Robert E Klein
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 77957 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Robert E Klein |
| NOMBRES | Robert E |
| APELLIDO | Klein |
| FIRMA | KLEIN R E |
| AFILIACIONES | Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama |
| ORCID | 0009-0007-9468-7438 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 45 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 315 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 45 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1970 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2015 |
| ÍNDICE H | 11 |
Culture and Dehydration
Variation and Persistence in Latin American Beliefs About Evil Eye
In a comparative study of evil eye ( mal de ojo), we demonstrate a methodology appropriate for the study of cultural transmission of beliefs. We studied four diverse populations with historical links to Spain: Puerto Ricans in Connecticut, Mexican Americans in south Texas, Mexicans in Guadalajara, and rural Guatemalans. Using agreement on ideas or themes about evil eye within and across sites, we identify specific ideas that may have persisted th…
Determinants of Care Seeking for Children With Pneumonia and Diarrhea in Guatemala
Objectives. We identified barriers to care seeking for pneumonia and diarrhea among rural Guatemalan children. Methods. A population-based survey was conducted twice from 2008 to 2009 among 1605 households with children younger than 5 years. A 14-day calendar recorded episodes of carer-reported pneumonia (n = 364) and diarrhea (n = 481), and formal (health services, public, private) and informal (neighbors, traditional, local shops, pharmacies) c…
A Cross-Cultural Approach to the Study of the Folk Illness Nervios
Regional Variation in Latino Descriptions of Susto
Cross-Cultural Perspectives on the Common Cold
This paper focuses on conceptualizations of common cold among Latin Americans, as compared with middle-class Americans. Four geographically dispersed groups of Latin Americans were chosen for study: Guatemalans in Guatemala; Mexicans in Guadalajara, Mexico; persons of Mexican descent in Edinburg, Texas (on Texas-Mexican border); and Puerto Ricans in Hartford, Connecticut. In addition, a comparison group of middle-income Americans living in Tampa,…
Beliefs about Aids in five Latin and Anglo-American populations
This paper focuses on variability in beliefs about AIDS among Latin Americans, as compared with middle class Americans. Four geographically dispersed groups of Latin Americans were chosen for study as well as a middle class, largely Anglo‐American population. Coherent sets of beliefs were found at each site, and despite tremendous variability among the five populations, beliefs were remarkably similar across sites. The biomedical model is widely …
The Onchocerciasis Elimination Program for the Americas
The decision in 1987 by the pharmaceutical firm Merck & Co. to provide Mectizan (ivermectin) free of charge to river blindness control programs has challenged the international public health community to find effective ways to distribute the drug to rural populations most affected by onchocerciasis. In the Americas, PAHO responded to that challenge by calling for the elimination of all morbidity from onchocerciasis from the Region by the year 200…
Predicting Treatment-Seeking Behavior in Guatemala
This study attempts to identify and describe factors associated with the choice of a health care source in rural Guatemala. Because of limited choice options, rural Guatemala makes an excellent location for studying the factors that affect utilization patterns. Illness case histories were collected from a random sample of 270 households in six villages. Then, two different methodological approaches were used to predict treatment actions. First, a…
Data and Information Requirements for Determining Veterans' Access to Health Care
The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) is responding to changing requirements for decision-support data by maximizing the value of data contained in VA and non-VA sources. The data are used to answer questions relating to the accessibility and utilization of VA and non-VA health services. Access studies require accurate estimates of the number of persons served and the number of persons who could be served. To derive these population estimates, …
The Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Care System and the People It Serves
FONSECA, MARIA*; (BETH) SMITH, MARY†; KLEIN, ROBERT†; SHELDON, GEORGE† Author Information
Knowledge, attitudes and practices during a community-level ivermectin distribution campaign in Guatemala
Community acceptance and participation are essential for the success of mass ivermectin chemotherapy programmes for onchocerciasis (river blindness). To explore the local understanding of the purpose of ivermectin and willingness to continue taking the drug, we performed questionnaire surveys in four communities with hyperendemic onchocerciasis after each of three ivermectin treatment rounds. More than 100 respondents participated in each KAP sur…
Qualities of an ideal volunteer community malaria worker
Empacho in four Latino groups
It is usually impossible to know if reported differences between cultures are due to cultural differences or due to a difference in the methods used to study the cultures. This paper describes a collaborative, multisite study using a shared methodology to study intra- and inter-cultural variation in beliefs. A series of standard interview schedules were used to study Latin American beliefs about empacho in Guatemala, Mexico, and in the United Sta…
Knowledge, Attitudes and Perceptions (KAP) of onchocerciasis
An epidemiological description of a folk illness
Although anthropologists have provided descriptions of many folk illnesses, few have systematically evaluated their prevalence and determined who is at greatest risk for acquiring them. This report attempts to provide a systematic description of the folk illness empacho including the symptoms that define it. Illness prevalence was estimated and subpopulations at greatest risk were identified from illness histories collected from a random sample o…
Diarrheal diseases, nutritional status and health care
The relationship between diarrheal diseases, nutritional status and health care has been studied prospectively in a group of Guatemalan Indian children below two years of age. From the data it was concluded that acute and chronic malnutrition is positively associated with the incidence and duration of gastrointestinal disorders, and that the negative nutritional consequences of diarrhea are more significant in malnourished children than in well‐n…
Social Interactions of Guatemalan Infants
The behavior of 52 rural Guatemalan infants of ages 8, 12, and 16 months was observed and recorded in their homes. Most interactions initiated by the caretaker seemed to consist largely of caretaking activities, and a relatively large verbal component was evident only with increasing age. Specific caretakers were associated with specific types of social interactions. The mother was the primary caretaker, being responsible for most of the carrying…
Chronic malnutrition and child behavior
Income and growth retardation in poor families with similar living conditions in rural Guatemala
The relationship between annual family per capita income (AFPCI) and growth retardation in children as ascertained by weight for age (W/A), height for age (H/A) and weight for height (W/H) was studied in families residing in coffee plantations in Guatemala. When W/A and H/A are correlated with AFPCI, significant differences are observed (P 0.05). When AFPCI data are divided by quartiles of income levels, the prevalence of growth retardation is re…
Guatemalan and U.S. Concepts of Success and Failure
Life styles and nutritional status of children from different ecological areas of El Salvador
Life styles and the nutritional status of children were studied in a coffee, a cotton (intensive) and a basic grain (subsistence) growing region of El Salvador, as well as in populations living in the slums of the capital city, San Salvador. The objectives of the paper were to identify ecological regions with greater magnitude of growth retardation and to describe living patterns that require different social and economic actions in order to redu…
Nutrition and cognitive development among rural Guatemalan children
Women and children from four Guatemalan villages participated in a voluntary food supplementation program for seven years. In two of the villages, they received a vitamin and mineral fortified, high-protein calorie supplement. In the other two villages, the vitamin-mineral fortified supplement contained no protein and a relatively small number of calories. Cognitive tests were administered regularly to children ages three to seven, and anthropome…
Protein‐energy intakes in a malnourished population after increasing the supply of the dietary staples
This paper examines the extent to which food intake in malnourished populations is affected by increasing the availability of the dietary staples. Free amounts of corn and beans were supplied to 47 families in a rural Guatemalan community during eight weeks. Relative to a six‐week baseline period, adults increased their intakes by about 400 kcal (1.68 MJ) and 15 gof protein per day. The average changes for pre‐school children were 198 kcl (0.83 M…
Concepts of success and failure
Diarrheal diseases and growth retardation in preschool Guatemalan children
The relationship between diarrheal diseases and growth increments in total body length and weight was investigated in 716 rural Ladino Guatemalan children. Data on diarrheal diseases were provided by the mothers through retrospective surveys carried out at 14‐day intervals. Increments in length and weight, semestral from near birth to four years and yearly thence to seven, were related to days ill with diarrheal diseases during the same time inte…
The identification and evaluation of measurement variability in the anthropometry of preschool children
Measurement variability estimates for 18 different anthropometric dimensions were collected within the context of an ongoing longitudinal investigation of preschool Guatemalan children. Estimates of total measurement variance, intra‐observer variance, and short‐term intra‐subject variance are presented for each variable. A simple procedure for the evaluation of measurement variance in cross‐sectional and longitudinal investigations is described i…
Cross-cultural perspectives on early development
Regional Variation in Latino Descriptions of Susto
Empacho in four Latino groups
It is usually impossible to know if reported differences between cultures are due to cultural differences or due to a difference in the methods used to study the cultures. This paper describes a collaborative, multisite study using a shared methodology to study intra- and inter-cultural variation in beliefs. A series of standard interview schedules were used to study Latin American beliefs about empacho in Guatemala, Mexico, and in the United Sta…
Predicting Treatment-Seeking Behavior in Guatemala
This study attempts to identify and describe factors associated with the choice of a health care source in rural Guatemala. Because of limited choice options, rural Guatemala makes an excellent location for studying the factors that affect utilization patterns. Illness case histories were collected from a random sample of 270 households in six villages. Then, two different methodological approaches were used to predict treatment actions. First, a…
Nutrition and cognitive development among rural Guatemalan children
Women and children from four Guatemalan villages participated in a voluntary food supplementation program for seven years. In two of the villages, they received a vitamin and mineral fortified, high-protein calorie supplement. In the other two villages, the vitamin-mineral fortified supplement contained no protein and a relatively small number of calories. Cognitive tests were administered regularly to children ages three to seven, and anthropome…
Length and weight in rural Guatemalan Ladino children
The present study reports 5,029 length and weight measurements as well as percentile distributions for a mixed longitudinal series of 1,119 rural Guatemalan Ladino children. The study sample, birth through seven years, is representative of children in clinically good health, but of suboptimal nutrition. Boys are longer and heavier than girls over the age range. Guatemalan children of both sexes are smaller than American white children from Denver…
Relations between nutrition and cognition in rural Guatemala
The nutritional status of three and four year old children, as measured by height and head circumference, is related to cognitive performance in four rural Guatemalan villages. The relationships persist when social factors are taken into account. Families in two of the villages participate in a voluntary, high protein-calorie supplementation program. In the other two villages, the families receive a vitamin and mineral supplement with one-third o…
Natural Indicators of Cognitive Development
An epidemiological description of a folk illness
Although anthropologists have provided descriptions of many folk illnesses, few have systematically evaluated their prevalence and determined who is at greatest risk for acquiring them. This report attempts to provide a systematic description of the folk illness empacho including the symptoms that define it. Illness prevalence was estimated and subpopulations at greatest risk were identified from illness histories collected from a random sample o…
Beliefs about Aids in five Latin and Anglo-American populations
This paper focuses on variability in beliefs about AIDS among Latin Americans, as compared with middle class Americans. Four geographically dispersed groups of Latin Americans were chosen for study as well as a middle class, largely Anglo‐American population. Coherent sets of beliefs were found at each site, and despite tremendous variability among the five populations, beliefs were remarkably similar across sites. The biomedical model is widely …
Concepts of success and failure
Chronic malnutrition and child behavior
Separation protest in Guatemalan infants
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the onset and development of separation protest in a non-Western culture. Forty-two boys and girls distributed over the ages of 9, 12, 18, and 24 months were assessed for reactions to arrivals and departures of their mother, father, and a stranger. The infants were also given a test of object permanence. The results showed that the pattern of separation protest was similar in Guatemala and the U…
Is Big Smart
Robert E. Klein, Jerome Kagan, Howard E. Freeman, Charles Yarbrough, Jean-Pierre Habicht, Is Big Smart?: The Relation of Growth to Cognition, Journal of Health and Social Behavior, Vol. 13, No. 3 (Sep., 1972), pp. 219-225
The Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Care System and the People It Serves
FONSECA, MARIA*; (BETH) SMITH, MARY†; KLEIN, ROBERT†; SHELDON, GEORGE† Author Information
Guatemalan and U.S. Concepts of Success and Failure
Sexual dimorphism in bone growth as a function of body size in moderately malnourished Guatemalan preschool age children
The sexual dimorphism in second metacarpal bone growth was investigated in 710 malnourished Guatemalan children one to seven years old to determine if the sex differences seen are only the result of differences in stature and weight. The study sample was mixed‐longitudinal and consisted of 1,586 annual examinations. Boys have greater mean stature, weight, periosteal diameter, medullary diameter and cortical area than girls the same age, while gir…
Data and Information Requirements for Determining Veterans' Access to Health Care
The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) is responding to changing requirements for decision-support data by maximizing the value of data contained in VA and non-VA sources. The data are used to answer questions relating to the accessibility and utilization of VA and non-VA health services. Access studies require accurate estimates of the number of persons served and the number of persons who could be served. To derive these population estimates, …
Class and Family in a Modernizing Society
Differential in participation in extended families are presented for a probability sample of West Malaysian currently married women from fifteen to forty-four years of age. Statistical adjustments are introduced to control for parental mortality and the migration of either parents or children away from a common locale of residence. In multivariate analyses, it is shown that Chinese wives were more likely to live with husband's parents and Malay w…
Traditionalism and Field Dependence
The relationship between preschool children's field dependence-independence and mothers' traditionalism and intellectual stimulation provided in the home was investigated in rural Guatemala. Contrary to several previous studies-which have not measured traditionalism at the level of the family, but rather compared children from more and less traditional communities-EFT scores were found to be unrelated to traditionalism. EFT scores were related to…
Variation and Persistence in Latin American Beliefs About Evil Eye
In a comparative study of evil eye ( mal de ojo), we demonstrate a methodology appropriate for the study of cultural transmission of beliefs. We studied four diverse populations with historical links to Spain: Puerto Ricans in Connecticut, Mexican Americans in south Texas, Mexicans in Guadalajara, and rural Guatemalans. Using agreement on ideas or themes about evil eye within and across sites, we identify specific ideas that may have persisted th…
Qualities of an ideal volunteer community malaria worker
Knowledge, Attitudes and Perceptions (KAP) of onchocerciasis
Class and Family in a Modernizing Society
Differential in participation in extended families are presented for a probability sample of West Malaysian currently married women from fifteen to forty-four years of age. Statistical adjustments are introduced to control for parental mortality and the migration of either parents or children away from a common locale of residence. In multivariate analyses, it is shown that Chinese wives were more likely to live with husband's parents and Malay w…
Developmental determinants of attention
Is Big Smart
Robert E. Klein, Jerome Kagan, Howard E. Freeman, Charles Yarbrough, Jean-Pierre Habicht, Is Big Smart?: The Relation of Growth to Cognition, Journal of Health and Social Behavior, Vol. 13, No. 3 (Sep., 1972), pp. 219-225
A normalization procedure for correcting biased response data
Aggressive reactions to frustration in urban Guatemalan children
Cross-cultural perspectives on early development
Levels of immunoglobulin M (IgM) in cord blood of Latin American newborns of low socioeconomic status
While studying the ecology of fetal malnutrition, levels of cord serum IgM were determined by radial immuno‐diffusion in cord blood taken from seven groups of newborns. Group 1 was selected among the high socioeconomic Peruvian urban population. The other six groups were from the low socioeconomic strata of Peru and Guatemala (Ladino and Indian, urban and rural), among whom, very poor environmental conditions prevailed. The results were compared …
Separation protest in Guatemalan infants
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the onset and development of separation protest in a non-Western culture. Forty-two boys and girls distributed over the ages of 9, 12, 18, and 24 months were assessed for reactions to arrivals and departures of their mother, father, and a stranger. The infants were also given a test of object permanence. The results showed that the pattern of separation protest was similar in Guatemala and the U…
Natural Indicators of Cognitive Development
Length and weight in rural Guatemalan Ladino children
The present study reports 5,029 length and weight measurements as well as percentile distributions for a mixed longitudinal series of 1,119 rural Guatemalan Ladino children. The study sample, birth through seven years, is representative of children in clinically good health, but of suboptimal nutrition. Boys are longer and heavier than girls over the age range. Guatemalan children of both sexes are smaller than American white children from Denver…
Diarrheal diseases and growth retardation in preschool Guatemalan children
The relationship between diarrheal diseases and growth increments in total body length and weight was investigated in 716 rural Ladino Guatemalan children. Data on diarrheal diseases were provided by the mothers through retrospective surveys carried out at 14‐day intervals. Increments in length and weight, semestral from near birth to four years and yearly thence to seven, were related to days ill with diarrheal diseases during the same time inte…
The identification and evaluation of measurement variability in the anthropometry of preschool children
Measurement variability estimates for 18 different anthropometric dimensions were collected within the context of an ongoing longitudinal investigation of preschool Guatemalan children. Estimates of total measurement variance, intra‐observer variance, and short‐term intra‐subject variance are presented for each variable. A simple procedure for the evaluation of measurement variance in cross‐sectional and longitudinal investigations is described i…
Effect of morbidity during pregnancy on birth weight in a rural guatemalan population
The high prevalence of low birth weight (≤ 2.5 Kg) babies is a major public health problem in many poor communities. Studies in humans suggest that malnutrition during pregnancy is an important factor in accounting for this problem, but almost no information is available about the effect of common maternal diseases during pregnancy. This paper reports the effects of maternal morbidity during pregnancy on birth weight in four rural villages of Gua…
Sexual dimorphism in bone growth as a function of body size in moderately malnourished Guatemalan preschool age children
The sexual dimorphism in second metacarpal bone growth was investigated in 710 malnourished Guatemalan children one to seven years old to determine if the sex differences seen are only the result of differences in stature and weight. The study sample was mixed‐longitudinal and consisted of 1,586 annual examinations. Boys have greater mean stature, weight, periosteal diameter, medullary diameter and cortical area than girls the same age, while gir…
Traditionalism and Field Dependence
The relationship between preschool children's field dependence-independence and mothers' traditionalism and intellectual stimulation provided in the home was investigated in rural Guatemala. Contrary to several previous studies-which have not measured traditionalism at the level of the family, but rather compared children from more and less traditional communities-EFT scores were found to be unrelated to traditionalism. EFT scores were related to…
Effect of moderate maternal malnutrition on the levels of alkaline ribonuclease activity in the human placenta
Ribonuclease (RNAse) activity was measured in placentas from a sample of 49 urban Guatemalan women from low (30) and high (19) socioeconomic status (SES). Low SES women had a larger proportion (40%) of high levels of RNAse (> 60,000 units/g) than women from the high SES group (5 %). A trend to inverse association (p = 0.06) was also observed between amount of supplemented food energy during pregnancy and RNAse activity in rural populations covere…
Relationship between family land availability and nutritional status
A study of the relationship between occupation, land owned and/or rented by the family and nutritional status of two‐ and three‐year‐old children was conducted in four rural Guatemalan villages. Families were divided into three occupational groups: salaried agricultural workers, farmers, and skilled workers and merchants. Nutritional status was defined in terms of weight for age. There was a tendency for the children of skilled workers and mercha…
Stature and age as factors in the growth of second metacarpal cortical bone in moderately malnourished children
The association of stature and age with measures of second metacarpal cortical bone growth is investigated in a sample of 1586 radiographs taken from Guatemalan Ladino children aged 1-7 years in a setting of endemic mild-to-moderate malnutrition. For given stature, chronological age is positively associated with cortical thickness and cortical area and negatively associated with periosteal and medullary diameter. These different partial correlati…
Relations between nutrition and cognition in rural Guatemala
The nutritional status of three and four year old children, as measured by height and head circumference, is related to cognitive performance in four rural Guatemalan villages. The relationships persist when social factors are taken into account. Families in two of the villages participate in a voluntary, high protein-calorie supplementation program. In the other two villages, the families receive a vitamin and mineral supplement with one-third o…
Energy intake and growth in an energy deficient population
The relationship between energy intake and growth rates in height and weight was investigated in 190 Guatemalan children. Intake of a protein‐energy, but not of an energy supplement, was significantly related to growth. However, the effect per calorie was similar for both types of supplements. Further, when the sample was pooled, the above relationship was not altered by the presence of protein in the supplement nor by sex, home dietary intake, m…
Protein‐energy intakes in a malnourished population after increasing the supply of the dietary staples
This paper examines the extent to which food intake in malnourished populations is affected by increasing the availability of the dietary staples. Free amounts of corn and beans were supplied to 47 families in a rural Guatemalan community during eight weeks. Relative to a six‐week baseline period, adults increased their intakes by about 400 kcal (1.68 MJ) and 15 gof protein per day. The average changes for pre‐school children were 198 kcl (0.83 M…
Concepts of success and failure
Life styles and nutritional status of children from different ecological areas of El Salvador
Life styles and the nutritional status of children were studied in a coffee, a cotton (intensive) and a basic grain (subsistence) growing region of El Salvador, as well as in populations living in the slums of the capital city, San Salvador. The objectives of the paper were to identify ecological regions with greater magnitude of growth retardation and to describe living patterns that require different social and economic actions in order to redu…
Nutrition and cognitive development among rural Guatemalan children
Women and children from four Guatemalan villages participated in a voluntary food supplementation program for seven years. In two of the villages, they received a vitamin and mineral fortified, high-protein calorie supplement. In the other two villages, the vitamin-mineral fortified supplement contained no protein and a relatively small number of calories. Cognitive tests were administered regularly to children ages three to seven, and anthropome…
Income and growth retardation in poor families with similar living conditions in rural Guatemala
The relationship between annual family per capita income (AFPCI) and growth retardation in children as ascertained by weight for age (W/A), height for age (H/A) and weight for height (W/H) was studied in families residing in coffee plantations in Guatemala. When W/A and H/A are correlated with AFPCI, significant differences are observed (P 0.05). When AFPCI data are divided by quartiles of income levels, the prevalence of growth retardation is re…
Medicine (28 obras) · Sociology (18 obras) · Psychology (17 obras) · Demography (16 obras) · Environmental health (14 obras) · Child Nutrition and Water Access (13 obras) · Demography (12 obras) · Malnutrition (11 obras) · Geography (10 obras) · Internal Medicine (9 obras)