Christiane Scheffler
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 80835 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Christiane Scheffler |
| NOMBRES | Christiane |
| APELLIDO | Scheffler |
| FIRMA | SCHEFFLER C |
| AFILIACIONES | University of Potsdam |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-1954-7578 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 63 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 74 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 63 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1996 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 5 |
The socio-cultural exposome as a regulator of human growth
Background: Humans are social. The social environment is strongly associated with body height. Recent evidence emphasizes the role of social signalling in the regulation of human growth. Objective: To disentangle the influence of physical living conditions such as wealth, health, nutrition, and education from influences that are transmitted among group members. We analysed the impact of the group assuming a theoretical “transgenerational growth p…
Growth in times of political euphoria, early democracy and hope for freedom
Background: Improvements in living conditions correlate with substantial long-term trends in height, e.g. of 15 cm/100 years in Japanese males, 21 cm/150 years in Dutch males, and 14 cm/110 years in German males. Recent evidence suggests strong effects of the political background on these trends. Subjects and methods: Height of more than 14 million men of the German Armed Forces born 1865–1975 was correlated with indicators of economic prosperity…
Improved social integration shapes female body composition in Turkish migrants
Background: Turkish migrants in Western Europe exhibit higher adiposity than both host-country populations and non-migrant Turks, yet the role of host-country institutional environments remains poorly understood. European nations differ substantially in their integration policy frameworks – Germany pursues an integration-oriented approach encouraging participation in host institutions, while the Netherlands has historically emphasised multicultur…
Political Liberation, Hope, and Social Competition Are the Motor of Secular Trends in Height
BACKGROUND: Long-term improvements in physical living conditions correlate with long-term trends in height. AIM: To link temporal characteristics of the secular trend in height with the simultaneous political and economic dynamics. SAMPLE AND METHODS: Height of men of the German Armed Forces born between 1865 and 1975 was correlated with indicators of economic prosperity (GDP), nutrition and health (infant mortality), and indicators of social inh…
Avoiding “Too Tall” and “Too Short”
BACKGROUND: Recent evidence emphasizes the role of social signaling in the regulation of human growth. AIM: To disentangle the influence of physical living conditions such as wealth, health, nutrition, and education from influences that are transmitted among members of the social group. We consider the spectrum of all historically possible heights ("transgenerational growth potential") and disentangle the influence of the physical living conditio…
Stop stunting—A misguided campaign by well‐meaning nutritionists
OBJECTIVE: "Stop stunting" is the central focus of the national Indonesian campaign to improve child health. We provide an autoethnographic statement on the currently practiced strategy that commits 23 ministries and an estimated $3.9 billion per year to coordinating nutrition interventions that are supposed to address the underlying causes of stunting. METHODS: We visited six community health posts (posyandus) in West Timor and in Java and parti…
Stunting is the natural condition of human height
OBJECTIVES: Human body height differs within a wide range and has conventionally been associated with genetic, nutritional, and environmental conditions. In this study, we try to broaden this perspective and add the evolutionary aspect of height differences. SAMPLE AND METHOD: We revisited height from archeological data (10 000-1000 BC), and historical growth studies (1877-1913). We analyzed height, weight, and skinfold thickness of 1666 Indonesi…
Reply to the letter titled “Pathologizing normal height or identifying chronic malnutrition
Bergmann's rule is a "just-so" story of human body size
Carl Bergmann was an astute naturalist and physiologist. His ideas about animal size and shape were important advances in the pre-Darwinian nineteenth century. Bergmann's rule claims that that in cold climates, large body mass increases the ratio of volume-to-surface area and provides for maximum metabolic heat retention in mammals and birds. Conversely, in warmer temperatures, smaller body mass increases surface area relative to volume and allow…
Working against forgetting - Infants' feeding and weight gain at the time of Juhan Aul
A hundred and twenty-five years ago, European infants grew differently from modern infants. We show weight gains of 20 healthy children weighed longitudinally from birth to age 1 year published by Camerer in 1882. The data illustrate the prevalent historic concepts of infant nutrition practiced by German civil servants, lawyers, merchants, university professors, physicians, foresters and farmers. Breastfeeding by the mother was not truly apprecia…
Trends in growth and developmental tempo in boys aged 7 to 18 years between 1966 and 2012 in Poland
OBJECTIVES: To assess trends in growth in different developmental periods and trends in developmental tempo in Polish boys between 1966 and 2012. METHODS: Data on 34 828 boys aged 7 to 18 years were collected during Polish Anthropological Surveys conducted in 1966, 1978, 1988, and 2012. Biological parameters, related to onset of adolescent growth spurt (OGS) and peak height velocity (PHV), were derived from a Preece-Baines 1 model (PB1). Childhoo…
Stunting as a Synonym of Social Disadvantage and Poor Parental Education
Socially, economically, politically and emotionally (SEPE) disadvantaged children are shorter than children from affluent background. In view of previous work on the lack of association between nutrition and child growth, we performed a study in urban schoolchildren. We measured 723 children (5.83 to 13.83 years); Kupang, Indonesia; three schools with different social background. We investigated anthropometric data, clinical signs of malnutrition…
Catch-up growth is a better indicator of undernutrition than thresholds for stunting
Objective: Stunting (height-for-age sd ) is one of the forms of undernutrition and is frequent among children of low- and middle-income countries. But stunting per s e is not a synonym of undernutrition. We investigated association between body height and indicators of energetic undernutrition at three critical thresholds for thinness used in public health: (1) BMI SDS Design: Cross-sectional study; breakpoint analysis. Setting: Rural and urban r…
The regulation of human growth includes an understanding of competitive growth strategies and community effects on height
The authors declare no conflicts of interest
Plasticity of human growth – a systematic review on psychosocial factors influencing growth
Based on the results of the reviewed studies it could be concluded that the regulation of linear growth is also subject to different psychosocial factors. The way in which the developing human and the specific social environment interact seemed to have a major impact on linear growth. Status-specific stress was discussed as one possible explanation for the regulating mechanism of human linear growth.
Decrease of external skeletal robustness (Frame Index) between two cohorts of school children living in Puerto Madryn, Argentina at the beginning of the 21st century
Background: It has been shown that modern life style with reduced physical activity can lead to lower bone accumulation. Also a decline trend in external skeletal robustness in children and young adolescents, measured by the Frame Index (FI), seems to have a parallel trend with the increase in overweight and obesity. Based on these findings we estimate that likely, the FI should be changed after a decade in the Argentinean population as well as i…
Association of anthropometric indices of nutritional status with growth in height among Limboo children of Sikkim, India
The findings of the present study suggest nutrition is not the primary regulator of human growth. The possible influence of community effects on height is discussed
Environmental stimulation on height
Economic prosperity and increased population density stimulate male adult height to a greater extent than female adult height, and increase the sexual dimorphism in height among the tall populations of densely populated wealthy countries.
Positive influence of parental education on growth of children - statistical analysis of correlation between social and nutritional factors on children's height using the St. Nicolas House Analysis
In nature, dominance is often shown by body size; even in humans many studies report that social status is associated with body height. In today's society, educational status is an important factor for social classification. Since growing children do not have their own educational or social status, they are often affected by the status of their parents. Therefore, the question appears, whether parental educational status measurably affects the gr…
Statistical Approaches to Developmental and Growth Data of Children and Adolescents - an editorial to student research conducted during the 3rd International Student Summer School, July 2019, Potsdam …
Traumatized women's infants are bigger than children of mothers without traumas
Life history theory predicts that experiencing stress during the early period of life will result in accelerated growth and earlier maturation. Indeed, animal and some human studies documented a faster pace of growth in the offspring of stressed mothers. Recent advances in epigenetics suggest that the effects of early developmental stress might be passed across the generations. However, evidence for such intergenerational transmission is scarce, …
No correlation between short term weight gain and lower leg length gain in healthy German children
Background: Length-for-age is considered the indicator of choice in monitoring the long-term impact of chronic nutritional deficiency. Aim: We hypothesized that short term increments of body weight cross-correlate with increments of the lower leg length. Sample and methods: We re-analyzed the association between weekly measurements of weight and of lower leg length in 34 healthy German children, aged 2.9-15.9 years. The data are a subset of measu…
Influence of the A/T polymorphism of the FTO gene and sport specializations on the body composition of young Russian athletes
polymorphism on body composition of young athletes was found.
Social mobility of the father influences child growth
OBJECTIVES: The association between body height and social status is known. We were interested in the effect of intergeneration changes in social status on height. METHODS: Body height was measured in 2008 paternal grandfather-father-son and 1803 paternal grandfather-father-daughter triplets. The sample consisted of four child cohorts born in 1988, 1985, 1983, and 1980, and was measured annually from 6 to 11, 9 to 14, 11 to 16, and 14 to 18 years…
Reference tables with centiles of limb to body height ratios of healthy human adults for assessing potential thalidomide embryopathy
Centile tables for arm and leg length of men and women are presented in the results. The variability is small due to a homogeneous distribution of the measurements. A test with randomly chosen patient data shows that women under 171 cm stature and men under 180 cm stature can be assessed correctly. A severe shortening of limbs can be detected with this method.
Stature signals status
century.
Human life course biology
hypotheses of how the human pattern of growth evolved. Four historical events and premises structure our current approach to understanding growth in the context of human life history
As tall as my peers - similarity in body height between migrants and hosts
Background: We define migrants as people who move from their place of birth to a new place of residence. Migration usually is directed by "Push-Pull" factors, for example to escape from poor living conditions or to find more prosperous socio-economic conditions. Migrant children tend to assimilate quickly, and soon perceive themselves as peers within their new social networks. Differences exist between growth of first generation and second genera…
External skeletal robusticity of children and adolescents – European references from birth to adulthood and international comparisons
Background: In our modern world, the way of life in nutritional and activity behaviour has changed. As a consequence, parallel trends of an epidemic of overweight and a decline in external skeletal robusticity are observed in children and adolescents. Aim: We aim to develop reference centiles for external skeletal robusticity of European girls and boys aged 0 to 18 years using the Frame Index as an indicator and identify population specific age-r…
The change of skeletal robustness of 6-12 years old children in Brandenburg (Germany) - Comparison of body composition 1999-2009
Overweight as a global problem is a challenge to the health systems today and in the future. Detailed information about the development of body composition in children can help to design preventive measures to stop this trend. In the present study 1397 German children aged 6-12 complete years were investigated with anthropometric methods (i.e. height, weight, BMI, skeleton robustness, and percentage of body fat) in 2008/09. The results were compa…
Does physical education modify the body composition? - Results of a longitudinal study of pre-school children
The aim of the study is the analysis of body composition, motor development and cardiovascular parameters of preschool-children. In 2001/2002 a longitudinal study started in 17 nursery schools in Berlin. A total of 160 children out of the 264 children participated in a regular exercise programme. After 24 months of training significant differences of body composition, motor skills and cardiovascular parameters between 5 complete year old children…
Decrease of external skeletal robustness (Frame Index) between two cohorts of school children living in Puerto Madryn, Argentina at the beginning of the 21st century
Background: It has been shown that modern life style with reduced physical activity can lead to lower bone accumulation. Also a decline trend in external skeletal robustness in children and young adolescents, measured by the Frame Index (FI), seems to have a parallel trend with the increase in overweight and obesity. Based on these findings we estimate that likely, the FI should be changed after a decade in the Argentinean population as well as i…
Body height as a social signal
Body height has a signaling function among social mammals. Humans also perceive physical size as a signal and tend to associate stature and status. Taller men are perceived as more competent and authoritative. Studies in wild Kalahari male meerkats (Suricata suricatta) suggest that dominance itself can be a stimulus for growth allowing for competitive growth and strategic growth adjustments. Assuming that similar mechanisms on the control of grow…
Bergmann's rule is a "just-so" story of human body size
Carl Bergmann was an astute naturalist and physiologist. His ideas about animal size and shape were important advances in the pre-Darwinian nineteenth century. Bergmann's rule claims that that in cold climates, large body mass increases the ratio of volume-to-surface area and provides for maximum metabolic heat retention in mammals and birds. Conversely, in warmer temperatures, smaller body mass increases surface area relative to volume and allow…
Positive influence of parental education on growth of children - statistical analysis of correlation between social and nutritional factors on children's height using the St. Nicolas House Analysis
In nature, dominance is often shown by body size; even in humans many studies report that social status is associated with body height. In today's society, educational status is an important factor for social classification. Since growing children do not have their own educational or social status, they are often affected by the status of their parents. Therefore, the question appears, whether parental educational status measurably affects the gr…
Traumatized women's infants are bigger than children of mothers without traumas
Life history theory predicts that experiencing stress during the early period of life will result in accelerated growth and earlier maturation. Indeed, animal and some human studies documented a faster pace of growth in the offspring of stressed mothers. Recent advances in epigenetics suggest that the effects of early developmental stress might be passed across the generations. However, evidence for such intergenerational transmission is scarce, …
The network effects on conscripts' height in the central provinces of Russian empire in the middle of XIX century - at the beginning of XX century
Height correlation coefficients between 1st order neighboring districts observed in the Russian districts were very similar to values observed in the Polish study (r = 0.24). The considered Russian territory and the territory of Poland have a lot in common. They consist of both plains without mountains. In contradistinction to Poland the transport infrastructure in Russia was weakly developed in the middle of XIX century. In addition, the mobilit…
No association between fat tissue and height in 5019 children and adolescents, measured between 1982 and 2011 in Kolkata/India
Body height has traditionally been looked upon as a mirror of the condition of society, short height being an indicator of poor nutritional status, poor education, and low social status and income. This view has recently been questioned. We aimed to quantify the effects of nutrition, education, sibship size, and household income, factors that are conventionally considered to be related to child growth, on body height of children and adolescents r…
Impact of normal weight obesity on fundamental motor skills in pre-school children aged 3 to 6 years
centile of the MABC-2 norm. These findings are strongly alarming since indices like BMI are not able to identify normal weight obese individual. We recommend verifying real portion of normal weight obese children as they are probably in higher risk of health and motor problems than overweight and obese population due to their low lean mass.
Analysis of BMI of Preschool Children Results of Longitudinal Studies
Exceeding weight gain in childhood is a prevailing issue in industrialised countries, such as in Germany. The aim of this study was to detect a critical age for exceeding weight gain. It is assumed that especially in the early years of life, the years of nursery school age, the individual development of weight is fundamental for the prediction of obesity. The data of 638 children (324 boys and 314 girls) and the data of additional 1390 children o…
Environmental stimulation on height
Economic prosperity and increased population density stimulate male adult height to a greater extent than female adult height, and increase the sexual dimorphism in height among the tall populations of densely populated wealthy countries.
Popular ideas and convictions about factors influencing the growth as well as the adult height of children
Common knowledge suggests that growth in height is influenced by nutrition, genetics, health, and environmental and general living conditions. In addition, modern studies showed that also social mobility and dominance within the social group, may significantly affect adolescent growth and final height. The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of popular ideas and beliefs about factors influencing the growth on the biology of child and a…
Bilateral asymmetry in left handers increased concerning morphological laterality in a recent sample of young adults
Handedness is a major trait of humans, generating a measurable directional bilateral asymmetry in the upper extremities. In most cultures, right handedness is genetically more frequent (90%) and socially supported, even if reskilling became unusual. The present anthropometric study was conducted in 2014 with 76 right and 26 left handers born after 1985 to detect, whether right as well as left handedness produces significant morphological differen…
Development of fat distribution patterns in children and its association with the type of body shape assessed by the Metric-Index
The present cross-sectional anthropometric study evaluates new approaches in preventing overweight in children. Anthropometric data were obtained in 289 German children (146 boys, 143 girls) aged 6-11 years and 41 20-29 year old German female students for describing the type of body shape by Metric-Index (thoracic breadth, thoracic depth, height). The data were correlated with 15 fat layers measured with a lipometer with Principal Component Analy…
The variation in age at menarche
Ample literature describes the history of the association between the advances in the health and wealth of people, and mortality rates, life expectancy and adult height. Twenty-nine German studies with n > 200 subjects published since 1848 on menarcheal age, were reanalyzed, and 101 studies from various other European and non-European countries. On average, mean age at menarche declined since the mid-19th century. Historic urban samples tended to…
Body height, body mass and head circumference of children from birth until their third year
Referate
A analysis of body composition and motor development of children due to their social status
The aim of the study is the analysis of body composition and motor development of 3 years old children due to their social status. In 2001/2002 a longitudinal study started in 17 nursery schools in Berlin. The results of the first investigation on 224 children are demonstrated here. There are no differences in body development and body composition in 3 years old children due to the social level in Germany, there are, however, differences in motor…
Does physical education modify the body composition? - Results of a longitudinal study of pre-school children
The aim of the study is the analysis of body composition, motor development and cardiovascular parameters of preschool-children. In 2001/2002 a longitudinal study started in 17 nursery schools in Berlin. A total of 160 children out of the 264 children participated in a regular exercise programme. After 24 months of training significant differences of body composition, motor skills and cardiovascular parameters between 5 complete year old children…
Analysis of BMI of Preschool Children Results of Longitudinal Studies
Exceeding weight gain in childhood is a prevailing issue in industrialised countries, such as in Germany. The aim of this study was to detect a critical age for exceeding weight gain. It is assumed that especially in the early years of life, the years of nursery school age, the individual development of weight is fundamental for the prediction of obesity. The data of 638 children (324 boys and 314 girls) and the data of additional 1390 children o…
Growth variation, final height and secular trend. Proceedings of the 17th Aschauer Soiree, 7th November 2009
Digital 2D-Photogrammetry and Direct Anthropometry A Comparing Study on Test Accomplishment and Measurement Data
The aim of this methodological anthropometric study was to compare direct anthropometry and digital two-dimensional photogrammetry in 18 male and 27 female subjects, aged 24 to 65 years, from Potsdam, Germany. In view of the rising interest in reliable biometric kephalofacial data, we focussed on head and face measurements. Out of 34 classic facial anatomical landmarks, 27 landmarks were investigated both by direct anthropometry and 2D-photogramm…
The variation in age at menarche
Ample literature describes the history of the association between the advances in the health and wealth of people, and mortality rates, life expectancy and adult height. Twenty-nine German studies with n > 200 subjects published since 1848 on menarcheal age, were reanalyzed, and 101 studies from various other European and non-European countries. On average, mean age at menarche declined since the mid-19th century. Historic urban samples tended to…
The change of skeletal robustness of 6-12 years old children in Brandenburg (Germany) - Comparison of body composition 1999-2009
Overweight as a global problem is a challenge to the health systems today and in the future. Detailed information about the development of body composition in children can help to design preventive measures to stop this trend. In the present study 1397 German children aged 6-12 complete years were investigated with anthropometric methods (i.e. height, weight, BMI, skeleton robustness, and percentage of body fat) in 2008/09. The results were compa…
Manual Abilities of the Elderly - Handgrip Strength, Finger and Thumb Push Strength and Opening Strength in Age Comparison
The purpose of this paper is to display the static strength capacities of healthy adults in different age categories. A total of 279 healthy German adults at the ages of 20 to 29 years, 50 to 59 years and 60 to 69 years generated their maximum static handgrip, index finger and thumb push strength, as well as their maximum opening strength on a smooth jar lid of 85 mm diameter and on a knurled bottle lid of 31 mm with their right hand. The results…
Development of fat distribution patterns in children and its association with the type of body shape assessed by the Metric-Index
The present cross-sectional anthropometric study evaluates new approaches in preventing overweight in children. Anthropometric data were obtained in 289 German children (146 boys, 143 girls) aged 6-11 years and 41 20-29 year old German female students for describing the type of body shape by Metric-Index (thoracic breadth, thoracic depth, height). The data were correlated with 15 fat layers measured with a lipometer with Principal Component Analy…
Diversity in auxology
Auxology has developed from mere describing child and adolescent growth into a vivid and interdisciplinary research area encompassing human biologists, physicians, social scientists, economists and biostatisticians. The meeting illustrated the diversity in auxology, with the various social, medical, biological and biostatistical aspects in studies on child growth and development.
Comparison of BMI and percentage of body fat of Indian and German children and adolescents
Today, serious health problems as overweight and obesity are not just constricted to the developed world, but also increase in the developing countries (Prentice 2006, Ramachandram et al. 2002). Focusing on this issue, BMI and percentage of body fat were compared in 2094 schoolchildren from two cross-sectional studies from India and Germany investigated in 2008 and 2009. The German children are in all age groups significantly taller, whereas the …
Decreased external skeletal robustness due to reduced physical activity
OBJECTIVES: Childhood obesity is a global problem, e.g., due to physical inactivity. External skeletal robustness (Frame-Index) has decreased in German schoolchildren. An association between Frame-Index and physical activity was assumed. Further often body mass index (BMI) is analyzed without reference to bone structure. Therefore, we analyze relationships between Frame-Index, BMI, % body fat, and physical activity. METHODS: In a cross-sectional …
Assessing the applicability of the digital laser rangefinder GLM Professional(R) Bosch 250 VF for anthropometric field studies
The digital laser rangefinder GLM Professional BoscH 250 VF was tested as a modified preproduction model with regard to its applicability of quantifying humans' height. The aim of this investigation was to determine and evaluate the instrument's precision, as well as its manageability within anthropometric field studies. Data collected by the digital laser rangefinder did not show a significant difference to data of control by an anthropometer. F…
Skeletal robustness and bone strength as measured by anthropometry and ultrasonography as a function of physical activity in young adults
BACKGROUND: During the last 10 years, skeletal robustness in children has generally decreased. The reasons for this phenomenon, as well as its outcomes, are undetermined so far. AIM: The present study explores the association between anthropometric skeletal measurements, bone quality measurements, and physical activity in young adults. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: 118 German young men (N = 68; 19-25 years old) and women (N = 50; 19-24 years old) were in…
Is there an influence of modern life style on skeletal build
OBJECTIVES: Modern human life style has led to significant decrease in everyday physical activity and bipedal locomotion. It has previously been shown that skeletal robustness (relative elbow breadth) is associated with daily step counts. The aim of the study was to investigate whether also other skeletal measures, particularly pelvic breadth may have changed in recent decades. METHODS: We re-analyzed elbow breadth, pelvic breadth (bicristal), an…
Biological Anthropology
Prevention and anthropology
Screening is an important issue in medicine and is used to early identify unrecognised diseases in persons who are apparently in good health. Screening strongly relies on the concept of "normal values". Normal values are defined as values that are frequently observed in a population and usually range within certain statistical limits. Screening for obesity should start early as the prevalence of obesity consolidates already at early school age. T…
What does the mean menarcheal age mean?—An analysis of temporal pattern in variability in a historical swiss population from the 19th and 20th centuries
This study provided evidence for a secular trend in various statistical parameters for age at menarche since the 19th century. Furthermore, the results of the analysis of temporal pattern in variability revealed that the secular trend in menarcheal age happened in two phases. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:705-713, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc
Stature signals status
century.
Bilateral asymmetry in left handers increased concerning morphological laterality in a recent sample of young adults
Handedness is a major trait of humans, generating a measurable directional bilateral asymmetry in the upper extremities. In most cultures, right handedness is genetically more frequent (90%) and socially supported, even if reskilling became unusual. The present anthropometric study was conducted in 2014 with 76 right and 26 left handers born after 1985 to detect, whether right as well as left handedness produces significant morphological differen…
G lobal effects of income and income inequality on adult height and sexual dimorphism in height
OBJECTIVES: Average adult height of a population is considered a biomarker of the quality of the health environment and economic conditions. The causal relationships between height and income inequality are not well understood. We analyze data from 169 countries for national average heights of men and women and national-level economic factors to test two hypotheses: (1) income inequality has a greater association with average adult height than do…
Feminization of the fat distribution pattern of children and adolescents in a recent G erman population
OBJECTIVES: During the early 1990s, the economic and political situation in eastern Germany changed overnight. Here, we use the rare chance of an experiment-like setting in humans and aim to test whether the rapid change of environmental conditions in eastern Germany in the 1990s led to a change in the sex-specific fat distribution pattern, an endocrine-influenced phenotypic marker. METHODS: Based on a cross-sectional data set of 6- to 18-year-ol…
Analysis of longitudinal data of height z-scores in kindergarten children - A pilot study
0.127). Additional studies with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm this pilot study.
Demography (42 obras) · Medicine (42 obras) · Sociology (29 obras) · Psychology (22 obras) · Biology (21 obras) · Geography (21 obras) · Birth, Development, and Health (19 obras) · Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet (18 obras) · Mathematics (17 obras) · Population (15 obras)