behaviour. Across three studies ( N = 943), using a virtual ball‐toss game (i.e., Cyberball), participants were either ostracized, included or mentally visualized playing the game. Subsequently, participants reported working self‐perceptions of their personality (u…
Partisans Hear, but They Don’t Listen
Political partisanship stems from the fundamental process of categorizing one’s social world and influences important behavioral outcomes, such information processing. The present study examines the role of political partisanship in risky decision making as assessed with the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), a common ecologically valid behavioral task. Participants ( N = 881) were randomly assigned to modified IGT conditions: one in which the advantageou…
I hate to be a burden!”
We examined if perceiving oneself as burdensome, due to performing poorly in a group, can lead to feelings associated with ostracism (being excluded and ignored), without actually being ostracized. Participants completed a typing game (Study 1) or solved Remote Associates Test (Study 2) items where they performed worse, equal, or better than the group. To isolate the influence of burdensomeness, participants were consistently selected by computer…
Feeling Like a Burden
We examined the negative outcomes, particularly social costs that result when a person harms their group by performing poorly, and whether self-compassion could buffer against these negative outcomes. In Studies 1 and 2, participants performed poorly and harmed their group or performed equal to their group. Harmful poor-performing participants felt more burdensome, experienced more negative affect, felt more ostracized, anticipated more exclusion…
You’re such a pain!”
Maintaining social relationships with others is essential for survival, but not all relationships are beneficial. Individuals exclude nonbeneficial burdensome group members, those who encumber group success. We investigated whether feeling psychological pain is a mechanism that prompts assessment of social threats―potentially putting the “brakes” on burdensome (nonbeneficial) relationships. Specifically, we investigated if interacting with burden…
Investigating how ostracizing others affects one’s self-concept
Social relationships are connected with an individual’s self-concept, so events that influence one’s relationships subsequently influence one’s self-concept. Ostracism, being excluded and ignored, is an aversive experience involving both a target (the one being ostracized) and source (the one ostracizing). We will discuss previous limitations of source paradigms and how we addressed them when developing our paradigms. We will also highlight curre…
Can Burdensome Facebook “Friends” Cause You Pain? Self-Reported Pain as a Motivation for Exclusion
People need positive social connections, which Facebook can fulfill. However, some Facebook "friends" are poor social exchange partners due to inhibiting a Facebook user's ability to socially connect online. Poor partners may be burdensome and a Facebook user may distance oneself from the burdensome person. We contend pain is a physical signal that motivates exclusionary behaviors towards burdensome others. We manipulated burden by having partici…
Chronic social exclusion and evidence for the resignation stage
Experiences of social exclusion, including ostracism and rejection, can last anywhere from a few seconds to many years. Most research focused on short-term social exclusion, whereas virtually no empirical work has investigated the experiences of long-term social exclusion. Williams theorized that prolonged experiences of social exclusion (i.e., ostracism) would cause individuals to pass from the reflexive and reflective stages to the resignation …
Responses to exclusion are moderated by its perceived fairness
Experimental exclusion manipulations may induce exclusion in a way that participants perceive as unfair. Groups often use exclusion punitively to correct inappropriate behavior, however, which may lead to perceptions that it is potentially justified or fair. The current studies examined if individuals' perceptions of fairness with respect to an exclusion experience moderated their reactions. Participants wrote about or imagined a time in which th…
Decisions in the face of known risks
Many Labs 3
Social cues establish expectations of rejection and affect the response to being rejected
Violating one’s expectations of inclusion may influence the pain of rejection. This is supported by neurological evidence on expectation violation processing (Somerville, Heatherton, & Kelley, 2006). We asked: Can an expectation of a specific social outcome affect how it feels to be rejected or included? We tested the premise that expectations for the outcome of an interaction are derived from social information. Participants were either liked or…
Ostracizing Group Members Who Can (or Cannot) Control Being Burdensome
Ostracism-excluding and ignoring someone-occurs cross-culturally in humans. Previous research suggests that groups often use ostracism to punish burdensome members in order to 1) motivate the members to change undesirable behavior and 2) ultimately protect the group from these members. We present data from two studies that manipulate the presence of a burdensome member during an online group interaction and attributional information about the mem…
When Do We Ostracize
Ostracism is a common, yet painful social experience. Given the harmful consequences of ostracism, why would groups ostracize their members? Previous research suggests that ostracism is a form of social control used to influence those group members perceived as burdensome. The authors propose that individuals will ostracize a group member only when it is justified (i.e., the member seems burdensome) but will compensate a member who is ostracized …
The consequences of pain
Current theories suggest that social and physical pain overlap in their neurological and physiological outcomes. We investigated how social and physical pain overlap in their psychological responses by testing the hypothesis that both social and physical pain would thwart satisfaction on four human needs, worsen mood, and increase desire to aggress. In Experiment 1, recalling an experience of social or physical pain produced overlapping effects i…
The world in black and white
Eye Gaze as Relational Evaluation
Eye gaze is often a signal of interest and, when noticed by others, leads to mutual and directional gaze. However, averting one’s eye gaze toward an individual has the potential to convey a strong interpersonal evaluation. The averting of eye gaze is the most frequently used nonverbal cue to indicate the silent treatment, a form of ostracism. The authors argue that eye gaze can signal the relational value felt toward another person. In three stud…
When social pain is not automatic
Evidence that Gender Differences in Social Dominance Orientation Result from Gendered Self-Stereotyping and Group-Interested Responses to Patriarchy
Numerous studies have found that, compared to women, men express higher levels of social dominance orientation (SDO), an individual difference variable reflecting support for unequal, hierarchical relationships between groups. Recent research suggests that the often-observed gender difference in SDO results from processes related to gender group identity. We hypothesized that two aspects of gender group identity could account for men's higher SDO…
They Don't Like Our Kind
Individuals are ostracized nearly on a daily basis, which thwarts the satisfaction of fundamental needs and is painful (Williams, 2007). While facing prejudice or discrimination, possessing a group membership can be self-protective (Crocker & Major, 1989) or harmful, depending on group identification (Schmitt & Branscombe, 2002a). How will individuals react to ostracism when a group membership attribution is available? Participants were ostracize…
Many Labs 3
Chronic social exclusion and evidence for the resignation stage
Experiences of social exclusion, including ostracism and rejection, can last anywhere from a few seconds to many years. Most research focused on short-term social exclusion, whereas virtually no empirical work has investigated the experiences of long-term social exclusion. Williams theorized that prolonged experiences of social exclusion (i.e., ostracism) would cause individuals to pass from the reflexive and reflective stages to the resignation …
They Don't Like Our Kind
Individuals are ostracized nearly on a daily basis, which thwarts the satisfaction of fundamental needs and is painful (Williams, 2007). While facing prejudice or discrimination, possessing a group membership can be self-protective (Crocker & Major, 1989) or harmful, depending on group identification (Schmitt & Branscombe, 2002a). How will individuals react to ostracism when a group membership attribution is available? Participants were ostracize…
The consequences of pain
Current theories suggest that social and physical pain overlap in their neurological and physiological outcomes. We investigated how social and physical pain overlap in their psychological responses by testing the hypothesis that both social and physical pain would thwart satisfaction on four human needs, worsen mood, and increase desire to aggress. In Experiment 1, recalling an experience of social or physical pain produced overlapping effects i…
The world in black and white
Ostracizing Group Members Who Can (or Cannot) Control Being Burdensome
Ostracism-excluding and ignoring someone-occurs cross-culturally in humans. Previous research suggests that groups often use ostracism to punish burdensome members in order to 1) motivate the members to change undesirable behavior and 2) ultimately protect the group from these members. We present data from two studies that manipulate the presence of a burdensome member during an online group interaction and attributional information about the mem…
Evidence that Gender Differences in Social Dominance Orientation Result from Gendered Self-Stereotyping and Group-Interested Responses to Patriarchy
Numerous studies have found that, compared to women, men express higher levels of social dominance orientation (SDO), an individual difference variable reflecting support for unequal, hierarchical relationships between groups. Recent research suggests that the often-observed gender difference in SDO results from processes related to gender group identity. We hypothesized that two aspects of gender group identity could account for men's higher SDO…
Decisions in the face of known risks
Social cues establish expectations of rejection and affect the response to being rejected
Violating one’s expectations of inclusion may influence the pain of rejection. This is supported by neurological evidence on expectation violation processing (Somerville, Heatherton, & Kelley, 2006). We asked: Can an expectation of a specific social outcome affect how it feels to be rejected or included? We tested the premise that expectations for the outcome of an interaction are derived from social information. Participants were either liked or…
Responses to exclusion are moderated by its perceived fairness
Experimental exclusion manipulations may induce exclusion in a way that participants perceive as unfair. Groups often use exclusion punitively to correct inappropriate behavior, however, which may lead to perceptions that it is potentially justified or fair. The current studies examined if individuals' perceptions of fairness with respect to an exclusion experience moderated their reactions. Participants wrote about or imagined a time in which th…
You’re such a pain!”
Maintaining social relationships with others is essential for survival, but not all relationships are beneficial. Individuals exclude nonbeneficial burdensome group members, those who encumber group success. We investigated whether feeling psychological pain is a mechanism that prompts assessment of social threats―potentially putting the “brakes” on burdensome (nonbeneficial) relationships. Specifically, we investigated if interacting with burden…
When social pain is not automatic
A festschrift honoring Dr. Kipling Williams
Dr. Kipling Williams was at the forefront of examining ostracism (being excluded and ignored). To acknowledge his essential contributions, we compiled a special issue consisting of several former students and mentees describing how their work expands on Williams's foundational scholarship. In the current article, we provided a brief overview of ostracism to contextualize the subsequent articles in this special issue. We summarized Williams's jour…
You’re No Good – I’m kicking You Out!” Ostracizing Burdensome Group Members
Why do individuals ostracize (exclude and ignore) others despite ostracism's unpleasantness for both the person being ostracized (a target) and the person doing the ostracism (a source)? Our research addressed one reason why individuals ostracize others: removing burdensome others due to their being poor exchange partners. Specifically, we found participants ostracized a virtual ball-toss player who was burdensome due to taking an excessive amoun…
Ostracism negatively impacts working self‐perceptions of personality
We examined if being ostracized (excluded and ignored) changes working self‐perception of personality ─ a core aspect of the self ─ which may contribute to understanding post‐ostracism behaviour. Across three studies ( N = 943), using a virtual ball‐toss game (i.e., Cyberball), participants were either ostracized, included or mentally visualized playing the game. Subsequently, participants reported working self‐perceptions of their personality (u…
Feeling Like a Burden
We examined the negative outcomes, particularly social costs that result when a person harms their group by performing poorly, and whether self-compassion could buffer against these negative outcomes. In Studies 1 and 2, participants performed poorly and harmed their group or performed equal to their group. Harmful poor-performing participants felt more burdensome, experienced more negative affect, felt more ostracized, anticipated more exclusion…
You're leaving us?” Feeling ostracized when a group member leaves
Partisans Hear, but They Don’t Listen
Political partisanship stems from the fundamental process of categorizing one’s social world and influences important behavioral outcomes, such information processing. The present study examines the role of political partisanship in risky decision making as assessed with the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), a common ecologically valid behavioral task. Participants ( N = 881) were randomly assigned to modified IGT conditions: one in which the advantageou…
Can Burdensome Facebook “Friends” Cause You Pain? Self-Reported Pain as a Motivation for Exclusion
People need positive social connections, which Facebook can fulfill. However, some Facebook "friends" are poor social exchange partners due to inhibiting a Facebook user's ability to socially connect online. Poor partners may be burdensome and a Facebook user may distance oneself from the burdensome person. We contend pain is a physical signal that motivates exclusionary behaviors towards burdensome others. We manipulated burden by having partici…
They Don't Like Our Kind
Individuals are ostracized nearly on a daily basis, which thwarts the satisfaction of fundamental needs and is painful (Williams, 2007). While facing prejudice or discrimination, possessing a group membership can be self-protective (Crocker & Major, 1989) or harmful, depending on group identification (Schmitt & Branscombe, 2002a). How will individuals react to ostracism when a group membership attribution is available? Participants were ostracize…
Evidence that Gender Differences in Social Dominance Orientation Result from Gendered Self-Stereotyping and Group-Interested Responses to Patriarchy
Numerous studies have found that, compared to women, men express higher levels of social dominance orientation (SDO), an individual difference variable reflecting support for unequal, hierarchical relationships between groups. Recent research suggests that the often-observed gender difference in SDO results from processes related to gender group identity. We hypothesized that two aspects of gender group identity could account for men's higher SDO…
Eye Gaze as Relational Evaluation
Eye gaze is often a signal of interest and, when noticed by others, leads to mutual and directional gaze. However, averting one’s eye gaze toward an individual has the potential to convey a strong interpersonal evaluation. The averting of eye gaze is the most frequently used nonverbal cue to indicate the silent treatment, a form of ostracism. The authors argue that eye gaze can signal the relational value felt toward another person. In three stud…
When social pain is not automatic
The consequences of pain
Current theories suggest that social and physical pain overlap in their neurological and physiological outcomes. We investigated how social and physical pain overlap in their psychological responses by testing the hypothesis that both social and physical pain would thwart satisfaction on four human needs, worsen mood, and increase desire to aggress. In Experiment 1, recalling an experience of social or physical pain produced overlapping effects i…
The world in black and white
When Do We Ostracize
Ostracism is a common, yet painful social experience. Given the harmful consequences of ostracism, why would groups ostracize their members? Previous research suggests that ostracism is a form of social control used to influence those group members perceived as burdensome. The authors propose that individuals will ostracize a group member only when it is justified (i.e., the member seems burdensome) but will compensate a member who is ostracized …
Ostracizing Group Members Who Can (or Cannot) Control Being Burdensome
Ostracism-excluding and ignoring someone-occurs cross-culturally in humans. Previous research suggests that groups often use ostracism to punish burdensome members in order to 1) motivate the members to change undesirable behavior and 2) ultimately protect the group from these members. We present data from two studies that manipulate the presence of a burdensome member during an online group interaction and attributional information about the mem…
Social cues establish expectations of rejection and affect the response to being rejected
Violating one’s expectations of inclusion may influence the pain of rejection. This is supported by neurological evidence on expectation violation processing (Somerville, Heatherton, & Kelley, 2006). We asked: Can an expectation of a specific social outcome affect how it feels to be rejected or included? We tested the premise that expectations for the outcome of an interaction are derived from social information. Participants were either liked or…
Responses to exclusion are moderated by its perceived fairness
Experimental exclusion manipulations may induce exclusion in a way that participants perceive as unfair. Groups often use exclusion punitively to correct inappropriate behavior, however, which may lead to perceptions that it is potentially justified or fair. The current studies examined if individuals' perceptions of fairness with respect to an exclusion experience moderated their reactions. Participants wrote about or imagined a time in which th…
Decisions in the face of known risks
Many Labs 3
Chronic social exclusion and evidence for the resignation stage
Experiences of social exclusion, including ostracism and rejection, can last anywhere from a few seconds to many years. Most research focused on short-term social exclusion, whereas virtually no empirical work has investigated the experiences of long-term social exclusion. Williams theorized that prolonged experiences of social exclusion (i.e., ostracism) would cause individuals to pass from the reflexive and reflective stages to the resignation …
Investigating how ostracizing others affects one’s self-concept
Social relationships are connected with an individual’s self-concept, so events that influence one’s relationships subsequently influence one’s self-concept. Ostracism, being excluded and ignored, is an aversive experience involving both a target (the one being ostracized) and source (the one ostracizing). We will discuss previous limitations of source paradigms and how we addressed them when developing our paradigms. We will also highlight curre…
Can Burdensome Facebook “Friends” Cause You Pain? Self-Reported Pain as a Motivation for Exclusion
People need positive social connections, which Facebook can fulfill. However, some Facebook "friends" are poor social exchange partners due to inhibiting a Facebook user's ability to socially connect online. Poor partners may be burdensome and a Facebook user may distance oneself from the burdensome person. We contend pain is a physical signal that motivates exclusionary behaviors towards burdensome others. We manipulated burden by having partici…
You’re such a pain!”
Maintaining social relationships with others is essential for survival, but not all relationships are beneficial. Individuals exclude nonbeneficial burdensome group members, those who encumber group success. We investigated whether feeling psychological pain is a mechanism that prompts assessment of social threats―potentially putting the “brakes” on burdensome (nonbeneficial) relationships. Specifically, we investigated if interacting with burden…
Feeling Like a Burden
We examined the negative outcomes, particularly social costs that result when a person harms their group by performing poorly, and whether self-compassion could buffer against these negative outcomes. In Studies 1 and 2, participants performed poorly and harmed their group or performed equal to their group. Harmful poor-performing participants felt more burdensome, experienced more negative affect, felt more ostracized, anticipated more exclusion…
I hate to be a burden!”
We examined if perceiving oneself as burdensome, due to performing poorly in a group, can lead to feelings associated with ostracism (being excluded and ignored), without actually being ostracized. Participants completed a typing game (Study 1) or solved Remote Associates Test (Study 2) items where they performed worse, equal, or better than the group. To isolate the influence of burdensomeness, participants were consistently selected by computer…
Partisans Hear, but They Don’t Listen
Political partisanship stems from the fundamental process of categorizing one’s social world and influences important behavioral outcomes, such information processing. The present study examines the role of political partisanship in risky decision making as assessed with the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), a common ecologically valid behavioral task. Participants ( N = 881) were randomly assigned to modified IGT conditions: one in which the advantageou…
Ostracism negatively impacts working self‐perceptions of personality
We examined if being ostracized (excluded and ignored) changes working self‐perception of personality ─ a core aspect of the self ─ which may contribute to understanding post‐ostracism behaviour. Across three studies ( N = 943), using a virtual ball‐toss game (i.e., Cyberball), participants were either ostracized, included or mentally visualized playing the game. Subsequently, participants reported working self‐perceptions of their personality (u…
A festschrift honoring Dr. Kipling Williams
Dr. Kipling Williams was at the forefront of examining ostracism (being excluded and ignored). To acknowledge his essential contributions, we compiled a special issue consisting of several former students and mentees describing how their work expands on Williams's foundational scholarship. In the current article, we provided a brief overview of ostracism to contextualize the subsequent articles in this special issue. We summarized Williams's jour…
You’re No Good – I’m kicking You Out!” Ostracizing Burdensome Group Members
Why do individuals ostracize (exclude and ignore) others despite ostracism's unpleasantness for both the person being ostracized (a target) and the person doing the ostracism (a source)? Our research addressed one reason why individuals ostracize others: removing burdensome others due to their being poor exchange partners. Specifically, we found participants ostracized a virtual ball-toss player who was burdensome due to taking an excessive amoun…
You're leaving us?” Feeling ostracized when a group member leaves
CyberballOS
Researchers continually face challenges finding ways to test the fundamentals of psychology: affect, behavior, and cognition. Since 2000, researchers have used a universal tool called Cyberball to investigate these outcomes. Cyberball is a virtual ball-toss game played with computer-controlled players. We updated the Cyberball paradigm, creating CyberballOS (Open Source), to make it require no special resources, have easy-to-set-up games, and rec…
Psychology (20 obras) · Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion (19 obras) · Social Psychology (17 obras) · Ostracism (14 obras) · Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health (12 obras) · Social Psychology (12 obras) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (11 obras) · Feeling (6 obras) · Social exclusion (5 obras) · Affect (linguistics (4 obras)