Edward L Fink
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 78262 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Edward L Fink |
| NOMBRES | Edward L |
| APELLIDO | Fink |
| FIRMA | FINK E L |
| AFILIACIONES | University of Maryland, College Park |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-6387-5574 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 42 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 181 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 42 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1975 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2024 |
| ÍNDICE H | 8 |
Inertia in cognitive processes
Conflict, communication and team collaboration
Purpose Given the growing relationship between Nigeria and the USA, the purpose of this study is to compare conflict communication of Nigerians and Americans. Design/methodology/approach A total of 186 Nigerians and 214 Americans completed an online survey of Hammer’s (2005) Intercultural Conflict Style Inventory as well as items about the effect of conflict on team collaboration. Findings Contrary to expectations, Nigerians reported using more d…
When my group is under attack
Drawing on Branscombe et al.’s conceptualization of social identity threat, we developed and validated a multidimensional measure of this concept: the Social Identity Threat Scale (SITS). We conducted three studies that examined social identity threat to U.S. Americans (Study 1, N = 468; Study 2, N = 457) and e-cigarette users (Study 3, N = 395) when they read negative messages directed at their social groups. Results provided evidence for the re…
How Americans Make Sense of Two Novel Pandemics
Using Galileo theory and method of multidimensional scaling (MDS), we compared the psychological distances between concepts related to two pandemic viruses, Zika and COVID-19. Surveys (Zika, N = 410; COVID-19, N = 291) were used to investigate the role of media use and interpersonal communication on the relationship between 10 concepts in multidimensional spaces. We asked these four research questions: Do the two spaces represent the two pandemic…
Mathematical models of message discrepancy
Formal modeling is rare in communication studies. Still, several mathematical models have been proposed regarding the persuasive effects of message discrepancy, the difference between a message’s advocated position and a message recipient’s initial position. With numerical simulations, we analyzed four formal models to identify their strengths and weaknesses. Based on analyses of previous models, we proposed a modified psychological discounting m…
Psychological discrepancy in message-induced belief change
Message discrepancy is the difference between the position of an advocated belief in a message and the position of a message receiver’s initial belief, and psychological discrepancy is how the message’s discrepancy is perceived by the receiver. The present study tested Fink et al.’s [(1983). Positional discrepancy, psychological discrepancy, and attitude change: Experimental tests of some mathematical models. Communication Monographs, 50(4), 413–…
Proattitudinal versus counterattitudinal messages
A boomerang effect involves the movement of a message recipient's belief, attitude, or behavior in a direction contrary to the advocated position in the message. There has been limited scholarly attention to the mechanism of belief boomerang. To better understand boomerang effects, we tested the effect of message discrepancy on belief boomerang and the mechanism underlying such an effect with a between-subjects factorial study (N = 458). Our resu…
One of the most cited persuasion studies but no success in replication
Scientific progress depends on replication even though replications are generally not recognized for their research contributions. Recently many behavioral sciences have paid a great deal of attention to replications, but replications are infrequent and not generally discussed in communication science. The present study conducts a replication of Petty, Cacioppo, & Goldman, 1981 (PCG) as an example. PCG is one of the best known studies on persuasi…
The Role of Person-Culture Fit in Chinese Students' Cultural Adjustment in the United States
This article used a Galileo multidimensional scaling model to explain how intercultural communication affected sojourners' wellbeing in their host culture through the convergence of the mental models between sojourners and host nationals with whom the sojourners communicated. Participants were 126 sojourning Chinese in the United States and 30 associated domestic Americans. Data were collected shortly after the Chinese sojourners arrived in the U…
Understanding the Influential People and Social Structures Shaping Compliance
This study integrated efforts to identify influential people and to extend theories of structural predictors of compliance. Adults ( N = 195) were shown a sociogram of 11 people who were connected by friendships. Participants were asked to imagine themselves in this group, identify a position for themselves, select another member for an interaction, and predict their likelihood of complying with the member’s request. Connectors (those wanting to …
Compliance Dynamics Within a Friendship Network II
Social networks play a critical role in people's responses to influence attempts, determining whether a person seeks the support of others as an alternative to compliance or as a way to cope with being the target of an influence attempt. In 2 experiments (N = 458 and N = 105), sociograms were used to represent social relationships and to investigate the social network member who would be sought for social support after an influence attempt. Resul…
Reactance, Restoration, and Cognitive Structure
This study (N = 143) examined the effects of freedom threat on cognitive structures, using recycling as its topic. The results of a 2(Freedom Threat: low vs. high) × 2(Postscript: restoration vs. filler) plus 1(Control) experiment indicated that, relative to the control condition, high freedom threat created a boomerang effect for the targeted attitude (recycling) as the attitude and behavioral intention changed in the opposite direction to the o…
Sequential Information Integration and Belief Trajectories
Using an extended model of information integration theory, the sequential information integration model (SIIM), the effects of initially presented information on belief trajectories were investigated. SIIM predicts (a) damped oscillatory trajectories when congruent information and incongruent information are presented alternately; and (b) smaller amplitudes of trajectories when initial beliefs have greater weight. An experiment was conducted that…
Brother, Can You Spare Some Time, or a Dime
This study investigates the role that culture plays in the effect of intimacy, relationship type, and resources on obligations. Participants ( n = 144 U.S. undergraduates and n = 122 Chinese undergraduate and graduate students) were asked about their obligations to another person. Chinese, as compared to Americans, reported greater obligation and greater likelihood to expend money to help another. Americans reported greater intimacy with others a…
The Effect of Conflict Goals on Avoidance Strategies
Avoidance is proposed to be a goal-directed behavior rather than a behavior that reflects passivity or inaction. To evaluate this proposition, a typology of conflict goals and a typology of conflict avoidance strategies are created, and the relationship between nonavoidance strategies and the elements of these 2 typologies are evaluated within a structural equation model (N = 352). Findings show that, except for pretending and withdrawal, conflic…
Compliance Dynamics Within a Simulated Friendship Network I
This study investigated the structural causes of perceptions of power and the way that these perceptions create expectations regarding influence attempts. It applied measures derived from dynamic social impact theory to model predictions of target compliance and agent response to an influence attempt. Sociograms provided the structure within which compliance dynamics were investigated. Results from an experiment (N = 458) showed that structural p…
The FAQs on Data Transformation
The Comparative Statics and Dynamics of Beliefs
Two models of belief change, Laroche's (1977) comparative statics model and the single-push with friction dynamic model (Kaplowitz, Fink, & Bauer, 1983), were combined and tested. Beliefs about two issues (criminal sentencing and tuition increase) were measured every 77 ms, N=95. Eleven time points from each participant's belief trajectory were analyzed. Message discrepancy and source credibility were manipulated. As predicted, belief change mono…
The Cognitive Dynamics of Beliefs
This study investigated the time course of belief change from univalent versus mixed-valence messages, both while the message was being received and after receipt while it was being considered. Hypotheses about the temporal patterns of belief change were tested with belief trajectories from S. E. McGreevy (1996), valid N = 78, with an average number of time points per person = 5,267 (126.41 seconds) for the message-receipt phase and 2,467 (59.22 …
Interattitude Structure and Attitude Dynamics
Theories of attitude change have failed to identify the architecture of interattitudinal structures and relate it to attitude change. This article examines two models (a hierarchical and a spatial–linkage model) of interattitudinal structure that explicitly posit consequences for attitude change. An experiment (N= 391) was conducted that manipulated type of hierarchy (explicit versus implicit), whether the hierarchy was primed or not, and the loc…
The semantics of social influence
This study investigates how language is used to make sense of influence attempts. More specifically, the perceived potency and evaluation of both influence agents and targets and the influence tactic used are examined for their effect on the actors' perceived power and influence success. The two influence tactics examined are threats and attempts to persuade. A pilot study (N=145) and main experiment (N=189) were conducted to create 84 simple sen…
Conflict style differences between individualists and collectivists
This study investigated the fundamental beliefs regarding cross-cultural differences in conflict styles. The sample consisted of 188 graduate students from 31 different countries residing in the U.S. Findings indicated that assumptions regarding the relationship of culture to conflict style preferences may not be valid. Preference for using five conflict styles were measured: avoiding, obliging, integrating, compromising, and dominating. The inte…
Dynamic Social Impact Theory and the Study of Human Communication
Journal Article Dynamic Social Impact Theory and the Study of Human Communication Get access Edward L. Fink Edward L. Fink 1Edward Fink is professor of speech communication, affiliate professor of sociology, affiliate professor of psychology, and distinguished scholar-teacher at the University of Maryland at College Park, and associate editor of the journal. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of Commu…
A Galileo Analysis of Organizational Climate
This article attempts to (a) establish a conceptual framework for climate research, (b) develop a research scheme based on this conceptual ground, and (c) examine the relationship between communication and the convergence of views regarding organizational climate. University faculty members comprise the sample for this study (N = 105). Using the Galileo multidimensional scaling model, a description of the faculty climate at a university is presen…
Mathematical Models for Communication
Journal Article Mathematical Models for Communication: An Introduction Get access Edward L. Fink Edward L. Fink 1University of Maryland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of Communication, Volume 43, Issue 1, March 1993, Pages 4–7, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01245.x Published: 07 February 2006
Conflict style differences between individualists and collectivists
This study investigated the fundamental beliefs regarding cross-cultural differences in conflict styles. The sample consisted of 188 graduate students from 31 different countries residing in the U.S. Findings indicated that assumptions regarding the relationship of culture to conflict style preferences may not be valid. Preference for using five conflict styles were measured: avoiding, obliging, integrating, compromising, and dominating. The inte…
The FAQs on Data Transformation
A dynamic model of the effect of discrepant information on unidimensional attitude change
A differential equation model of the attitude change process is proposed which considers an individual's attitude as affected by discrepant messages along a unidimen-sional continuum. The model posits two dynamic components: translation to a new equilibrium due to the impulsive force of the message, and oscillation around the moving equilibrium due, in part, to restoring forces resisting displacement from equilibrium. An experiment to test some o…
Interattitude Structure and Attitude Dynamics
Theories of attitude change have failed to identify the architecture of interattitudinal structures and relate it to attitude change. This article examines two models (a hierarchical and a spatial–linkage model) of interattitudinal structure that explicitly posit consequences for attitude change. An experiment (N= 391) was conducted that manipulated type of hierarchy (explicit versus implicit), whether the hierarchy was primed or not, and the loc…
Positional discrepancy, psychological discrepancy, and attitude change
Conflicting models of the attitude change process were tested in two experiments. The simple linear balance model predicts that the amount of attitude change induced by a message is proportional to the discrepancy between the respondent's original position and the position advocated. The psychological‐discrepancy‐discounting model assumes that as messages become more psychologically discrepant from one's position, they lose their effectiveness in…
Reactance, Restoration, and Cognitive Structure
This study (N = 143) examined the effects of freedom threat on cognitive structures, using recycling as its topic. The results of a 2(Freedom Threat: low vs. high) × 2(Postscript: restoration vs. filler) plus 1(Control) experiment indicated that, relative to the control condition, high freedom threat created a boomerang effect for the targeted attitude (recycling) as the attitude and behavioral intention changed in the opposite direction to the o…
The Comparative Statics and Dynamics of Beliefs
Two models of belief change, Laroche's (1977) comparative statics model and the single-push with friction dynamic model (Kaplowitz, Fink, & Bauer, 1983), were combined and tested. Beliefs about two issues (criminal sentencing and tuition increase) were measured every 77 ms, N=95. Eleven time points from each participant's belief trajectory were analyzed. Message discrepancy and source credibility were manipulated. As predicted, belief change mono…
Anonymity, Strength of Attitude, and the Influence of Public Opinion Polls
Subjects were given questionnaires asking their responses to six statements on public issues. On some of the issues subjects were highly committed to their own views, while other issues were selected for the subjects' lack of knowledge and commitment. Some subjects were asked to respond anonymously, and others were led to believe that their responses would be made public. Each questionnaire contained a bogus distribution of responses from student…
The Effect of Conflict Goals on Avoidance Strategies
Avoidance is proposed to be a goal-directed behavior rather than a behavior that reflects passivity or inaction. To evaluate this proposition, a typology of conflict goals and a typology of conflict avoidance strategies are created, and the relationship between nonavoidance strategies and the elements of these 2 typologies are evaluated within a structural equation model (N = 352). Findings show that, except for pretending and withdrawal, conflic…
Sequential Information Integration and Belief Trajectories
Using an extended model of information integration theory, the sequential information integration model (SIIM), the effects of initially presented information on belief trajectories were investigated. SIIM predicts (a) damped oscillatory trajectories when congruent information and incongruent information are presented alternately; and (b) smaller amplitudes of trajectories when initial beliefs have greater weight. An experiment was conducted that…
A Galileo Analysis of Organizational Climate
This article attempts to (a) establish a conceptual framework for climate research, (b) develop a research scheme based on this conceptual ground, and (c) examine the relationship between communication and the convergence of views regarding organizational climate. University faculty members comprise the sample for this study (N = 105). Using the Galileo multidimensional scaling model, a description of the faculty climate at a university is presen…
Compliance Dynamics Within a Simulated Friendship Network I
This study investigated the structural causes of perceptions of power and the way that these perceptions create expectations regarding influence attempts. It applied measures derived from dynamic social impact theory to model predictions of target compliance and agent response to an influence attempt. Sociograms provided the structure within which compliance dynamics were investigated. Results from an experiment (N = 458) showed that structural p…
Message discrepancy and the persistence of attitude change
Proattitudinal versus counterattitudinal messages
A boomerang effect involves the movement of a message recipient's belief, attitude, or behavior in a direction contrary to the advocated position in the message. There has been limited scholarly attention to the mechanism of belief boomerang. To better understand boomerang effects, we tested the effect of message discrepancy on belief boomerang and the mechanism underlying such an effect with a between-subjects factorial study (N = 458). Our resu…
Compliance Dynamics Within a Friendship Network II
Social networks play a critical role in people's responses to influence attempts, determining whether a person seeks the support of others as an alternative to compliance or as a way to cope with being the target of an influence attempt. In 2 experiments (N = 458 and N = 105), sociograms were used to represent social relationships and to investigate the social network member who would be sought for social support after an influence attempt. Resul…
Brother, Can You Spare Some Time, or a Dime
This study investigates the role that culture plays in the effect of intimacy, relationship type, and resources on obligations. Participants ( n = 144 U.S. undergraduates and n = 122 Chinese undergraduate and graduate students) were asked about their obligations to another person. Chinese, as compared to Americans, reported greater obligation and greater likelihood to expend money to help another. Americans reported greater intimacy with others a…
The semantics of social influence
This study investigates how language is used to make sense of influence attempts. More specifically, the perceived potency and evaluation of both influence agents and targets and the influence tactic used are examined for their effect on the actors' perceived power and influence success. The two influence tactics examined are threats and attempts to persuade. A pilot study (N=145) and main experiment (N=189) were conducted to create 84 simple sen…
Linear Equations and Nonlinear Estimation
When a linear structural equation model results in nonlinear procedures for solution, multiple (but finite) sets of solutions may be possible, even with population data. An example of a three-variable feedback system is given in which two sets of solutions may be generated, and each may be obtained by algebraic analysis or by numerical analysis. Issues of model specification and equilibrium must be considered to differentiate the sets of solution…
The Cognitive Dynamics of Beliefs
This study investigated the time course of belief change from univalent versus mixed-valence messages, both while the message was being received and after receipt while it was being considered. Hypotheses about the temporal patterns of belief change were tested with belief trajectories from S. E. McGreevy (1996), valid N = 78, with an average number of time points per person = 5,267 (126.41 seconds) for the message-receipt phase and 2,467 (59.22 …
One of the most cited persuasion studies but no success in replication
Scientific progress depends on replication even though replications are generally not recognized for their research contributions. Recently many behavioral sciences have paid a great deal of attention to replications, but replications are infrequent and not generally discussed in communication science. The present study conducts a replication of Petty, Cacioppo, & Goldman, 1981 (PCG) as an example. PCG is one of the best known studies on persuasi…
The Role of Person-Culture Fit in Chinese Students' Cultural Adjustment in the United States
This article used a Galileo multidimensional scaling model to explain how intercultural communication affected sojourners' wellbeing in their host culture through the convergence of the mental models between sojourners and host nationals with whom the sojourners communicated. Participants were 126 sojourning Chinese in the United States and 30 associated domestic Americans. Data were collected shortly after the Chinese sojourners arrived in the U…
Understanding the Influential People and Social Structures Shaping Compliance
This study integrated efforts to identify influential people and to extend theories of structural predictors of compliance. Adults ( N = 195) were shown a sociogram of 11 people who were connected by friendships. Participants were asked to imagine themselves in this group, identify a position for themselves, select another member for an interaction, and predict their likelihood of complying with the member’s request. Connectors (those wanting to …
Attitude Change and Attitudinal Trajectories
(1982). Attitude Change and Attitudinal Trajectories: A Dynamic Multidimensional Theory. Annals of the International Communication Association: Vol. 6, Communication Yearbook 6, pp. 364-394
Interpersonal Communication Following the Wallace Shooting1
A natural social disruption produced by the attempted assassination of George Wallace provided an opportunity to conduct a field study concerned with the mediating effects of self-esteem, birth-order, sex, and social situation on the relationship between anxiety and interpersonal communication among a sample of high school students. Contrary to expectations based on previous research, the significant relationship between anxiety and affiliation, …
When my group is under attack
Drawing on Branscombe et al.’s conceptualization of social identity threat, we developed and validated a multidimensional measure of this concept: the Social Identity Threat Scale (SITS). We conducted three studies that examined social identity threat to U.S. Americans (Study 1, N = 468; Study 2, N = 457) and e-cigarette users (Study 3, N = 395) when they read negative messages directed at their social groups. Results provided evidence for the re…
The effects of family occupational type, sex, and appeal style on helping behavior
Interpersonal Communication Following the Wallace Shooting1
A natural social disruption produced by the attempted assassination of George Wallace provided an opportunity to conduct a field study concerned with the mediating effects of self-esteem, birth-order, sex, and social situation on the relationship between anxiety and interpersonal communication among a sample of high school students. Contrary to expectations based on previous research, the significant relationship between anxiety and affiliation, …
Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 7
Humorous Responses to Embarrassment
Humor is a technique that is frequently used to restructure an interpersonal communication when embarrassment has broken down communication patterns. In an embarrassing interaction, it is expected that more humor will be used between persons of relatively equal status than when people are of unequal status and that more humor will be initiated by a person of relatively higher status than by a person of lower status. It is hypothesized that more h…
Linear Equations and Nonlinear Estimation
When a linear structural equation model results in nonlinear procedures for solution, multiple (but finite) sets of solutions may be possible, even with population data. An example of a three-variable feedback system is given in which two sets of solutions may be generated, and each may be obtained by algebraic analysis or by numerical analysis. Issues of model specification and equilibrium must be considered to differentiate the sets of solution…
Physical Attractiveness and Judgments of Morality following an “Immoral” Act
98 male and female undergraduates judged the morality of a female who was described as having premarital sexual intercourse with a male she had never met before or with whom she had been dating for six months. Half were told that the female was extremely attractive and half were told that she was quite unattractive. As predicted, subjects evaluated the attractive female as being less moral than the unattractive one and this finding was most prono…
Attitude Change and Attitudinal Trajectories
(1982). Attitude Change and Attitudinal Trajectories: A Dynamic Multidimensional Theory. Annals of the International Communication Association: Vol. 6, Communication Yearbook 6, pp. 364-394
The Measurement of Communication Processes
Fitting Equations with Power Transformations
A dynamic model of the effect of discrepant information on unidimensional attitude change
A differential equation model of the attitude change process is proposed which considers an individual's attitude as affected by discrepant messages along a unidimen-sional continuum. The model posits two dynamic components: translation to a new equilibrium due to the impulsive force of the message, and oscillation around the moving equilibrium due, in part, to restoring forces resisting displacement from equilibrium. An experiment to test some o…
Positional discrepancy, psychological discrepancy, and attitude change
Conflicting models of the attitude change process were tested in two experiments. The simple linear balance model predicts that the amount of attitude change induced by a message is proportional to the discrepancy between the respondent's original position and the position advocated. The psychological‐discrepancy‐discounting model assumes that as messages become more psychologically discrepant from one's position, they lose their effectiveness in…
Anonymity, Strength of Attitude, and the Influence of Public Opinion Polls
Subjects were given questionnaires asking their responses to six statements on public issues. On some of the issues subjects were highly committed to their own views, while other issues were selected for the subjects' lack of knowledge and commitment. Some subjects were asked to respond anonymously, and others were led to believe that their responses would be made public. Each questionnaire contained a bogus distribution of responses from student…
Home Video Recorders and the Transience of Television Broadcasts
Mark R. Levy, Edward L. Fink; Home Video Recorders and the Transience of Television Broadcasts, Journal of Communication, Volume 34, Issue 2, 1 June 1984
Incongruity in Humor
Message discrepancy and the persistence of attitude change
Assessment of the Use of Self-Referent Concepts for the Measurement of Cognition and Affect
Disentangling the Effects of Discrepant and Disconfirming Information
Stan A. Kaplowitz, Edward L. Fink, James Mulcrone, David Atkin, Saleh Dabil, Disentangling the Effects of Discrepant and Disconfirming Information, Social Psychology Quarterly, Vol. 54, No. 3 (Sep., 1991), pp. 191-207
Mathematical Models for Communication
Journal Article Mathematical Models for Communication: An Introduction Get access Edward L. Fink Edward L. Fink 1University of Maryland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of Communication, Volume 43, Issue 1, March 1993, Pages 4–7, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01245.x Published: 07 February 2006
A Galileo Analysis of Organizational Climate
This article attempts to (a) establish a conceptual framework for climate research, (b) develop a research scheme based on this conceptual ground, and (c) examine the relationship between communication and the convergence of views regarding organizational climate. University faculty members comprise the sample for this study (N = 105). Using the Galileo multidimensional scaling model, a description of the faculty climate at a university is presen…
Dynamic Social Impact Theory and the Study of Human Communication
Journal Article Dynamic Social Impact Theory and the Study of Human Communication Get access Edward L. Fink Edward L. Fink 1Edward Fink is professor of speech communication, affiliate professor of sociology, affiliate professor of psychology, and distinguished scholar-teacher at the University of Maryland at College Park, and associate editor of the journal. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of Commu…
Conflict style differences between individualists and collectivists
This study investigated the fundamental beliefs regarding cross-cultural differences in conflict styles. The sample consisted of 188 graduate students from 31 different countries residing in the U.S. Findings indicated that assumptions regarding the relationship of culture to conflict style preferences may not be valid. Preference for using five conflict styles were measured: avoiding, obliging, integrating, compromising, and dominating. The inte…
The semantics of social influence
This study investigates how language is used to make sense of influence attempts. More specifically, the perceived potency and evaluation of both influence agents and targets and the influence tactic used are examined for their effect on the actors' perceived power and influence success. The two influence tactics examined are threats and attempts to persuade. A pilot study (N=145) and main experiment (N=189) were conducted to create 84 simple sen…
Interattitude Structure and Attitude Dynamics
Theories of attitude change have failed to identify the architecture of interattitudinal structures and relate it to attitude change. This article examines two models (a hierarchical and a spatial–linkage model) of interattitudinal structure that explicitly posit consequences for attitude change. An experiment (N= 391) was conducted that manipulated type of hierarchy (explicit versus implicit), whether the hierarchy was primed or not, and the loc…
The Comparative Statics and Dynamics of Beliefs
Two models of belief change, Laroche's (1977) comparative statics model and the single-push with friction dynamic model (Kaplowitz, Fink, & Bauer, 1983), were combined and tested. Beliefs about two issues (criminal sentencing and tuition increase) were measured every 77 ms, N=95. Eleven time points from each participant's belief trajectory were analyzed. Message discrepancy and source credibility were manipulated. As predicted, belief change mono…
The Cognitive Dynamics of Beliefs
This study investigated the time course of belief change from univalent versus mixed-valence messages, both while the message was being received and after receipt while it was being considered. Hypotheses about the temporal patterns of belief change were tested with belief trajectories from S. E. McGreevy (1996), valid N = 78, with an average number of time points per person = 5,267 (126.41 seconds) for the message-receipt phase and 2,467 (59.22 …
Psychology (38 obras) · Social Psychology (32 obras) · Social Psychology (31 obras) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (18 obras) · Computer Science (17 obras) · Mathematics (11 obras) · Cognitive psychology (10 obras) · Cultural Differences and Values (7 obras) · Opinion Dynamics and Social Influence (7 obras) · Political science (7 obras)