Elvin Wyly
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 778678 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Elvin Wyly |
| NOMBRES | Elvin |
| APELLIDO | Wyly |
| FIRMA | WYLY E |
| AFILIACIONES | University of British Columbia |
| ORCID | 0009-0007-7109-412X |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 81 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 1152 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 81 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1996 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 17 |
Revanchist noösphere frontiers
Revanchism has evolved—in both ideological and material-embodied senses of the term—in the decades since Neil Smith's conceptualization in The New Urban Frontier , and since the wave of poststructuralist critiques elicited by David Harvey's Condition of Postmodernity . Most troubling are adaptive cybernetic fusions of 21st century computational life with recrudescent 19th-century Social Darwinist hierarchies of human nature and human worth. This …
The relative importance of greening in attracting gentrifiers to urban Vancouver and suburban Calgary neighbourhoods
Green gentrification describes how greening neighbourhoods (e.g. by creating parks, community gardens, etc.) can result in higher-income households moving in and displacing/excluding marginalised residents. While some researchers assert that greening attracts higher-income households, this has rarely been empirically tested. Further, green gentrification research has focussed almost exclusively on greening attracting households to urban neighbour…
Intergenerational City
Looking toward the fast-approaching date when the world would become majority-urban, the inaugural issue of CITY presented a bold challenge to address both the ‘communicative (or indeed noncommunic...
America's urban systems of conspirituality
Millions of Americans believe Donald Trump's claim that the 2020 U.S. Presidential election was ‘rigged’. This commentary presents evidence of the remarkably diverse acceptance of this claim in the American population. For nearly half a century, ever since Reagan, right-wing operatives have been working to capture and return fire with the most advanced analytical tools of the post-structuralist academic Left. In the last dozen years these strateg…
Geographies of terror and trust
We are in the midst of multiple quantitative-cultural revolutions produced by the accelerating coevolution of capital, code, and cognition. Spoofs, hoaxes, conspiracies, and paranoia proliferate along with genuine advances in legitimate scientific and sociocultural inquiry. Matthew Hannah provides essential guidance to help us navigate dangerous spaces of multidimensional confusion, in which we must work to build and maintain solidarities of scie…
Planetary commodification gaps
Regarding the Pain of Indigenous Others
Cities are real, physical, material concentrations of human activities and built environments, but they are also portals that allow and require unique ways of perceiving relations across space and time. Photography, especially the genre of seductive urban landscape views so often deployed by airlines, realtors, and city boosters, distorts our perceptions of space-time. These distortions are particularly serious in the unique configuration of Indi…
Human rights, human wrongs
Somaiyeh Falahat, Libby Porter, Justin Tse, and Ryan Walker have offered eloquent and powerful critiques of an attempt to interpret images and representations of the Vancouver global city-region in the spirit of crime-scene photographs. This response seeks to engage these valuable critiques in relation to Cindi Katz's work on social reproduction and Gayatri Spivak's conceptualisation of planetarity
The death and life of great visual urbanism
Response to Commentaries
The moral rent gap
For more than 40 years, Neil Smith's rent gap theory of gentrification has been one of the most influential concepts in critical urban research. In recent years, however, the rent gap has been challenged as an economically deterministic tool suitable only for the study of inner city land parcels in certain types of deindustrializing cities of the Global North. But what if the rent gap was never really about economics, but instead about moral outr…
Dracula urbanism and smart cities in style and substance
Dialogues in Urban Research was established to create critical yet constructive conversations about cities and urbanization at a perilous but fascinating historical-geographical conjuncture. In this vein, we thank our four interlocuters, Emma Colven, Renee Tapp, Delik Hudalah, Dallas Rogers, and Christopher Silver, for their provocative comments on our manuscript. There is much food for thought in their ideas. In response to their comments, we in…
Toward a Dracula urbanism
We study two places experiencing the rise of both the real-estate state and smart city building, Jakarta, Indonesia and Flint, USA. Our core thesis: these real-estate states work through and make a kind of urbanism that we term Dracula urbanism. We identify Dracula urbanism as a deep-reaching, human-punishing unfolding that is simultaneously a state of mind, a mode of institutional operation, a vision of people, one gaze onto growth's true needs …
How common is greening in gentrifying areas
Green gentrification occurs when urban greening/sustainability interventions become implicated in neighbourhood upgrading and displacement of existing residents. However, current emphasis on urban sustainability in planning/policy agendas, coupled with political-economic factors producing uneven development, lead us to ask whether all gentrifying areas experience greening. Our descriptive analysis identified gentrifying areas in Vancouver, Calgar…
Metaphor, Materialism, Metropolis
Cities are physical, material concentrations of people and structures, but they are also ongoing conversations of intergenerational negotiation, communication, competition, conflict, and cooperation. Recently, Emma Colven, Renee Tapp, Delik Hudalah, Dallas Rogers, and Christopher Silver have offered valuable critical contributions to this dialogue in urban research, evaluating the utility and limitations of a new metaphor, Dracula Urbanism, for u…
Yimby
The growth of 'Yes In My Back Yard' (YIMBY) activism seems at first a simple story of a new social movement led by a new generation frustrated with the housing supply shortages created by decades of Not In My Back Yard (NIMBY) conservative spatial privilege and exclusion. Yet YIMBY/NIMBY dialectics reflect more fundamental transformations of intergenerational inequalities between past and present amidst today's multiple scales of intensifying com…
Build Back Boldly
This article is related to:Housing Policy Recommendations for the Biden/Harris AdministrationFederal and State Policymakers, Community Development Intermediaries, and Philanthropic Organizations Should Encourage and Support Local Housing Policymaking EffortsNeeded Changes to Rental Housing Affordability ProgramsHousing Policy Recommendations for the Biden/Harris AdministrationFederal and State Policymakers, Community Development Intermediaries, a…
Conversational urbanism
Since the turn of the century, the study of urbanism has flourished in powerful disciplines and institutions that had long ignored cities. At the same time, for those working in fields with long urban traditions it has been more difficult to find common ground, to work contstructively through our differences as we search for justice amidst the evolutionary inequalities of an urbanizing planet. People in cities, as well as people who do urban “res…
The Evolution of Geographic Thought
The formal institutional entity we today call ‘Geography’ only exists because of nineteenth‐century struggles over the science, theology, and politics of human evolution. Old struggles continue even as today’s geographic thought evolves at an accelerating pace, amidst the dramatic transformations wrought by CRISPR gene‐editing technoscience and the consolidation of computational‐cultural forms of accumulation in surveillance capitalism. This pape…
Chicago's Redevelopment Machine & Blues Clubs
Years of the journal Urban Geography
2020 marks 40 years of the publication of Urban Geography. The journal was established at about the same time as the American Association of Geographers (AAG) Urban Geography Specialty Group (UGSG)
The Evolving State of Gentrification
Hackworth and Smith’s ‘Changing State of Gentrification’, published in 2001 and focused on New York City, is a definitive landmark. As you read these words, ‘New York City 2001’ might seem distant coordinates in the accelerating time‐space of knowledge production, but it’s not very far when understood in the time horizon of humanity’s urban evolution. Hackworth and Smith’s work helps us rethink today’s theoretical frontiers (especially postcoloni…
Planetary Kantsaywhere
On the leading edges of multidimensional cultural evolution in an urbanizing capitalism that is becoming ever more cosmopolitan and competitive, universities promise contradictory blends of diversity, inclusion, and fair, open access to the inherent exclusivity of the means of production of inequality: human capital. In this paper, we extend David Harvey’s theorization of the urbanization of consciousness and accumulation by dispossession in orde…
Hayek in the cloud
Smart cities theory and policy emphasizes the new—new cities, new technologies, and new possibilities of efficiency, innovation, and optimization. While some of the technological details of smart cities are indeed new, the underlying philosophy involves economic and policy traditions built in the mid-20th century—which were in turn premised on 19th-century epistemological revolutions. In this paper, we suggest that today’s Silicon Valley smart-ci…
The new planetary suburban frontier
A decade ago, Roger Keil launched the “Global Suburbanisms” project, a large, transnational collaborative investigation of the intricate patterns and processes reshaping metropolitan peripheries around the world. In this commentary, I consider how Keil’s project offers fresh insights on the speed and spatiality of global evolution as well as current debates between postcolonial urbanism and planetary urbanization
The Right to Stay Put, Revisited
Displacement has been at the centre of heated analytical and political debates over gentrification and urban change for almost 40 years. A new generation of quantitative research has provided new evidence of the limited (and sometimes counter-intuitive) extent of displacement, supporting broader theoretical and political arguments favouring mixed-income redevelopment and other forms of gentrification. This paper offers a critical challenge to thi…
Cartographies of Race and Class
The worst global financial crisis since the Great Depression has drawn worldwide attention to America's subprime mortgage sector and its linkages with predatory exploitation in working-class and racially marginalized communities. During nearly two decades of expansion, agents of subprime capital fought regulation and reform by (1) using the doctrine of risk-based pricing to equate financial innovation with democratized access to capital, (2) appe…
A Model for Identifying Gentrified Areas With Census Data
Empirical research on gentrification suffers from a dichotomy between richly detailed neighborhood case studies and macro-scale, census-based analyses, perpetuating uncertainty over the extent and timing of gentrified areas in American cities. We develop a model relating tract-level census statistics to the results of a detailed field survey of 24 census tracts in Minneapolis-St. Paul. We use stepwise and canonical discriminant analysis to select…
American home
Predatory home mortgage lending has become a central concern for housing research, public policy and community activism in US cities. Regulatory attempts to stop abuses, however, are undermined by claims that ‘predatory’ cannot be defined or distinguished from legitimate subprime lending, and claims that the industry performs a public service by meeting the needs of low‐income, high‐risk consumers (many of them racially marginalized) who would ha…
Gentrification, Segregation, and Discrimination in the American Urban System
Recent discussions of the 'geography of gentrification' highlight the need for comparative analysis of the nature and consequences of inner-city transformation. In this paper, the authors map the effects of housing-market and policy changes in the 1990s, focusing on 23 large cities in the USA. Using evidence from field surveys and a mortgage-lending database, they measure the class selectivity of gentrification and its relation to processes of ra…
The “Camden Syndrome” and the Menace of Suburban Decline
The recession of the early 1990s drew widespread attention to rising poverty and fiscal distress in inner-ring suburbs, and the next downturn will doubtless revive fears that suburbia could endure the same fate as the inner city. The authors challenge conventional urban theory, which explains suburban decline primarily in terms of who moves in and who moves out, by drawing on the literatures concerning the circulation of capital in the built envi…
Cities Destroyed (Again) For Cash
In 2008, there will be at least 2.5 million new foreclosures in the United States. Record levels of mortgage delinquency, default, and foreclosure are causing widespread hardship in cities and suburbs across America, and causing repeated destabilization of global credit and investment markets. In this Forum, six housing specialists unravel the complex connections between urban geography, subprime lending, and foreclosure. Although a wide variety …
New Racial Meanings of Housing in America
America is now half a decade into the worst economic crisis since the Great Depression, triggered by a deeply racialized "innovation" at the social and spatial margin-risky, high-cost mortgage lending-that went mainstream. Predatory capital perfected its operations in poor and working-class black neighborhoods of the deindustrializing inner city, before pursuing the greater volume available across a multiracial array of postindustrial Sun Belt su…
Modeling the Context and Contingency of Gentrification
Recent criticisms of the coherence of theories of gentrification, the potential for its continued expansion in the 1990s, and methods for assessing its extent and significance have cast doubt on the utility of further research on the subject. This paper presents an empirical analysis of how gentrification altered the socioeconomic profile of the inner areas of four US cities between 1960 and 1990. Field surveys are conducted to delineate areas of…
Introduction
“Traditionally, computers have been used to understand cities. After four decades of dazzling development, the same computer we deploy to understand our cities has become a new type of city. ... the
Displacing New York
The capitalization of urban property markets intensifies the contradictions between housing as use-value affordability versus exchange-value asset accumulation, and exacerbates displacement pressures. Policies designed to deal with these contradictions-public housing and rent regulations-allow some low-income renters to resist displacement, particularly in gentrifying neighborhoods. Unfortunately, the resulting empirical configuration has been in…
Running to Stand Still
Research and policy on the geography of assisted housing is dominated by a powerful conventional wisdom: Project-based subsidies are presumptively bad because they anchor assisted households in poor, racially segregated neighborhoods, while vouchers are inherently good because they promote deconcentration and integration through tenant choice. Unfortunately, this consensus is based on geographical assumptions that have been subverted by the drama…
Geographies of mortgage market segmentation
Since the late 1980s, mutually reinforcing trends in economic growth, public policy, and community activism have fostered a wave of residential mortgage lending to ‘underserved markets’ in US cities. Yet many of the changes in housing finance that supported sustainable home ownership also lured a new generation of subprime and predatory credit institutions specialising in high-cost, high-risk lending. For many urban and minority neighbourhoods, t…
Class-ifying London
Richard Florida's Rise of the Creative Class of 2002 ends with a clarion call for a post-industrial, post-class sensibility: 'The task of building a truly creative society is not a game of solitaire. This game, we play as a team.' Florida's sentiment has been echoed across a broad and interdisciplinary literature in social theory and public policy, producing a new conventional wisdom: that class antagonisms are redundant in today's climate of com…
The new quantitative revolution
Mapping the Olympic growth machine
Theories of growth machines and urban regimes have informed the study of urban political economy for more than three decades, but these theories remain focused on intra‐urban processes. Using a case study of the bidding process and the planning of the 2010 Olympic Winter Games in Vancouver, we explore the transnational dimensions of the urban growth machine and explore common aspects between the growth machine and regime theory literature and the…
Capital's metropolis
The US economic recovery of the 1990s accelerated amidst privatization, selective devolution and the reinvention of the public sector itself. Simultaneously, mortgage finance and assisted housing policy were recast in terms of market processes, individual responsibility and private home‐ownership, even as gentrification enjoyed a dramatic resurgence. The intersection of these seemingly unrelated processes signifies an important transformation of …
Continuity and Change in the Restless Urban Landscape
Recent inquiry in urban studies highlights the dynamic restructuring of urban areas, with new elements of the landscape taken as reflections of sweeping economic and sociocultural change. American cities are portrayed as “galactic” and “restless” manifestations of global and national industrial restructuring, widening income inequality, demographic shifts, and the cultural sensibilities of new class formations. Yet the persistence of residential …
Containment and Mismatch
The spatial containment of women relative to men remains a prominent theme in research on women's employment in American cities. Drawing on a dataset for all metropolitan areas in the United States in 1990, this research analyzes the contextual variability of containment effects and the link between localized commutes and the incidence of occupational sex segregation. Women's more localized commutes persist across most of the urban system, with p…
Gentrification on the planetary urban frontier
As capitalist urbanisation evolves, so too does gentrification. Theories and experiences that have anchored the reference points of gentrification in the Global North for half a century are now rapidly evolving into more cosmopolitan, dynamic world urban systems of variegated gentrifications. These trends seem to promise a long-overdue postcolonial provincialisation of the entrenched Global North bias of urban theory. Yet there is a jarring parad…
When the Games Come to Town
Vancouver's successful bid for the 2010 Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games took place at a transformational moment for the International Olympic Committee (IOC). In the first decade of this century, the IOC began to require host cities to address a much wider range of local impacts of the 'global Games', and to undertake planning initiatives to ensure maximum local social inclusion. In this article, we present a case study of the policies and pr…
Automated (post)positivism
With a mantra that ‘nobody is as smart as everybody,’ Google maintains giant databases that enable unprecedented quantitative analysis of a social world that is now majority urban. A Wall Street web-based broker offers an App that promises to turn ‘thoughts into trades.’ Economists and marketers now use evolutionary theory in ‘neuroimaging’ brain scans of consumer behavior. The United States Air Force now trains more joystick-maestro drone pilots…
Vancouver's suburban involution
Contemporary urban theorists are deeply suspicious of city-inspired models and 'schools', but policy elites, investors and journalists harbor few reservations. One of the more prominent new contestants in the evolving locational tournaments for urban 'model' status is 'Vancouverism', an ensemble of planning and design innovations for high-density downtown living that is widely regarded as an antidote to suburban sprawl. Vancouverism may represent…
Mapping Public Housing
In American popular discourse and policy debates, “public housing” conjures images of “the projects”—dysfunctional neighborhood imprints of a discredited welfare state. Yet this image, so important in justifying deconcentration, is a dangerous caricature of the diverse places where low–income public housing residents live, and it ignores a much larger public housing program—the $100 billion–plus annual mortgage interest tax concessions to (mostly…
Subprime Mortgage Segmentation in the American Urban System
Research and policy debates in the United States have focused on the dramatic growth of mortgage lending in the risky subprime sector, which serves consumers with weaker credit histories, and its concentration in racially and ethnically marginalised communities. Evidence linking the subprime boom to the proliferation of predatory abuses, however, is often dismissed as anecdotal or isolated in a few unique places. In this paper, we undertake a geo…
Gender, Work, and Space . Susan Hanson and Geraldine Pratt; Space, Place, and Gender . Doreen Massey, and Women, Work, and Place . Audrey Kobayashi, editor, and Gender in Urban Research . Judith A. Ga…
A Model for Identifying Gentrified Areas With Census Data
Empirical research on gentrification suffers from a dichotomy between richly detailed neighborhood case studies and macro-scale, census-based analyses, perpetuating uncertainty over the extent and timing of gentrified areas in American cities. We develop a model relating tract-level census statistics to the results of a detailed field survey of 24 census tracts in Minneapolis-St. Paul. We use stepwise and canonical discriminant analysis to select…
Work-Place
(1997). Work-Place: The Social Regulation of Labor Markets. Jamie Peck; Postmodern Semiotics: Material Culture and the Forms of Postmodern Life. Mark Gottdiener; Between Justice and Beauty: Race, Planning, and the Failure of Urban Policy in Washington, D.C. Howard Gillette, Jr.; Between Justice and Beauty: Race, Planning, and the Failure of Urban Policy in Washington, D.C. Howard Gillette, Jr. Urban Geography: Vol. 18, No. 7, pp. 653-658
Modeling the Context and Contingency of Gentrification
Recent criticisms of the coherence of theories of gentrification, the potential for its continued expansion in the 1990s, and methods for assessing its extent and significance have cast doubt on the utility of further research on the subject. This paper presents an empirical analysis of how gentrification altered the socioeconomic profile of the inner areas of four US cities between 1960 and 1990. Field surveys are conducted to delineate areas of…
Containment and Mismatch
The spatial containment of women relative to men remains a prominent theme in research on women's employment in American cities. Drawing on a dataset for all metropolitan areas in the United States in 1990, this research analyzes the contextual variability of containment effects and the link between localized commutes and the incidence of occupational sex segregation. Women's more localized commutes persist across most of the urban system, with p…
Homeworkers in Global Perspective
Islands of decay in seas of renewal
For many observers, the recession of the early 1990s signaled the end of what Berry called islands of renewal in seas of decay. In the past decade, however, shifts in mortgage finance have intersected with developments in assisted housing to alter the links between gentrification and housing policy. In this article, we use field observation, Home Mortgage Disclosure Act data, and HOPE VI plans to analyze the resurgence of gentrification in eight …
Local Labor Markets and Occupational Sex Segregation in an American Metropolis
This study analyzes the reciprocal relationships between place and labor market segmentation by focusing on occupational sex segregation in Minneapolis–St. Paul. On the one hand, employment maps confirm that segmentation produces distinctive places: The slotting of women and men into different lines of work inscribes fine-grained spatial labor submarkets in different parts of the metropolis. On the other hand, logistic regression analyses confirm…
Continuity and Change in the Restless Urban Landscape
Recent inquiry in urban studies highlights the dynamic restructuring of urban areas, with new elements of the landscape taken as reflections of sweeping economic and sociocultural change. American cities are portrayed as “galactic” and “restless” manifestations of global and national industrial restructuring, widening income inequality, demographic shifts, and the cultural sensibilities of new class formations. Yet the persistence of residential …
Capital's metropolis
The US economic recovery of the 1990s accelerated amidst privatization, selective devolution and the reinvention of the public sector itself. Simultaneously, mortgage finance and assisted housing policy were recast in terms of market processes, individual responsibility and private home‐ownership, even as gentrification enjoyed a dramatic resurgence. The intersection of these seemingly unrelated processes signifies an important transformation of …
Capital's Metropolis
Capital's Metropolis
Organizing the Landscape
The “Camden Syndrome” and the Menace of Suburban Decline
The recession of the early 1990s drew widespread attention to rising poverty and fiscal distress in inner-ring suburbs, and the next downturn will doubtless revive fears that suburbia could endure the same fate as the inner city. The authors challenge conventional urban theory, which explains suburban decline primarily in terms of who moves in and who moves out, by drawing on the literatures concerning the circulation of capital in the built envi…
Mortgaged Metropolis
The role of housing finance in neighborhood change has long been a fixture of urban geography. In the last decade, however, residential mortgage lending has been transformed by economic growth and an expanded secondary market, regulatory intervention designed to eliminate discrimination and expand access to homeownership, and aggressive industry efforts to capture "underserved markets." In this paper I use Atlanta, Georgia, as a case study to ass…
Empirical Destabilization of Racial Categories
Invisible cities
Recent scholarship on race and ethnicity has unpacked taken-for-granted categories of difference and the processes of social construction of racialized identities. In the USA, however, legal and policy frameworks established during the Civil Rights struggles of the 1960s and 1970s are based on problematic, reified categories of race and ethnicity. Yet these frameworks have opened limited opportunities for activist challenges, and among the most s…
The Disappearance of Race in Mortgage Lending
In the past 25 years, housing researchers, governmental regulators, industry advocates, and community activists have all relied on a unified analytical infrastructure that was developed in the 1970s to monitor racial and geographic inequalities in U.S. housing markets. Since the mid‐1990s, however, several developments in the housing finance sector have undermined a key element of this system: data collected under the auspices of the Home Mortgag…
Social polarization and the politics of low income mortgage lending in the united states
The structured inequalities of capital investment and disinvestment are prominent themes in critical urban and regional research, but many accounts portray ‘capital’ as a global, faceless and placeless abstraction operating according to a hidden, unitary logic. Sweeping political‐economic shifts in the last generation demonstrate that capital may shape urban and regional processes in many different ways, and each of these manifestations creates d…
Has mortgage capital found an inner‐city spatial fix?
For two generations, urbanists have analyzed how residential mortgage lending reflects and reinforces inner‐city inequality. Yet the basic dichotomies of this literature have been eroded by parallel developments in community organizing, public policy, and restructuring of financial services. Securitization, institutional structure, and increasingly sophisticated market segmentation have altered the relationship between mortgage capital and the in…
Commentary—The Accidental Relevance of American Urban Geography
Geographies of mortgage market segmentation
Since the late 1980s, mutually reinforcing trends in economic growth, public policy, and community activism have fostered a wave of residential mortgage lending to ‘underserved markets’ in US cities. Yet many of the changes in housing finance that supported sustainable home ownership also lured a new generation of subprime and predatory credit institutions specialising in high-cost, high-risk lending. For many urban and minority neighbourhoods, t…
Gentrification, Segregation, and Discrimination in the American Urban System
Recent discussions of the 'geography of gentrification' highlight the need for comparative analysis of the nature and consequences of inner-city transformation. In this paper, the authors map the effects of housing-market and policy changes in the 1990s, focusing on 23 large cities in the USA. Using evidence from field surveys and a mortgage-lending database, they measure the class selectivity of gentrification and its relation to processes of ra…
American home
Predatory home mortgage lending has become a central concern for housing research, public policy and community activism in US cities. Regulatory attempts to stop abuses, however, are undermined by claims that ‘predatory’ cannot be defined or distinguished from legitimate subprime lending, and claims that the industry performs a public service by meeting the needs of low‐income, high‐risk consumers (many of them racially marginalized) who would ha…
The Right to Stay Put, Revisited
Displacement has been at the centre of heated analytical and political debates over gentrification and urban change for almost 40 years. A new generation of quantitative research has provided new evidence of the limited (and sometimes counter-intuitive) extent of displacement, supporting broader theoretical and political arguments favouring mixed-income redevelopment and other forms of gentrification. This paper offers a critical challenge to thi…
Sociology (53 obras) · Political science (48 obras) · Economics (47 obras) · Geography (38 obras) · Law (33 obras) · Urban, Neighborhood, and Segregation Studies (32 obras) · Housing, Finance, and Neoliberalism (31 obras) · Housing Market and Economics (25 obras) · Urban Planning and Governance (25 obras) · Economic growth (24 obras)