Justin Willis
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 82182 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Justin Willis |
| NOMBRES | Justin |
| APELLIDO | Willis |
| FIRMA | WILLIS J |
| AFILIACIONES | Durham University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-8525-9497 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 84 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 559 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 84 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1990 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2025 |
| ÍNDICE H | 13 |
Harambee Co-operative Savings and Credit Society
How should we understand 1970s Kenya, with its combination of inequality and relative political stability? This article offers a new perspective on that by following the early history of the Harambee Co-operative Savings and Credit Society—the most prominent of many such societies that grew in those years. The rise and crisis of this co-operative provides evidence of mismanagement and the pursuit of personal advantage—but also suggests that civil…
Saving, Inheritance and Future-Making in 1940s Kenya
The colonial state in Kenya offered its African subjects a novel tool for imagining a future life. The Post Office Savings Bank (POSB) was meant to encourage 'thrift' - the postponement of consumption - and to play its part in a wider colonial project of turning disparate forms of value into money that could be gathered and used by the state. In practice, Kenya's POSB was inaccessible and/or unappealing to many people: it disappointed official ex…
Debt, credit and obligation in Kenya's 2022 elections
Asked why they intended to vote for William Ruto in Kenya’s 2022 presidential election, many people in central Kenya had a simple answer: ‘we owe Ruto a debt’. This was not the only kind of debt, nor the only idea of obligation, to feature in the election campaigns: the extent of personal and national debt in Kenya were both frequently discussed. At the same time, voters were being offered more debt – through national and local schemes to provide…
Has Kenya democratized? Institutional strengthening and contingency in the 2022 general elections
Kenya’s 2022 general elections saw – for only the second time in the country’s history – a transfer of power from a retiring president to a candidate that they had not backed. Moreover, despite accusations of electoral malpractice, the Supreme Court upheld the results, relatively few petitions were submitted for lower-level races, and political unrest around the election itself was relatively minor. This has led some commentators to speculate tha…
Mombasa
Mombasa is the product of ongoing contests. Those contests have been about labor (both waged and unwaged): who should do what kind of work, and on what terms? They have been about land: who controls the right to build or cultivate, and what terms can they demand of potential users? They have also been about commerce: who has the right to control and tax the goods that have been traded in and through Mombasa, and who sets the terms of that trade? …
Document Number Five
In July 1970, Uganda’s President Milton Obote published—under his own name—a plan for a new system of single-party elections. ‘Document Number Five’, as it was called, offered a radical solution to a profound problem. Africa’s nationalist politicians had committed themselves to adult suffrage and the secret ballot as an affirmation of the existence of the nation. Yet they feared that an untutored public, encouraged by unscrupulous politicians, wo…
Islam, politics, and violence on the Kenya coast
In June 2014, the Kenyan coastal town of Mpeketoni was the target of a brutal and prolonged terrorist attack, in which dozens of civilians were murdered. In the aftermath of the attack, there were apparently widely differing analyses of its nature and purpose. After a delay, the Somali-based al-Shabaab movement claimed responsibility. However, the government of Kenya insisted that it had actually been the result of ‘local politics’ – thought it w…
The Moral Economy of Elections in Africa
Do elections turn people into democratic citizens? Elections have long been seen as a way to foster democracy, development and security in Africa, with many hoping that the secret ballot would transform states. Adopting a new approach that focusses on the moral economy of elections, Nic Cheeseman, Gabrielle Lynch and Justin Willis show how elections are shaped by competing visions of what it means to be a good leader, bureaucrat or citizen. Using…
Kenya’s Coast
In January 2019, Kenya’s already crowded political landscape was joined by another new party. The Umoja Summit Political Party was, avowedly, a party for the coast “formed on the basis of bringing back the elusive unity of the region,” as its founder declared. Observers might have been forgiven for regarding this initiative with scepticism. Following the general elections of 2013 there had been a series of meetings amongst a slightly shifting cas…
Misery Implicitly Loves Company
This study focuses on the formation of bullied individuals’ friendships and romantic relationships. Individuals bullied in their past may be more likely to form connections with those who share similar oppressive experiences. Thus, we investigated the possibility that implicit homophily underlies the formation of interpersonal relationships among previously bullied individuals. Moreover, we investigated whether these individuals were aware of the…
From peace campaigns to peaceocracy
Research on Kenya’s 2013 elections has suggested that a “peace narrative” was deliberately promoted by an establishment elite to delegitimize protest and justify the use of excessive force. It has also tended to see the Kenyan case as exceptional and to assume that such a narrative was only possible because of the 2007/2008 post-election violence. We agree that peace campaigns are often particularly intense in the wake of violence and that they c…
Kenya's 2017 elections
This article asks what Kenya’s 2017 general elections tell us about the capacity of a new constitution to reduce the stakes of political competition and prospects of political instability. Three constitutional changes are particularly important: the adoption of a 50% + 1 threshold for the presidential election; the devolution of power to 47 county governments; and the introduction of a Supreme Court with the right to hear presidential electoral p…
Voting, Nationhood, and Citizenship in Late-Colonial Africa
In the face of considerable scepticism from some British commentators, elections by secret ballot and adult suffrage emerged as central features of the end of British rule in Africa. This article considers the trajectories of electoral politics in three territories – Ghana (Gold Coast), Kenya, and Uganda. It shows that in each of these, the ballot box came to provide a point of convergence for the disparate ambitions of nationalist politicians, c…
Digital dilemmas
Digital technologies are increasingly used in elections around the world. Where the resources and capacity of the state are limited, some have argued that such technologies make it possible to rapidly “leapfrog” to cleaner and more credible elections. This article argues that the growing use of these technologies has been driven by the fetishization of technology rather than by rigorous assessment of their effectiveness; that they may create sign…
Preaching politics
Focusing on the Kenya coast, this article analyses the developing contrast between the place of Islam and Christianity in public politics. It argues that Islam’s association with criticism of the political order contrasts with Christianity, but that this is not the result of inherent difference between the religions. Both have previously provided a language, and space, for political commentary and activism in Kenya. The contrast is rather the con…
Ghana
Despite pre-election fears, the victory of the opposition NPP over the ruling NDC in Ghana’s December 2016 elections became the prologue to a peaceful transfer of power, an outcome which suggests that the advantage of incumbency in African elections may be on the wane. Recent transfers of power in Africa have been driven by deteriorating economic conditions, opposition learning, more effective and dynamic electoral processes, and increasingly ass…
La machine électorale
Les élections mettent en jeu plusieurs types de représentations publiques de l'ordre, que ce soit durant les campagnes ou au fil des processus bureaucratiques entourant la tenue des scrutins. Cet article s'intéresse à un élément clé de l'élection, à savoir la culture matérielle du bureau de vote et les processus qui lui sont associés. Il en dissèque les pratiques, leurs continuités et transformations dans trois pays de l'Afrique postcoloniale : l…
La fabrique du vote
du site ou, le cas échéant, des conditions générales de la licence souscrite par votre établissement
A valid electoral exercise'? Uganda's 1980 Elections and the Observers' Dilemma
The presence at Uganda's 1980 general elections of a Commonwealth Observer Group might be seen as a seminal moment. This was the first formal international observation of polls in a sovereign African state and the precursor of multiple similar missions that later became routine. Yet the 1980 mission sits uneasily in the history of election observation. The observers endorsed the results despite evidence of malpractice, and Uganda plunged into civ…
Islam and Democracy
debating electoral involvement on the Kenya coastIn the Kenyan coastal town of Kilifi, an unobtrusive green sign is nailed to a telegraph pole in the market place.Painted on it, in neat white letters, are the words Demokrasi ni ukafiri: 'Democracy is unbelief'.It is a brief statement of one view in a complex debate amongst Muslims in Kenya, about the nature of their collective relationship with the secular state and its elected bodies.In the run-…
Dividing the Nile
The long rivalry between Britain and Egypt over control of Sudan – which took institutional form in the Condominium of 1899–1956 – has been the subject of considerable scholarly attention over the years. The English-language literature has tended to focus on understanding British policy, or an analysis of the consequences of this rivalry for Sudan itself – for, of course, the ironic result of this imperial wrangling was the emergence of Sudan as …
Decentralisation in Kenya
Kenya's March 2013 elections ushered in a popular system of devolved government that represented the country's biggest political transformation since independence. Yet within months there were public calls for a referendum to significantly revise the new arrangements. This article analyses the campaign that was led by the newly elected governors in order to understand the ongoing disputes over the introduction of decentralisation in Kenya, and wh…
Their Second Republic. Islamism in the Sudan from Disintegration to Oblivion by Abdullahi A. Galab Farnham
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The Southern Problem
Southern Sudanese politicians of the 1950s and 1960s have been criticized for a rivalrous, divisive politics, which left the south disunited and vulnerable. While acknowledging that these men were a tiny, squabbling group, remote from those they sought to represent, this article suggests that they faced an impossible task. The demand to represent ‘the south’ did not come solely, or even largely, from the people who lived in the southern provinces…
The Mijikenda and Mombasa to c. 1930
The Mijikenda are a group of nine peoples who live on the coast around, and in the immediate hinterland of, Mombasa. Their identity as the Mijikenda is a recent construct, and is structured around traditions of migration from a common place of origin in the north, called Singwaya. These traditions have also been employed by elder males within Mijikenda groups to explain and legitimate the institutions around which their power is based. Until the …
Mombasa, the Swahili, and the Making of the Mijikenda
This is a history of the Kenyan city of Mombasa and its surrounding settlements from the mid-19th century to the height of colonial rule in the 1930s. The book places the island and town of Mombasa in its African context, incorporating the findings of historical and anthropological research. It examines the institutions and social networks that simultaneously united and divided the people of the region before the colonial period, demonstrating bo…
Democracy and its discontents
In the months leading up to Kenya's general election in March 2013, there was much concern – both within Kenya itself and internationally – that political competition would trigger a fresh wave of ethnic violence. However, the 2013 elections passed off largely peacefully, despite an unexpected presidential result and fact that the losing candidate, Raila Odinga, appealed the outcome to the Supreme Court. This article argues that Kenya avoided pol…
Being Maasai
Decentralisation in Kenya
Kenya's March 2013 elections ushered in a popular system of devolved government that represented the country's biggest political transformation since independence. Yet within months there were public calls for a referendum to significantly revise the new arrangements. This article analyses the campaign that was led by the newly elected governors in order to understand the ongoing disputes over the introduction of decentralisation in Kenya, and wh…
Digital dilemmas
Digital technologies are increasingly used in elections around the world. Where the resources and capacity of the state are limited, some have argued that such technologies make it possible to rapidly “leapfrog” to cleaner and more credible elections. This article argues that the growing use of these technologies has been driven by the fetishization of technology rather than by rigorous assessment of their effectiveness; that they may create sign…
Swahili origins
Journal Article Swahili origins: Swahili culture and the Shungwaya phenomenon Get access Swahili origins: Swahili culture and the Shungwaya phenomenon, by James de Vere Allen. James Currey, London, 1993. xii + 272 pp. £35 hardback, £12.95 paperback. ISBN 0-85255-076-6 and 0-85255-075-8. JUSTIN WILLIS JUSTIN WILLIS British Institute of Eastern Africa Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar African Affairs, Volume 9…
Kenya's 2017 elections
This article asks what Kenya’s 2017 general elections tell us about the capacity of a new constitution to reduce the stakes of political competition and prospects of political instability. Three constitutional changes are particularly important: the adoption of a 50% + 1 threshold for the presidential election; the devolution of power to 47 county governments; and the introduction of a Supreme Court with the right to hear presidential electoral p…
Marginalization and political participation on the Kenya coast
At the coast, the run-up to Kenya's 2013 elections was dominated by fears of violence and the calls for a boycott by the secessionist Mombasa Republican Council. However, the elections passed off largely peacefully, and coastal turnout was significantly higher than in any previous election. This article argues that the secessionist campaign was internally incoherent, and undermined by divisions within the ‘coasterian’ community it claimed to repr…
The Makings of a Tribe
Since the mid-nineteenth century, there have been several changes in the paradigms of ethnic identity in the area around the modern town of Muheza in north-eastern Tanzania. Such differing tribal schemas have been correlated with differing presentations of history, and today several varying ideas of identity and history coexist. This correlation, and coexistence, suggest that all discussions of history and identity are negotiations, in which indi…
Ghana
Despite pre-election fears, the victory of the opposition NPP over the ruling NDC in Ghana’s December 2016 elections became the prologue to a peaceful transfer of power, an outcome which suggests that the advantage of incumbency in African elections may be on the wane. Recent transfers of power in Africa have been driven by deteriorating economic conditions, opposition learning, more effective and dynamic electoral processes, and increasingly ass…
Tradition, Tribe, and State in Kenya
The apparent mobilizing power of ethnic sentiment in recent African history has been the subject of vigorous debate. Studies that emphasize the centrality of colonialism and the instrumental use of ethnicity have been criticized by a scholarship arguing that the affective power of ethnicity is culturally rooted through longstanding experience and practice, and that both manipulation and invention are constrained by this. This paper contributes to…
Potent Brews
Beer Used to Belong to Older Men
The Nyakyusa were the subject of a classic series of ethnographies. This article suggests that these works took insufficient account of struggles over authority in the colonial period. Consequently they overstated the formalisation of chiefly power and understated the complex relationship between generational tensions and political authority in the pre-colonial period. Following discursive and practical changes in the use of alcohol, the article …
Violence, Authority, and the State in the Nuba Mountains of Condominium Sudan
While British colonial rhetoric consistently identified tradition as the basis of legitimate authority, colonial practice actually produced far-reaching changes in the nature of government in Britain's African possessions. New institutions, and new holders of power, emerged in African societies in response to the particular needs of colonial administration. This article explores this transformation in one part of Condominium Sudan, which was effe…
Hukm
Recent scholarship on ‘neo-traditionalism’ and colonial governance in Africa has challenged assumptions about the ‘invention of tradition’ and the ability of the colonial state to create wholly innovative kinds of local authority. This article explores one episode in the development of the authority of Ali el Tom, probably the most famous ‘traditional’ ruler in Condominium Sudan. It suggests that Ali el Tom's authority was a creole product, which…
Becoming a Child of the House
The last twenty years have seen a series of studies dealing, at least in part, with the nineteenth-century history of slavery at the East African coast. Each has, in its own way, focused on transformations associated with changing patterns of accumulation in the nineteenth century. If there has been a general theme it is of the increasing constraints placed upon slaves and the increasing demands made on them, as owners sought to reorganize labour…
Voting, Nationhood, and Citizenship in Late-Colonial Africa
In the face of considerable scepticism from some British commentators, elections by secret ballot and adult suffrage emerged as central features of the end of British rule in Africa. This article considers the trajectories of electoral politics in three territories – Ghana (Gold Coast), Kenya, and Uganda. It shows that in each of these, the ballot box came to provide a point of convergence for the disparate ambitions of nationalist politicians, c…
The Southern Problem
Southern Sudanese politicians of the 1950s and 1960s have been criticized for a rivalrous, divisive politics, which left the south disunited and vulnerable. While acknowledging that these men were a tiny, squabbling group, remote from those they sought to represent, this article suggests that they faced an impossible task. The demand to represent ‘the south’ did not come solely, or even largely, from the people who lived in the southern provinces…
Alcohol in Africa
The Administration of Bonde, 1920-60
Journal Article THE ADMINISTRATION OF BONDE, 1920-60: A Study of the Implementation of Indirect Rule in Tanganyika Get access JUSTIN WILLIS JUSTIN WILLIS Dr Justin Willis is Assistant Director of the British Institute in Eastern Africa, Nairobi. Owing to storage difficulties at the Tanzanian National Archives, it has not been possible to consult at first hand all the archival material cited here. I am enormously indebted to John Iliffe for allowi…
"Men on the Spot," Labor, and the Colonial State in British East Africa
Justin Willis, "Men on the Spot," Labor, and the Colonial State in British East Africa: The Mombasa Water Supply, 1911-1917, The International Journal of African Historical Studies, Vol. 28, No. 1 (1995), pp. 25-48
The Northern Kayas of the Mijikenda
(1996). The Northern Kayas of the Mijikenda: Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa: Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 75-98
Preaching politics
Focusing on the Kenya coast, this article analyses the developing contrast between the place of Islam and Christianity in public politics. It argues that Islam’s association with criticism of the political order contrasts with Christianity, but that this is not the result of inherent difference between the religions. Both have previously provided a language, and space, for political commentary and activism in Kenya. The contrast is rather the con…
La fabrique du vote
du site ou, le cas échéant, des conditions générales de la licence souscrite par votre établissement
A valid electoral exercise'? Uganda's 1980 Elections and the Observers' Dilemma
The presence at Uganda's 1980 general elections of a Commonwealth Observer Group might be seen as a seminal moment. This was the first formal international observation of polls in a sovereign African state and the precursor of multiple similar missions that later became routine. Yet the 1980 mission sits uneasily in the history of election observation. The observers endorsed the results despite evidence of malpractice, and Uganda plunged into civ…
And So They Called a Kiva
Historians of the Hills
(1991). Historians of the Hills: Two Approaches to History in north-eastern Tanzania. Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa: Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 197-206
The Makings of a Tribe
Since the mid-nineteenth century, there have been several changes in the paradigms of ethnic identity in the area around the modern town of Muheza in north-eastern Tanzania. Such differing tribal schemas have been correlated with differing presentations of history, and today several varying ideas of identity and history coexist. This correlation, and coexistence, suggest that all discussions of history and identity are negotiations, in which indi…
Histories of the Coast, and the Structure of Hinterland Communities
This chapter mainly describes the location and fertility of the Mombasa island. It lies a few miles inland from the coast, forming a steep ridge on the seaward side. It is a relatively fertile and well-watered area, stretching from Kilifi in the north, and continued to the south of Mombasa by the Shimba hills. Further west, this ridge gives way to drier and increasingly infertile scrubland. Coral lies just below the topsoil, and the ground holds …
Casual Labour and the Swahili in Mombasa
This chapter aims to gain an understanding of why movement to Mombasa was such an attractive option for some people in the early colonial period and demands an analysis of the Mombasa labour market of the time as well as of the domestic economy of the hinterland homestead. The arrival of European planters, civil servants, the railway, and the Conservancy and Public Works Departments had created in Mombasa a demand for contracted labour: workers w…
Squatting and Trade in the Hinterland
Planning Mombasa
This chapter describes what efforts were made to reshape the town of Mombasa through town planning by the administration. In Mombasa, the authorities sought to remake urban physical space in order to change the social relationships. Official discourse around the planning of the town invoked an imagery of moral and physical contamination, which emphasized the importance of establishing proper boundaries and preventing the incorporation of even mor…
The Control of Trade
This chapter describes how the government controlled trade. Government interference in the trade networks of the coast took two distinct forms. The first was through an attempt to limit participation in certain small-scale trades, notably that of palm wine, which were partly bound up with the clientship networks of Mombasa. The second form of government interference was through an attempt to destroy the influence of Arab and Swahili traders in th…
New Networks of Labour
This chapter describes the partial transformation of the casual labour force of Mombasa involved in the development of new networks. Numbers of people from the hinterland lived and worked in Mombasa at this time, but they did so as Swahili, not as ‘Nyika’. In 1923, the District Commissioner for Kilifi noted that for the first time large numbers of Wanyika took part in casual work at the harbor and elsewhere in Mombasa. In 1925, the District Commi…
The Twelve Tribes and the Mijikenda
This chapter mainly discusses the population growth of Mombasa and the consequent decrease in wage rates. Also it details the twelve tribes and the Mijikenda. The root of the progressive drop in wages was the end of the labour shortages that had once dragged all forms of casual work-as Mombasa's population swelled, workers were finding it harder to get work and their previously strong bargaining position was undermined. Much of this population gr…
Feedback As a “Problem” in Oral History
Feedback—the process by which written versions of history influence subsequent presentations of oral history—is now a well-documented process. In writing on African history, Henige in particular has emphasized the importance of feedback in oral history, and has suggested that feedback from written sources is a process of contamination which has affected oral history all over the continent. Some aspects of the oral history of Bonde, the area aroun…
Mombasa, the Swahili, and the Making of the Mijikenda
This is a history of the Kenyan city of Mombasa and its surrounding settlements from the mid-19th century to the height of colonial rule in the 1930s. The book places the island and town of Mombasa in its African context, incorporating the findings of historical and anthropological research. It examines the institutions and social networks that simultaneously united and divided the people of the region before the colonial period, demonstrating bo…
The Administration of Bonde, 1920-60
Journal Article THE ADMINISTRATION OF BONDE, 1920-60: A Study of the Implementation of Indirect Rule in Tanganyika Get access JUSTIN WILLIS JUSTIN WILLIS Dr Justin Willis is Assistant Director of the British Institute in Eastern Africa, Nairobi. Owing to storage difficulties at the Tanzanian National Archives, it has not been possible to consult at first hand all the archival material cited here. I am enormously indebted to John Iliffe for allowi…
The Nature of a Mission Community
THE NATURE OF A MISSION COMMUNITY: THE UNIVERSITIES' MISSION TO CENTRAL AFRICA IN BONDE Get access Justin Willis Justin Willis British Institute in Eastern AfricaNairobi Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Past & Present, Volume 140, Issue 1, August 1993, Pages 127–154, https://doi.org/10.1093/past/140.1.127 Published: 01 August 1993
Killing Bwana
The killing in May 1905 of Harry St. George Gait, a senior official of the Uganda Protectorate, has generally been treated in the literature as a political murder mystery. It can more usefully be seen as a window on two issues: the importance of clientship in relationships between agriculturalists and pastoralists in the kingdom of Ankole, and British reliance on pastoral allies to make real their power in Ankole. This paper suggests that Gait wa…
Swahili origins
Journal Article Swahili origins: Swahili culture and the Shungwaya phenomenon Get access Swahili origins: Swahili culture and the Shungwaya phenomenon, by James de Vere Allen. James Currey, London, 1993. xii + 272 pp. £35 hardback, £12.95 paperback. ISBN 0-85255-076-6 and 0-85255-075-8. JUSTIN WILLIS JUSTIN WILLIS British Institute of Eastern Africa Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar African Affairs, Volume 9…
Mombasa, The Swahili, and the Making of the Mijikenda
Part 1 Singwaya was a very big city - the Swahili and the Nyika to 1890: histories of the coast, and the structure of hinterland communities clients and slaves. Part 2 Why the natives will not work - labour, trade and the story of Singwaya, 1890-1919: squatting and trade in the hinterland casual labour and the Swahili in Mombasa. Part 3 Close contact with the coast residents is most prejudicial - state intervention, 1900-1931: the creation of adm…
Being Maasai
"Men on the Spot," Labor, and the Colonial State in British East Africa
Justin Willis, "Men on the Spot," Labor, and the Colonial State in British East Africa: The Mombasa Water Supply, 1911-1917, The International Journal of African Historical Studies, Vol. 28, No. 1 (1995), pp. 25-48
Mombasa, the Swahili, and the Making of the Mijikenda
Mombasa, the Swahili, and the Making of the Mijikenda
Two Lives of Mpamizo
In August 1993 and February 1994 I conducted two interviews with a woman in Buhweju, a county in southwestern Uganda. The interviews were part of a series concerning the social and political history of Buhweju, which is now part of Bushenyi District. In the precolonial period, Buhweju was a small autonomous polity ruled by an hereditary “king;” in the colonial period it was subsumed into the neighboring kingdom of Nkore, which became known as Ank…
The Northern Kayas of the Mijikenda
(1996). The Northern Kayas of the Mijikenda: Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa: Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 75-98
Becoming a Child of the House
The last twenty years have seen a series of studies dealing, at least in part, with the nineteenth-century history of slavery at the East African coast. Each has, in its own way, focused on transformations associated with changing patterns of accumulation in the nineteenth century. If there has been a general theme it is of the increasing constraints placed upon slaves and the increasing demands made on them, as owners sought to reorganize labour…
Clan and History in Western Uganda
L'A. reexamine l'historicite du clan en Ouganda occidental. A travers l'etude d'elements de l'histoire orale a Buhweju (district de Bushenyi), il suggere que l'historiographie locale ne confirme pas la pertinence d'une histoire des clans. Les clans actuels font partie integrante de constructions sociales englobantes et contestees. Si les clans n'ont pas ete inventes par les historiens et les ethnographes, l'idee qu'ils existent, en tant qu'entite…
Political science (61 obras) · Law (48 obras) · Sociology (48 obras) · African history and culture studies (39 obras) · History (38 obras) · Global Maritime and Colonial Histories (37 obras) · Law (36 obras) · Politics (31 obras) · History (27 obras) · African history and culture analysis (25 obras)