Reynaldo Martorell
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 89594 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Reynaldo Martorell |
| NOMBRES | Reynaldo |
| APELLIDO | Martorell |
| FIRMA | MARTORELL R |
| AFILIACIONES | Emory University |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-8862-7243 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 90 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 389 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 90 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1974 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2025 |
| ÍNDICE H | 9 |
Commentary
Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022
BACKGROUND: Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. METHODS: ). For school-aged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI 2 SD above the median). FINDINGS: From 1990 to 20…
Women’s health and well-being in five birth cohorts from low- and middle-income countries
Background: Women's health and well-being (WHW) have been receiving growing attention, but limited progress has been made on how to measure its different domains in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We used data from five long-term birth cohorts in Brazil, Guatemala, the Philippines and South Africa to explore different domains of adult WHW, and how these domains relate to early life exposures. Methods: Based upon an a priori conceptualis…
The relationships between optimal infant feeding practices and child development and attained height at age 2 years and 6–7 years
Limited evidence exists on the long-term effects of early feeding practices on child growth and development. We examined the relationships between infant feeding practices and child height and development at ages 2 and 6-7 years. We studied 885 mother-child dyads from a randomized controlled trial of preconception supplementation in Vietnam. Early initiation of breastfeeding (EIBF), exclusive breastfeeding (EBF), breastfeeding (BF) duration and m…
Predictors of anemia in mothers and children in Uttar Pradesh, India
Objective: Anemia affects more than half of Indian women and children, but the contribution of its causes remains unquantified. We examined interrelationships between hemoglobin and nutritional, environmental, infectious, and genetic determinants of anemia in non-pregnant mothers and children in Uttar Pradesh (UP). Design: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of households in 25 districts of UP between October and December 2016. We collected soc…
Early life predictors of body composition trajectories from adolescence to mid‐adulthood
OBJECTIVES: Guatemala has experienced rapid increases in adult obesity. We characterized body composition trajectories from adolescence to mid-adulthood and determined the predictive role of parental characteristics, early life factors, and a nutrition intervention. METHODS: One thousand three hundred and sixty-four individuals who participated as children in a nutrition trial (1969-1977) were followed prospectively. Body composition characterize…
Subjective social status is associated with happiness but not weight status or psychological distress
Subjective social status showed small but consistent associations with happiness in birth cohorts independent of life-course SEP
Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019
BACKGROUND: Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. METHODS: We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30-79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blo…
Socioeconomic position over the life-course and subjective social status in relation to nutritional status and mental health among Guatemalan adults
Subjective social status was independently associated with happiness and psychological distress in middle adulthood after adjusting for objective SEP. Moreover, association of objective SEP with health was not mediated by SSS, suggesting potentially independent pathways
Changes in asset-based wealth across the life course in birth cohorts from five low- and middle-income countries
Temporally-harmonized asset indices displayed coherence with cross-sectional indices as well as construct validity with schooling
Relative and absolute wealth mobility since birth in relation to health and human capital in middle adulthood
Higher attained schooling provided a pathway for upward relative mobility and higher absolute wealth gains as well as protection against downward relative mobility. Upward mobility was associated with lower psychological distress and higher fluid intelligence but also higher weight status
Cognitive and socio-emotional correlates of psychological well-being and mental health in Guatemalan adults
Of all examined factors, spirituality and religion made the greatest contribution to psychological well-being. These findings support the notion that in populations experiencing difficult circumstances, religion can perhaps make a greater contribution to well-being and aid coping. More research is needed to examine mediators of this association
Making programmes worth their salt
Double fortified salt (DFS) has proven efficacy in addressing iron deficiency and anaemia, thus improving maternal and child nutrition outcomes. However, DFS delivery in large-scale settings is less understood, with limited documentation of its fidelity of implementation (FOI). We assessed the FOI of the DFS intervention in Uttar Pradesh, India, to improve the design and implementation of such programmes that aim to reduce the anaemia burden, esp…
Influence of enhanced nutrition and psychosocial stimulation in early childhood on cognitive functioning and psychological well-being in Guatemalan adults
Our findings suggest that childhood nutrition interventions have long-lasting effects on cognitive ability and psychological well-being outcomes
Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories
BACKGROUND: Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. METHODS: For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease …
Differential influences of early growth and social factors on young children's cognitive performance in four low-and-middle-income birth cohorts (Brazil, Guatemala, Philippines, and South Africa)
Across four low- and middle-income contexts, cognition in childhood is influenced more by the parental capacity of families and their economic resources than by birth weight and early linear growth. Improving children's cognitive functioning requires multi-sectoral interventions to improve parental education and enhance their economic wellbeing, interventions that are known to improve also early childhood growth
Risk of dietary and breastmilk exposure to mycotoxins among lactating women and infants 2–4 months in northern India
Mycotoxins are carcinogenic secondary metabolites of fungi that have been linked to infant growth faltering. In this study, we quantified co-occurring mycotoxins in breast milk and food samples from Haryana, India, and characterized determinants of exposure. Deterministic risk assessment was conducted for mothers and infants. We examined levels of eight mycotoxins (Aflatoxin B 1 , B 2 , G 1 , G 2 , M 1 , M 2 ; Ochratoxin A, B) in 100 breast milk …
A mixed-methods study of pesticide exposures in Breastmilk and Community & Lactating Women’s perspectives from Haryana, India
CTRI/2017/01/007636 , Date Registered: 06/01/2017. CTRI website: http://ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pdf_generate.php?trialid=17249&EncHid=&modid=&compid=%27,%2717249det%27
Malnutrition in all its forms by wealth, education and ethnicity in Latin America
Objective: To summarise the findings from this supplemental issue on the distribution of malnutrition (stunting/short stature, anaemia and overweight) by wealth, education and ethnicity within and between ten Latin American countries. Design: We retrieved information from each country’s article and estimated the average difference in the prevalence of malnutrition between groups. We estimated the associations between countries’ malnutrition preva…
Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults
Body-mass index (BMI) has increased steadily in most countries in parallel with a rise in the proportion of the population who live in cities 1,2 . This has led to a widely reported view that urbanization is one of the most important drivers of the global rise in obesity 3–6 . Here we use 2,009 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in more than 112 million adults, to report national, regional and global trends in mean B…
Use of monitoring data to improve implementation of a home fortification program in Bihar, India
This paper describes the use of program-monitoring data to track program performance and inform activities. Monitoring data were collected as part of an effectiveness trial of multiple micronutrient powders (MNPs) for children 6-18 months in Bihar, India. Communities (n = 70; reaching over 10,000 children) were randomized to receive either counselling on infant and young child feeding or both counselling and MNPs. Government frontline health work…
A collaborative, mixed‐methods evaluation of a low‐cost, handheld 3D imaging system for child anthropometry
3D imaging for body measurements is regularly used for design of garments and ergonomic products. The development of low-cost 3D scanners provided an opportunity to extend the use of 3D imaging to the health sector. We developed and tested the AutoAnthro System, the first mobile, low-cost, full-body, 3D imaging system designed specifically for child anthropometry. This study evaluated the efficiency, invasiveness, and user experience of the AutoA…
The co‐occurrence of anaemia and stunting in young children
Anaemia and stunting are prevalent nutritional problems among children of low-income countries that have profound effects on development, morbidity, and mortality. Many use a single conceptual framework to identify the basic determinants of these and other forms of malnutrition. One would expect that problems with matching underlying determinants should co-occur in affected individuals to a greater degree than by chance. In 2 populations of child…
Worldwide trends in blood pressure from 1975 to 2015
BACKGROUND: Raised blood pressure is an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and chronic kidney disease. We estimated worldwide trends in mean systolic and mean diastolic blood pressure, and the prevalence of, and number of people with, raised blood pressure, defined as systolic blood pressure of 140 mm Hg or higher or diastolic blood pressure of 90 mm Hg or higher. METHODS: For this analysis, we pooled national, subnational, or comm…
Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016
BACKGROUND: Underweight, overweight, and obesity in childhood and adolescence are associated with adverse health consequences throughout the life-course. Our aim was to estimate worldwide trends in mean body-mass index (BMI) and a comprehensive set of BMI categories that cover underweight to obesity in children and adolescents, and to compare trends with those of adults. METHODS: We pooled 2416 population-based studies with measurements of height…
The Impact of Improving Nutrition During Early Childhood on Education among Guatemalan Adults
Using a longitudinal survey from rural Guatemala, we examine the effect of an early childhood nutritional intervention on adult educational outcomes. An intent-to-treat model yields substantial effects of an experimental intervention that provided highly nutritious food supplements to children, a quarter century after it ended: increases of 1.2 grades completed for women and one quarter SD on standardised reading comprehension and non-verbal cogn…
Body Size, Adaptation and Function
This is a brief discussion of the "small but healthy" hypothesis proposed by David Seckler in the early 1980s. Four basic points are made. First, adults in developing countries have small body sizes largely as a result of poor diets and infection during childhood. Therefore, to acclaim small body sizes as a desirable attribute for populations is also to affirm that its causes are desirable. Second, monitoring the growth of children is widely reco…
Ethnomedicine and oral rehydration therapy
Diarrheal diseases and growth retardation in preschool Guatemalan children
The relationship between diarrheal diseases and growth increments in total body length and weight was investigated in 716 rural Ladino Guatemalan children. Data on diarrheal diseases were provided by the mothers through retrospective surveys carried out at 14‐day intervals. Increments in length and weight, semestral from near birth to four years and yearly thence to seven, were related to days ill with diarrheal diseases during the same time inte…
The identification and evaluation of measurement variability in the anthropometry of preschool children
Measurement variability estimates for 18 different anthropometric dimensions were collected within the context of an ongoing longitudinal investigation of preschool Guatemalan children. Estimates of total measurement variance, intra‐observer variance, and short‐term intra‐subject variance are presented for each variable. A simple procedure for the evaluation of measurement variance in cross‐sectional and longitudinal investigations is described i…
Malnutrition, Morbidity, and Mortality
This paper reviews clinical epidemiological and experimental studies of mild and moderate malnutrition and child survival. 2 general issues are discussed as a preface: 1) the measurement of mild and moderate malnutrition and 2) the factors responsible for their existence. It is argued that anthropometry offers many advantages over other indicators of nutritional status. The foremost is that body measurements are sensitive over the full range of m…
Short and plump physique of Mexican‐American children
Mexican‐American children are shorter but relatively heavier than non‐Hispanic whites and blacks. The objectives of this paper are to assess the extent to which this “short and plump” physique occurs in data collected in two national surveys (HANES I and II); to determine variations by age, sex, and socioeconomic status; and to investigate the anthropometric characteristics that may account for the overweight. Three groups, defined on the basis o…
Malnutrition in early life and adult mental health
Maternal nutrition and birth weight
This is a review of short- and long-term consequences of low birth weight (LBW) and of some of its determinants. The results of observational studies and of nutritional experiments aimed at clarifying the relationship between maternal nutrition and birth weight are reviewed. Areas for future research are noted. LBW is a major public health problem in developing countries. LBW is strongly associated with infant, and especially neonatal, mortality,…
Growth status of Mexican American children and youths
The growth status of Mexican American children and youths is reviewed in a historical perspective that begins in the 1920s. The early studies were more concerned with growth status as an indicator of undernutrition and associated growth stunting, while the more recent studies have overnutrition and excess fatness as a primary focus. Evidence from recent studies suggests a relatively large number of short but heavy Mexican American children and yo…
Growth in Indigenous and Nonindigenous Chilean Schoolchildren From 3 Poverty Strata
Objectives. This study sought to determine whether the short stature of Mapuche children, an indigenous group in Chile, reflects poverty or genetic heritage and whether the international reference population, derived from studies of US children of mostly European origin, is appropriate for assessing growth failure in indigenous peoples of the Americas. Methods. The study assessed 768 schoolchildren of Mapuche and non-Mapuche ancestry, aged 6 to 9…
Breastfeeding, infant health, and socioeconomic status
This paper examines the relationship between infant feeding practices and infant growth in a study carried out in the slums of Tegucigalpa, Honduras. The following hypothese are tested: whether infants who are breastfed will grow better than infants who are bottlefed (infants who are both breastfed and bottlefed will occupy an intermediate position); whether the positive effect of breastfeeding and the negative impact of bottlefeeding will be enh…
Sexual dimorphism in bone growth as a function of body size in moderately malnourished Guatemalan preschool age children
The sexual dimorphism in second metacarpal bone growth was investigated in 710 malnourished Guatemalan children one to seven years old to determine if the sex differences seen are only the result of differences in stature and weight. The study sample was mixed‐longitudinal and consisted of 1,586 annual examinations. Boys have greater mean stature, weight, periosteal diameter, medullary diameter and cortical area than girls the same age, while gir…
Influence of enhanced nutrition and psychosocial stimulation in early childhood on cognitive functioning and psychological well-being in Guatemalan adults
Our findings suggest that childhood nutrition interventions have long-lasting effects on cognitive ability and psychological well-being outcomes
Nutrition and Educational Performance in Rural China's Elementary Schools
Despite growing wealth and a strengthening commitment from the government to provide quality education, a significant share of students across rural China still have inadequate access to micronutrient-rich regular diets. Such poor diets can lead to nutritional problems, such as iron-deficiency anemia, that can adversely affect attention and learning in school. The overall goal of this article is to test whether simple nutritional interventions lo…
Childhood nutrition and later fertility
Better childhood nutrition is associated with earlier physical maturation during adolescence and increased schooling attainment. However, as earlier onset of puberty and increased schooling can have opposing effects on fertility, the net effect of improvements in childhood nutrition on a woman’s fertility are uncertain. Using path analysis, we estimate the strength of the pathways between childhood growth and subsequent fertility outcomes in Guat…
Height and Weight Standards for Preschool Children
Diarrheal diseases and growth retardation in preschool Guatemalan children
The relationship between diarrheal diseases and growth increments in total body length and weight was investigated in 716 rural Ladino Guatemalan children. Data on diarrheal diseases were provided by the mothers through retrospective surveys carried out at 14‐day intervals. Increments in length and weight, semestral from near birth to four years and yearly thence to seven, were related to days ill with diarrheal diseases during the same time inte…
The identification and evaluation of measurement variability in the anthropometry of preschool children
Measurement variability estimates for 18 different anthropometric dimensions were collected within the context of an ongoing longitudinal investigation of preschool Guatemalan children. Estimates of total measurement variance, intra‐observer variance, and short‐term intra‐subject variance are presented for each variable. A simple procedure for the evaluation of measurement variance in cross‐sectional and longitudinal investigations is described i…
Effect of morbidity during pregnancy on birth weight in a rural guatemalan population
The high prevalence of low birth weight (≤ 2.5 Kg) babies is a major public health problem in many poor communities. Studies in humans suggest that malnutrition during pregnancy is an important factor in accounting for this problem, but almost no information is available about the effect of common maternal diseases during pregnancy. This paper reports the effects of maternal morbidity during pregnancy on birth weight in four rural villages of Gua…
Sexual dimorphism in bone growth as a function of body size in moderately malnourished Guatemalan preschool age children
The sexual dimorphism in second metacarpal bone growth was investigated in 710 malnourished Guatemalan children one to seven years old to determine if the sex differences seen are only the result of differences in stature and weight. The study sample was mixed‐longitudinal and consisted of 1,586 annual examinations. Boys have greater mean stature, weight, periosteal diameter, medullary diameter and cortical area than girls the same age, while gir…
Effect of moderate maternal malnutrition on the levels of alkaline ribonuclease activity in the human placenta
Ribonuclease (RNAse) activity was measured in placentas from a sample of 49 urban Guatemalan women from low (30) and high (19) socioeconomic status (SES). Low SES women had a larger proportion (40%) of high levels of RNAse (> 60,000 units/g) than women from the high SES group (5 %). A trend to inverse association (p = 0.06) was also observed between amount of supplemented food energy during pregnancy and RNAse activity in rural populations covere…
Relationship between family land availability and nutritional status
A study of the relationship between occupation, land owned and/or rented by the family and nutritional status of two‐ and three‐year‐old children was conducted in four rural Guatemalan villages. Families were divided into three occupational groups: salaried agricultural workers, farmers, and skilled workers and merchants. Nutritional status was defined in terms of weight for age. There was a tendency for the children of skilled workers and mercha…
Stature and age as factors in the growth of second metacarpal cortical bone in moderately malnourished children
The association of stature and age with measures of second metacarpal cortical bone growth is investigated in a sample of 1586 radiographs taken from Guatemalan Ladino children aged 1-7 years in a setting of endemic mild-to-moderate malnutrition. For given stature, chronological age is positively associated with cortical thickness and cortical area and negatively associated with periosteal and medullary diameter. These different partial correlati…
Energy intake and growth in an energy deficient population
The relationship between energy intake and growth rates in height and weight was investigated in 190 Guatemalan children. Intake of a protein‐energy, but not of an energy supplement, was significantly related to growth. However, the effect per calorie was similar for both types of supplements. Further, when the sample was pooled, the above relationship was not altered by the presence of protein in the supplement nor by sex, home dietary intake, m…
Protein‐energy intakes in a malnourished population after increasing the supply of the dietary staples
This paper examines the extent to which food intake in malnourished populations is affected by increasing the availability of the dietary staples. Free amounts of corn and beans were supplied to 47 families in a rural Guatemalan community during eight weeks. Relative to a six‐week baseline period, adults increased their intakes by about 400 kcal (1.68 MJ) and 15 gof protein per day. The average changes for pre‐school children were 198 kcl (0.83 M…
Income and growth retardation in poor families with similar living conditions in rural Guatemala
The relationship between annual family per capita income (AFPCI) and growth retardation in children as ascertained by weight for age (W/A), height for age (H/A) and weight for height (W/H) was studied in families residing in coffee plantations in Guatemala. When W/A and H/A are correlated with AFPCI, significant differences are observed (P 0.05). When AFPCI data are divided by quartiles of income levels, the prevalence of growth retardation is re…
Anthropology, Communications, and Health
Ethnomedicine and oral rehydration therapy
Malnutrition, Morbidity, and Mortality
This paper reviews clinical epidemiological and experimental studies of mild and moderate malnutrition and child survival. 2 general issues are discussed as a preface: 1) the measurement of mild and moderate malnutrition and 2) the factors responsible for their existence. It is argued that anthropometry offers many advantages over other indicators of nutritional status. The foremost is that body measurements are sensitive over the full range of m…
Breastfeeding, infant health, and socioeconomic status
This paper examines the relationship between infant feeding practices and infant growth in a study carried out in the slums of Tegucigalpa, Honduras. The following hypothese are tested: whether infants who are breastfed will grow better than infants who are bottlefed (infants who are both breastfed and bottlefed will occupy an intermediate position); whether the positive effect of breastfeeding and the negative impact of bottlefeeding will be enh…
Growth in Early Childhood in Developing Countries
Growth status of Mexican American children and youths
The growth status of Mexican American children and youths is reviewed in a historical perspective that begins in the 1920s. The early studies were more concerned with growth status as an indicator of undernutrition and associated growth stunting, while the more recent studies have overnutrition and excess fatness as a primary focus. Evidence from recent studies suggests a relatively large number of short but heavy Mexican American children and yo…
Short and plump physique of Mexican‐American children
Mexican‐American children are shorter but relatively heavier than non‐Hispanic whites and blacks. The objectives of this paper are to assess the extent to which this “short and plump” physique occurs in data collected in two national surveys (HANES I and II); to determine variations by age, sex, and socioeconomic status; and to investigate the anthropometric characteristics that may account for the overweight. Three groups, defined on the basis o…
Maternal nutrition and birth weight
This is a review of short- and long-term consequences of low birth weight (LBW) and of some of its determinants. The results of observational studies and of nutritional experiments aimed at clarifying the relationship between maternal nutrition and birth weight are reviewed. Areas for future research are noted. LBW is a major public health problem in developing countries. LBW is strongly associated with infant, and especially neonatal, mortality,…
Fatness and fat distribution in Mexican‐American children and youths from the Hispanic health and nutrition examination survey
Mexican‐American children are shorter but relatively heavier than non‐Hispanic white children. The excess relative weight is probably due to increased fat rather than lean body mass and, more specifically, to increased fat deposition on the upper trunk sites. The objective of this paper is to describe the level of fatness and fat distribution in a large, representative sample of Mexican‐ American children and adolescents from the recently complet…
Sexual maturation of Mexican‐American adolescents
The Sexual maturation patterns of 1,403 Mexican‐American adolescents are described. The report is based on data from the Hispanic Health and Examination Survey (HHANES), which was carried out by the National Center for Health Statistics from 1982 to 1984. Ages of subjects ranged from 10 through 17 years. The development of secondary sexual characteristics was measured by means of a five‐stage scale for specific traits (males: Pubic hair and genit…
Predicting total body water from bioelectrical impedance in children
Body Size, Adaptation and Function
This is a brief discussion of the "small but healthy" hypothesis proposed by David Seckler in the early 1980s. Four basic points are made. First, adults in developing countries have small body sizes largely as a result of poor diets and infection during childhood. Therefore, to acclaim small body sizes as a desirable attribute for populations is also to affirm that its causes are desirable. Second, monitoring the growth of children is widely reco…
Longitudinal principal components analysis of patterns and predictors of growth in Guatemalan children
Longitudinal principal components (LPC) analysis was used to assess growth patterns in children from rural Guatemala in order to determine if this methodology could provide additional information regarding correlates of growth compared to more traditionally used methods based on attained size and increments. LPC analysis reduces measures at many points in time into a few parameters. However, LPC analysis requires complete data, and many cases may…
The Estimated Cost of Treating Unmet Dental Restorative Needs of Mexican‐American Children from Southwestern US HHANES, 1982‐83
The dental restorative treatment needs of Mexican-American children, aged 1-17 years, were assessed from the 1982-83 Southwestern US Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES). This report analyzed those needs and applied a dollar cost to them, using 1982 median fees of US general practitioners. The total estimated cost required to meet those needs for the population estimate of 3,396,770 children was $236,856,772 (95% CI: $198,575…
Medicine (82 obras) · Child Nutrition and Water Access (57 obras) · Demography (55 obras) · Environmental health (51 obras) · Population (42 obras) · Birth, Development, and Health (30 obras) · Demography (25 obras) · Internal Medicine (24 obras) · Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet (24 obras) · Economics (21 obras)