R Barry Ruback
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 81187 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | R Barry Ruback |
| NOMBRES | R Barry |
| APELLIDO | Ruback |
| FIRMA | RUBACK R B |
| AFILIACIONES | Pennsylvania State University |
| VERIFICADO | No |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 38 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 77 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 38 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1979 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2021 |
| ÍNDICE H | 6 |
Youth Violent Offending in School and Out
This study used violent victimization data from the National Crime Victimization Survey (1994–2018) to examine whether criminal justice interventions (i.e. reporting to the police and arrest) for youth-perpetrated violence were more likely to occur in school than outside school. On average, violence at school was 8.4 percentage points less likely than violence outside school to be reported to the police, but if there was a police report, violence…
Restitution Payment and Recidivism
Research Summary Restitution is court‐ordered payment by an offender to compensate a crime victim for direct tangible losses resulting from the crime. Making regular restitution payments, it has been argued, may serve as a continual reminder to offenders of the harm they caused and their need to restore justice. In this study, we examined the recidivism of offenders who were delinquent in paying restitution and who had participated in a prior exp…
Storming the Bastille
How do people assemble in large groups? Do they come as individuals, do they move as an entire group from one location to another, or do they come in small groups of two or three? In this paper, we examine this issue in the context of the most prototypical of crowd events, the storming of the Bastille in 1789. We use data about the Vainqueurs (stormers) de la Bastille drawn from the French National Archives to indirectly test four possible mechan…
Juvenile Economic Sanctions
Research Summary Economic sanctions, particularly restitution, can help juvenile offenders both learn the extent of the harm they caused and assume responsibility for repairing that harm. If that assumption is true, then restitution should be imposed in every case for which it is appropriate, other factors should not affect imposition, and paying restitution should be negatively related to recidivism. This analysis of 921 juvenile cases in five P…
Paying Restitution
Research Summary Most crime victims do not receive the restitution they are owed. This study is an experiment that addresses two reasons offenders give for why they do not pay their court‐ordered restitution: (a) lack of understanding of how much they owe and where their payments are directed and (b) a belief that the sanctions are unfair. A total of 771 offenders were randomly assigned to one of four conditions in a 2 × 2 between‐subjects design…
Young Adults’ Perceptions of Non-Forcible Sexual Activity
The abolition of fines and fees
Partner Age Differences, Educational Contexts And Adolescent Female Sexual Activity
These findings challenge statutory rape laws' focus on age, given that the association between educational context and sexual risk overrides the association between partner age and sexual risk
Built Environment and Property Crime in Seattle, 1998-2000
The past decade has seen a rapid growth in the use of a spatial perspective in studies of crime. In part this growth has been driven by the availability of georeferenced data, and the tools to analyze and visualize them: geographic information systems, spatial analysis, and spatial statistics. In this paper we use exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) tools and Bayesian models to help better understand the spatial patterning and predictors of …
Residents’ reactions to environmental stressors in Kathmandu
Hindus' Evaluations of Hindus and Muslims
Two studies examined religious and political predictors of Hindus' attitudes toward Hindus and Muslims. In the first study, data came from interviews with 311 leaders of religious groups encamped at the Magh Mela, an annual religious gathering held at the confluence of the Ganges and Yamuna Rivers in northern India. Results indicated that most of the indicators of religious involvement were positively related to favoritism of the ingroup (Hindus)…
Ingroup Bias, Intergroup Contact and the Attribution of Blame for Riots
Hindu and Muslim college students judged the severity of a riot and attributed blame for that riot to the Hindu community, the Muslim community and the individual offenders. Both Hindu and Muslim students showed an ingroup bias, in that when offenders were from participants’ own religious group, they blamed the offenders the most and their own community the least. However, when the offenders were from the other religious group, students (both Hin…
Normative Standards for Crime Victims
Research has revealed that crime victims often seek advice about what action they should take, that victims' families and friends often provide this advice, and that this advice is based on norms for when reporting is appropriate. Results from this study indicated that research participants were more approving of reporting crimes committed by strangers than crimes committed by relatives, participants believed it was more appropriate to report cri…
Reactions to Environmental Stressors
Male and female residents of four slums in Dhaka, Bangladesh, and four slums in Islamabad, Pakistan, were interviewed about household and environmental stressors and about their mental distress and physical health. Within each city, the slums differed in terms of household-level variables (e.g., number of people and number of rooms per house) and contextual variables (e.g., number of families sharing a water source). Although there were gender di…
Social and Psychological Consequences of Violent Victimization
Introduction and Overview Studying the Effects of Victimization Violent Victimization and the Immediate Aftermath Affective, Behavioral, and Cognitive Consequences of Violent Victimization on Direct Crime Victims Secondary Victimization The Effects of Violence on Family Members, Friends, Neighbors, and Professionals The Effect of Violent Victimization on Communities Summary and Implications
The federal sentencing guidelines
The federal sentencing guidelines
Perceived Crowding in Indian Classrooms
Ninety primary school students in a city in northern India, an equal number of boys and girls, participated in a simulation task in which they placed small figures in a model classroom that they were told to make, in counterbalanced order, crowded or non-crowded. The students, 30 from each of three age groups (6-7, 9-10 and 12-13), also rated conditions in their classroom and their home. Analyses revealed consistent age effects, such as that youn…
Predicting Evacuation in Two Major Disasters
The complex and somewhat bewildering phenomenon of why people sometimes decide not to evacuate from a dangerous situation is influenced by a combination of individual characteristics and 3 basic social psychological processes: (a) risk perception, (b) social influence, and (c) access to resources. This study used a combined sample of 777 adults interviewed after Hurricanes Hugo and Andrew. Although numerous variables significantly predicted evacu…
Urban Stressors in South Asia
In two studies, pedestrians in Old and New Delhi (India) and Dhaka (Bangladesh) were asked about their reactions to three stressors common to rapidly growing urban areas in South Asia: noise, air pollution, and crowding. Results from the first study, a survey of men in Old Delhi, indicated that respondents who were more upset by noise and by crowding also reported more physical symptoms and less perceived control. In the second study, male and fe…
Reconceptualizing the Private Self-Consciousness Subscale
Three studies, part of a larger investigation of the effects of self-help groups, examined the structure of the private self-consciousness scale (Fenigstein, Scheier, & Buss, 1975). Two of these studies sampled children of alcoholics enrolled in an urban university and one sampled participants in a substance abuse treatment program. Factor analyses and correlational patterns across the three studies revealed that the private self-consciousness me…
System influences on posthomicide beliefs and distress
Criminal justice system experiences in 150 family members of homicide victims were investigated. The study had two goals: (a) to document the experiences of homicide survivors in the criminal justice system, including case outcomes, criminal justice system activities, and satisfaction with system personnel; and (b) to determine if experiences with the police impacted posthomicide beliefs (cognitive assumptions about the world and one's relationsh…
The more (men), the less merry
After the Crime
After the Crime
Describes the findings from 20 studies designed to explore decision making by crime victims in the immediate aftermath of the victimization, as well as the role played by emotions and social influences in this process. An important question, of course, is whether they will report the crime. Annotati
Social Influence and Crime‐Victim Decision Making
Other people can affect a crime‐victim's decision to notify the police in at least four different ways: (a) by cuing the victim to a particular “script” or particular actions within a script, (b) by providing arguments and advice, (c) by indicating what normative standards operate within some group important to the victim, and (d) by providing socioemotional support or nonsupport. These four functions others serve can operate when the victim is l…
Decision Making by Crime Victims
Since most crimes investigated by police result from notification by victims, crime victims can be viewed as the gatekeepers of the criminal justice system. This paper describes the results of a series of studies which employed multiple methodologies to investigate the decisions of property crime victims to notify the police. The four methods used in this research included (a) an archival analysis of police records, (b) interviews with crime vict…
Social and Emotional Determinants of Victim Crime Reporting
This study investigated the effect of victims' level of anger and type of bystander advice on theft victims' decision to call the police. Subjects were led to believe that they were victims of an $11 theft which occurred on the premises of an industrial research organization. Two independent variables were manipulated in a 3 x 3 factorial design: (a) bystander advice (advised action, advised no action, no advice) and (b) victim anger (high anger,…
Restitution Payment and Recidivism
Research Summary Restitution is court‐ordered payment by an offender to compensate a crime victim for direct tangible losses resulting from the crime. Making regular restitution payments, it has been argued, may serve as a continual reminder to offenders of the harm they caused and their need to restore justice. In this study, we examined the recidivism of offenders who were delinquent in paying restitution and who had participated in a prior exp…
Paying Restitution
Research Summary Most crime victims do not receive the restitution they are owed. This study is an experiment that addresses two reasons offenders give for why they do not pay their court‐ordered restitution: (a) lack of understanding of how much they owe and where their payments are directed and (b) a belief that the sanctions are unfair. A total of 771 offenders were randomly assigned to one of four conditions in a 2 × 2 between‐subjects design…
Built Environment and Property Crime in Seattle, 1998-2000
The past decade has seen a rapid growth in the use of a spatial perspective in studies of crime. In part this growth has been driven by the availability of georeferenced data, and the tools to analyze and visualize them: geographic information systems, spatial analysis, and spatial statistics. In this paper we use exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) tools and Bayesian models to help better understand the spatial patterning and predictors of …
The process of brainstorming
Juvenile Economic Sanctions
Research Summary Economic sanctions, particularly restitution, can help juvenile offenders both learn the extent of the harm they caused and assume responsibility for repairing that harm. If that assumption is true, then restitution should be imposed in every case for which it is appropriate, other factors should not affect imposition, and paying restitution should be negatively related to recidivism. This analysis of 921 juvenile cases in five P…
Young Adults’ Perceptions of Non-Forcible Sexual Activity
Urban Stressors in South Asia
In two studies, pedestrians in Old and New Delhi (India) and Dhaka (Bangladesh) were asked about their reactions to three stressors common to rapidly growing urban areas in South Asia: noise, air pollution, and crowding. Results from the first study, a survey of men in Old Delhi, indicated that respondents who were more upset by noise and by crowding also reported more physical symptoms and less perceived control. In the second study, male and fe…
The abolition of fines and fees
Reactions to Environmental Stressors
Male and female residents of four slums in Dhaka, Bangladesh, and four slums in Islamabad, Pakistan, were interviewed about household and environmental stressors and about their mental distress and physical health. Within each city, the slums differed in terms of household-level variables (e.g., number of people and number of rooms per house) and contextual variables (e.g., number of families sharing a water source). Although there were gender di…
System influences on posthomicide beliefs and distress
Criminal justice system experiences in 150 family members of homicide victims were investigated. The study had two goals: (a) to document the experiences of homicide survivors in the criminal justice system, including case outcomes, criminal justice system activities, and satisfaction with system personnel; and (b) to determine if experiences with the police impacted posthomicide beliefs (cognitive assumptions about the world and one's relationsh…
The more (men), the less merry
The federal sentencing guidelines
Waiting for a Phone
Dans le cadre du debat qui porte sur la reaction des sujets occupant temporairement un territoire public devant une intrusion (i.e. fuite ou detresse du territoire), les auteurs proposent 5 etudes dans une situation de cabine telephonique. Les causes de ces comportements sont egalement discutees
Criminal Victimization
Reaction to Opinion Deviance
This study investigated how various rationales for neutrality affect majority members' evaluation of a fence-straddling opinion deviate. Subjects, in four-person groups voting on treatment for a delinquent, learned that two simulated group members agreed with their position, which fell near one end of a 9-point response scale. A third member (deviate) responded at the midpoint of the scale and presented one of three rationales for neutrality: ind…
Social and Emotional Determinants of Victim Crime Reporting
This study investigated the effect of victims' level of anger and type of bystander advice on theft victims' decision to call the police. Subjects were led to believe that they were victims of an $11 theft which occurred on the premises of an industrial research organization. Two independent variables were manipulated in a 3 x 3 factorial design: (a) bystander advice (advised action, advised no action, no advice) and (b) victim anger (high anger,…
Reaction to Opinion Deviance
This study investigated how various rationales for neutrality affect majority members' evaluation of a fence-straddling opinion deviate. Subjects, in four-person groups voting on treatment for a delinquent, learned that two simulated group members agreed with their position, which fell near one end of a 9-point response scale. A third member (deviate) responded at the midpoint of the scale and presented one of three rationales for neutrality: ind…
Decision Making by Crime Victims
Since most crimes investigated by police result from notification by victims, crime victims can be viewed as the gatekeepers of the criminal justice system. This paper describes the results of a series of studies which employed multiple methodologies to investigate the decisions of property crime victims to notify the police. The four methods used in this research included (a) an archival analysis of police records, (b) interviews with crime vict…
Criminal Victimization
Social Influence and Crime‐Victim Decision Making
Other people can affect a crime‐victim's decision to notify the police in at least four different ways: (a) by cuing the victim to a particular “script” or particular actions within a script, (b) by providing arguments and advice, (c) by indicating what normative standards operate within some group important to the victim, and (d) by providing socioemotional support or nonsupport. These four functions others serve can operate when the victim is l…
The process of brainstorming
Urban Rats
Urban rats pose a significant problem to society, both in terms of spreading disease and causing property damage. They are able to thrive because humans provide them with ample food and habitat, unwittingly supporting a symbiotic population of rodents that is both symbol and symptom of urban decay. The project described herein was designed to explore the relationship between human and rat populations. Two studies, conducted on three neighborhoods…
Dimensions of Group Process
Deserted (and Nondeserted) Aisles
In a prior questionnaire study, subjects said they would feel more comfortable in a library aisle if they were alone than if another person were present. Based on these results, it was expected that intruded-upon subjects would leave a library aisle quicker than would nonintruded-upon subjects. The results of two studies, however, conflicted with this prediction. In the first study, an observer measured the amount of time 74 individuals spent in …
The relevance and irrelevance of psychological research
Group Vocal Patterns and Leadership in India
This study was concerned with the effects of language and sex of subjection social and task conversations among university students in India. Each of 20 same-sex 5-person groups, 10 male and 10 female, participated in three 10-minute discussions. The social conversation was in English or Telugu and the two task discussions were in English and Telugu, in counterbalanced order. Results showed more talking and simultaneous speech in Telugu than in E…
Vocal Indicators of Status
Male students in a university in South India were placed in dyads in which both members were either Upper Caste or Scheduled Caste, or one was Upper Caste and the other was Scheduled Caste. In each of the 27 dyads, the students carried on two unstructured conversations, 10 minutes in English and 10 minutes in Telugu, in a counterbalanced order across dyads. The conversations were recorded and converted into objective codes (e.g., turn, vocalisati…
Waiting for a Phone
Dans le cadre du debat qui porte sur la reaction des sujets occupant temporairement un territoire public devant une intrusion (i.e. fuite ou detresse du territoire), les auteurs proposent 5 etudes dans une situation de cabine telephonique. Les causes de ces comportements sont egalement discutees
After the Crime
The more (men), the less merry
Reconceptualizing the Private Self-Consciousness Subscale
Three studies, part of a larger investigation of the effects of self-help groups, examined the structure of the private self-consciousness scale (Fenigstein, Scheier, & Buss, 1975). Two of these studies sampled children of alcoholics enrolled in an urban university and one sampled participants in a substance abuse treatment program. Factor analyses and correlational patterns across the three studies revealed that the private self-consciousness me…
System influences on posthomicide beliefs and distress
Criminal justice system experiences in 150 family members of homicide victims were investigated. The study had two goals: (a) to document the experiences of homicide survivors in the criminal justice system, including case outcomes, criminal justice system activities, and satisfaction with system personnel; and (b) to determine if experiences with the police impacted posthomicide beliefs (cognitive assumptions about the world and one's relationsh…
Urban Stressors in South Asia
In two studies, pedestrians in Old and New Delhi (India) and Dhaka (Bangladesh) were asked about their reactions to three stressors common to rapidly growing urban areas in South Asia: noise, air pollution, and crowding. Results from the first study, a survey of men in Old Delhi, indicated that respondents who were more upset by noise and by crowding also reported more physical symptoms and less perceived control. In the second study, male and fe…
Predicting Evacuation in Two Major Disasters
The complex and somewhat bewildering phenomenon of why people sometimes decide not to evacuate from a dangerous situation is influenced by a combination of individual characteristics and 3 basic social psychological processes: (a) risk perception, (b) social influence, and (c) access to resources. This study used a combined sample of 777 adults interviewed after Hurricanes Hugo and Andrew. Although numerous variables significantly predicted evacu…
Perceived Crowding in Indian Classrooms
Ninety primary school students in a city in northern India, an equal number of boys and girls, participated in a simulation task in which they placed small figures in a model classroom that they were told to make, in counterbalanced order, crowded or non-crowded. The students, 30 from each of three age groups (6-7, 9-10 and 12-13), also rated conditions in their classroom and their home. Analyses revealed consistent age effects, such as that youn…
Social and Psychological Consequences of Violent Victimization
Introduction and Overview Studying the Effects of Victimization Violent Victimization and the Immediate Aftermath Affective, Behavioral, and Cognitive Consequences of Violent Victimization on Direct Crime Victims Secondary Victimization The Effects of Violence on Family Members, Friends, Neighbors, and Professionals The Effect of Violent Victimization on Communities Summary and Implications
The federal sentencing guidelines
The federal sentencing guidelines
Reactions to Environmental Stressors
Male and female residents of four slums in Dhaka, Bangladesh, and four slums in Islamabad, Pakistan, were interviewed about household and environmental stressors and about their mental distress and physical health. Within each city, the slums differed in terms of household-level variables (e.g., number of people and number of rooms per house) and contextual variables (e.g., number of families sharing a water source). Although there were gender di…
Normative Standards for Crime Victims
Research has revealed that crime victims often seek advice about what action they should take, that victims' families and friends often provide this advice, and that this advice is based on norms for when reporting is appropriate. Results from this study indicated that research participants were more approving of reporting crimes committed by strangers than crimes committed by relatives, participants believed it was more appropriate to report cri…
Psychology (35 obras) · Social Psychology (21 obras) · Criminology (18 obras) · Political science (17 obras) · Social Psychology (14 obras) · Sociology (13 obras) · Crime Patterns and Interventions (12 obras) · Law (12 obras) · Computer Science (10 obras) · Law (10 obras)