Michael Putnam
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 788477 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Michael Putnam |
| NOMBRES | Michael |
| APELLIDO | Putnam |
| FIRMA | PUTNAM M |
| AFILIACIONES | Brown University |
| VERIFICADO | No |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 13 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 9 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 13 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1970 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2021 |
| ÍNDICE H | 1 |
Statius Silvae 2.3
My essay offers a close reading of poem 3 from the second book of the Silvae of Statius. A genethliacon and, in conclusion, eulogy for the writer's friend Atedius Melior, it directs us to the latter's garden and centers on an expansive aition, of the poet's invention, devoted to the god Pan's attraction for the nymph Pholoe. My primary focus rests on Statius's brilliant word usage and, more generally, on the intellectual background on which he dr…
Individual variation in the structure of bilingual grammars
A How to calculate harmony A.1 In a monolingual grammarThe calculation of harmony in a GSC framework minimally involves one set of parameters: the weights assigned to each constraint.To calculate the harmony of each potential output, the violations of each constraint associated with each output are multiplied by their respective constraint's weight, and the negative sum of the weighted violations is the harmony.Thus, in the toy grammar in Table 1…
Individual variation in the structure of bilingual grammars
A bilingual’s two languages can interact in their mind, but the mechanism of this interaction is \nstill open to debate. In this article we employ a variant of gradient symbolic computation \n(GSC; Smolensky et al. 2014) to model the code-switched utterances of unbalanced Dutch-English bilinguals. We aimed to evaluate GSC as an appropriate architecture to model bilingual \ncode-switching grammars, and to explore the extent of variability within a…
The Cambridge Handbook of Germanic Linguistics
This chapter discusses Complementizer Agreement (CA): agreement between the complementizer introducing an embedded finite clause and the subject of that embedded clause. CA is mainly found in Frisian and the nonstandard varieties of Dutch and German. This chapter discusses the morphological properties of CA, in particular the (defectivity of) its paradigm, the relation between the CA paradigm and the verbal agreement paradigm, and the relation be…
Lesser-Studied Heritage Languages
Feature reassembly as constraint satisfaction
Research on bilingual grammars from a formal perspective has often come under the guise of mainstream generative grammar. Since the inception of Chomsky’s (
Parasitic Gapping in Bilingual Grammar
We report on work with German-English bilinguals, heritage speakers of German, and their licensing of parasitic gaps (a type of multiple gap construction) in English-to-German translation tasks. English allows such constructions variably, while European German does not. While some recent work reports that some heritage speakers have difficulty licensing null elements generally, most of our speakers allow some gaps in German. Structurally, these g…
Mississippi
The funding mechanism for the public schools in the state of Mississippi had been surprisingly stable for a number of years. The funding formula existed in its same form for over a half century before it was substantially changed in 1994 when the Mississippi Adequate Education Program (MAEP) legislation was passed. This is the first external analysis of the MAEP since its inception. An analysis of the horizontal equity is undertaken to determine …
The emergence of middle voice structures with and without agents
This article presents evidence that, cross-linguistically or within the same language (family), there appears to be no morphosyntactic properties and/or structures specifically designated for the formation of middle voice constructions. What has been labeled a ‘middle voice construction’ is a semantic interpretation that, crucially, is blocked when an event variable is existentially closed by T. This article focuses on two ways of expressing a mi…
Straight outta Marzahn
In this article we explore the concept of communicative memory of modern East Germans in contemporary hip-hop lyrics. Our study reveals that even after more than twenty years of existing in a reunified German Republic, former and contemporary East Germans (i.e. Ossis) are still longing for a sense of social and political identity in a new system foreign in most respects to their previous socialist existence
Catenae
This paper introduces a novel unit of syntactic analysis, thecatena(Latin for 'chain'; pluralcatenae). The catena is defined in a dependency-based grammar as a word or a combination of words that is continuous with respect to dominance. According to this definition, any dependency tree or any subtree (complete or partial) of a dependency tree qualifies as a catena. The paper demonstrates that idioms are stored as catenae and that the elided mater…
Bare phrase structure, label-less trees, and specifier-less syntax. Is Minimalism becoming a dependency grammar
Due to the programmatic nature of Minimalism, there are many directions that variations of this formalism can take. This paper demonstrates that one trend in Minimalism is steering toward Dependency Grammar (DG): bare phrase structure, label-less trees, and specifier-less syntax are all aspects/developments of/within Minimalism that are steering toward a dependency-based (as opposed to a constituency based) understanding of syntax and grammar. Wi…
Simple Tibullus or the Ruse of Style
Catenae
This paper introduces a novel unit of syntactic analysis, thecatena(Latin for 'chain'; pluralcatenae). The catena is defined in a dependency-based grammar as a word or a combination of words that is continuous with respect to dominance. According to this definition, any dependency tree or any subtree (complete or partial) of a dependency tree qualifies as a catena. The paper demonstrates that idioms are stored as catenae and that the elided mater…
Bare phrase structure, label-less trees, and specifier-less syntax. Is Minimalism becoming a dependency grammar
Due to the programmatic nature of Minimalism, there are many directions that variations of this formalism can take. This paper demonstrates that one trend in Minimalism is steering toward Dependency Grammar (DG): bare phrase structure, label-less trees, and specifier-less syntax are all aspects/developments of/within Minimalism that are steering toward a dependency-based (as opposed to a constituency based) understanding of syntax and grammar. Wi…
Simple Tibullus or the Ruse of Style
Bare phrase structure, label-less trees, and specifier-less syntax. Is Minimalism becoming a dependency grammar
Due to the programmatic nature of Minimalism, there are many directions that variations of this formalism can take. This paper demonstrates that one trend in Minimalism is steering toward Dependency Grammar (DG): bare phrase structure, label-less trees, and specifier-less syntax are all aspects/developments of/within Minimalism that are steering toward a dependency-based (as opposed to a constituency based) understanding of syntax and grammar. Wi…
Straight outta Marzahn
In this article we explore the concept of communicative memory of modern East Germans in contemporary hip-hop lyrics. Our study reveals that even after more than twenty years of existing in a reunified German Republic, former and contemporary East Germans (i.e. Ossis) are still longing for a sense of social and political identity in a new system foreign in most respects to their previous socialist existence
Catenae
This paper introduces a novel unit of syntactic analysis, thecatena(Latin for 'chain'; pluralcatenae). The catena is defined in a dependency-based grammar as a word or a combination of words that is continuous with respect to dominance. According to this definition, any dependency tree or any subtree (complete or partial) of a dependency tree qualifies as a catena. The paper demonstrates that idioms are stored as catenae and that the elided mater…
The emergence of middle voice structures with and without agents
This article presents evidence that, cross-linguistically or within the same language (family), there appears to be no morphosyntactic properties and/or structures specifically designated for the formation of middle voice constructions. What has been labeled a ‘middle voice construction’ is a semantic interpretation that, crucially, is blocked when an event variable is existentially closed by T. This article focuses on two ways of expressing a mi…
Mississippi
The funding mechanism for the public schools in the state of Mississippi had been surprisingly stable for a number of years. The funding formula existed in its same form for over a half century before it was substantially changed in 1994 when the Mississippi Adequate Education Program (MAEP) legislation was passed. This is the first external analysis of the MAEP since its inception. An analysis of the horizontal equity is undertaken to determine …
Parasitic Gapping in Bilingual Grammar
We report on work with German-English bilinguals, heritage speakers of German, and their licensing of parasitic gaps (a type of multiple gap construction) in English-to-German translation tasks. English allows such constructions variably, while European German does not. While some recent work reports that some heritage speakers have difficulty licensing null elements generally, most of our speakers allow some gaps in German. Structurally, these g…
Feature reassembly as constraint satisfaction
Research on bilingual grammars from a formal perspective has often come under the guise of mainstream generative grammar. Since the inception of Chomsky’s (
The Cambridge Handbook of Germanic Linguistics
This chapter discusses Complementizer Agreement (CA): agreement between the complementizer introducing an embedded finite clause and the subject of that embedded clause. CA is mainly found in Frisian and the nonstandard varieties of Dutch and German. This chapter discusses the morphological properties of CA, in particular the (defectivity of) its paradigm, the relation between the CA paradigm and the verbal agreement paradigm, and the relation be…
Lesser-Studied Heritage Languages
Statius Silvae 2.3
My essay offers a close reading of poem 3 from the second book of the Silvae of Statius. A genethliacon and, in conclusion, eulogy for the writer's friend Atedius Melior, it directs us to the latter's garden and centers on an expansive aition, of the poet's invention, devoted to the god Pan's attraction for the nymph Pholoe. My primary focus rests on Statius's brilliant word usage and, more generally, on the intellectual background on which he dr…
Individual variation in the structure of bilingual grammars
A How to calculate harmony A.1 In a monolingual grammarThe calculation of harmony in a GSC framework minimally involves one set of parameters: the weights assigned to each constraint.To calculate the harmony of each potential output, the violations of each constraint associated with each output are multiplied by their respective constraint's weight, and the negative sum of the weighted violations is the harmony.Thus, in the toy grammar in Table 1…
Individual variation in the structure of bilingual grammars
A bilingual’s two languages can interact in their mind, but the mechanism of this interaction is \nstill open to debate. In this article we employ a variant of gradient symbolic computation \n(GSC; Smolensky et al. 2014) to model the code-switched utterances of unbalanced Dutch-English bilinguals. We aimed to evaluate GSC as an appropriate architecture to model bilingual \ncode-switching grammars, and to explore the extent of variability within a…
Linguistics (9 obras) · Philosophy (9 obras) · Computer Science (7 obras) · Natural Language Processing Techniques (6 obras) · Art (4 obras) · Artificial Intelligence (4 obras) · Grammar (4 obras) · History (4 obras) · Natural language processing (4 obras) · Sociology (4 obras)