Cynthia M Beall
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 89927 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Cynthia M Beall |
| NOMBRES | Cynthia M |
| APELLIDO | Beall |
| FIRMA | BEALL C M |
| AFILIACIONES | Case Western Reserve University |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-1462-8299 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 60 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 221 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 61 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1981 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2022 |
| ÍNDICE H | 9 |
Repeatability of adaptive traits among ethnic Tibetan highlanders
OBJECTIVES: Connecting traits to biological pathways and genes relies on stable observations. Researchers typically determine traits once, expecting careful study protocols to yield measurements free of noise. This report examines that expectation with test-retest repeatability analyses for traits used regularly in research on adaptation to high-altitude hypoxia, often in settings without climate control. METHODS: Two hundred ninety-one ethnic Ti…
Adaptations to High-Altitude Hypoxia
Biological anthropologists aim to explain the hows and whys of human biological variation using the concepts of evolution and adaptation. High-altitude environments provide informative natural laboratories with the unique stress of hypobaric hypoxia, which is less than usual oxygen in the ambient air arising from lower barometric pressure. Indigenous populations have adapted biologically to their extreme environment with acclimatization, developm…
Antioxidant defense and oxidative damage vary widely among high‐altitude residents
OBJECTIVES: People living at high altitude experience unavoidable low oxygen levels (hypoxia). While acute hypoxia causes an increase in oxidative stress and damage despite higher antioxidant activity, the consequences of chronic hypoxia are poorly understood. The aim of the present study is to assess antioxidant activity and oxidative damage in high-altitude natives and upward migrants. METHODS: Individuals from two indigenous high-altitude popu…
The Simons Genome Diversity Project
Here we report the Simons Genome Diversity Project data set: high quality genomes from 300 individuals from 142 diverse populations. These genomes include at least 5.8 million base pairs that are not present in the human reference genome. Our analysis reveals key features of the landscape of human genome variation, including that the rate of accumulation of mutations has accelerated by about 5% in non-Africans compared to Africans since divergenc…
Closing the Womb Door
Collecting women's reproductive histories
The importance of women's reproductive histories for scientific questions mandates rigor in collecting data. Unfortunately, few studies say much about how histories were constructed and validated. The aim of this report, therefore, is to illustrate the elements of a rigorous system of data collection. It focuses particularly on potential sources of inaccuracy in collecting reproductive histories and on options for avoiding them and evaluating the…
Depopulating the Himalayan Highlands
Communities that have thrived for centuries in Nepal's rugged mountain environments are facing rapid population declines caused by the outmigration of youths, both males and females in nearly equal numbers, who are sent by parents to distant boarding schools and monasteries for secular and religious education. This paper documents the magnitude of outmigration, migration destinations, migration's impact on the age–sex composition of sending commu…
Adaptation to High Altitude
Populations residing for millennia on the high-altitude plateaus of the world started natural experiments that we can evaluate to address questions about the processes of evolution and adaptation. A 2001 assessment in this journal summarized abundant evidence that Tibetan and Andean high-altitude natives had different phenotypes, and the article made a case for the hypothesis that different genetic bases underlie traits in the two populations. Si…
Human adaptability studies at high altitude
OBJECTIVES: This report presents a perspective on the broad research trends in the biology of human populations at high-altitude and their contributions to the improved understanding of evolution and adaptation. A focus is on the research that has occurred over the past 50 years of anthropological fieldwork on the Andean, Tibetan, and, to a lesser extent, the East African plateaus. METHODS: With an emphasis on fieldwork studies, this report prese…
Human Adaptation to Climate
This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Cold and Heat (Section by A. Theodore Steegmann, Jr.) Sunlight, UVR, and the Human Body (Section by Nina G. Jablonski) High - Altitude Hypoxia (Section by Cynthia M. Beall) Chapter Summary References Cited Recommended Readings
Elevated pulmonary artery pressure among Amhara highlanders in Ethiopia
OBJECTIVE: Pulmonary arterioles respond to hypoxia with constriction that raises vascular resistance and pulmonary artery blood pressure. The response is sustained indefinitely by the chronic hypoxia of high-altitude residence among highlanders of European and Andean descent, but not Tibetans. The objective of this study was to identify the consequences of lifelong hypoxia exposure for the pulmonary vasculature among Amhara high-altitude natives …
Seasonal and circadian variation in salivary testosterone in rural Bolivian men
Testosterone (T) plays a key role in the increase and maintenance of muscle mass and bone density in adult men. Life history theory predicts that environmental stress may prompt a reallocation of such investments to those functions critical to survival. We tested this hypothesis in two studies of rural Bolivian adult men by comparing free T levels and circadian rhythms during late winter, which is especially severe, to those in less arduous seaso…
Two routes to functional adaptation
Populations native to the Tibetan and Andean Plateaus are descended from colonizers who arrived perhaps 25,000 and 11,000 years ago, respectively. Both have been exposed to the opportunity for natural selection for traits that offset the unavoidable environmental stress of severe lifelong high-altitude hypoxia. This paper presents evidence that Tibetan and Andean high-altitude natives have adapted differently, as indicated by large quantitative d…
Exhaled nitric oxide decreases upon acute exposure to high-altitude hypoxia
Nitric oxide (NO) is a vasodilator that plays a role in blood flow and oxygen delivery. Acute hypoxia down regulates NO synthesis, a response that may exacerbate hypoxic stress by decreasing blood flow. This study was designed to test the hypotheses that pulmonary NO decreases upon acute exposure to high-altitude hypoxia and that relatively low levels of NO at altitude are associated with greater stress as reflected in more symptoms of acute moun…
Tibetan Fertility Transitions in China and South Asia
The own-children method, an indirect technique, is used to estimate fertility rates for two populations of Tibetans during the 1980s and 1990s: a sample of rural villages in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China and exiles living in India and Nepal. The analysis provides evidence that these two populations underwent remarkably similar fertility transitions in both timing and magnitude. In both cases total fertility rates declined from over six bir…
Development and Change in Rural Tibet
This article reports on a multi-year study of the impact of China's reform policies since the early 1980s on rural change in the Tibet Autonomous Region. The study was conducted with 780 households in 13 villages, using qualitative and quantitative methods
High altitude
Fertility and Family Planning in Rural Tibet
Turkana herders of the dry savanna
Turkana herders of the dry savanna
Adaptations to Altitude
The high-altitude Andean and Tibetan Plateaus offer natural experimental settings for investigating the outcome of the past action of evolution and adaptation as well as those ongoing processes. Both Andean and Tibetan high-altitude natives are descended from sea-level ancestors; thus both initially encountered chronic, lifelong high-altitude hypoxia with the same homeostatic "toolbox" that evolved at sea level for responding to brief and transie…
Percent of oxygen saturation of arterial hemoglobin among Bolivian Aymara at 3,900-4,000 m
A range of variation in percent of oxygen saturation of arterial hemoglobin (SaO2) among healthy individuals at a given high altitude indicates differences in physiological hypoxemia despite uniform ambient hypoxic stress. In populations native to the Tibetan plateau, a significant portion of the variance is attributable to additive genetic factors, and there is a major gene influencing SaO2. To determine whether there is genetic variance in othe…
Percent of oxygen saturation of arterial hemoglobin among Bolivian Aymara at 3,900–4,000 m
A range of variation in percent of oxygen saturation of arterial hemoglobin (SaO2) among healthy individuals at a given high altitude indicates differences in physiological hypoxemia despite uniform ambient hypoxic stress. In populations native to the Tibetan plateau, a significant portion of the variance is attributable to additive genetic factors, and there is a major gene influencing SaO2. To determine whether there is genetic variance in othe…
The Changing World of Mongolia's Nomads
This beautifully illustrated book offers the first inside view of how the breakup of the Soviet bloc has affected this farthest republic and its nomadic peoples. first Western scholars to be given permission to conduct fieldwork in Mongolia, Melvyn Goldstein and Cynthia Beall lived among a community of herders to study how they were adapting to Mongolia's transition to democracy and a market economy. Weathering temperatures below zero, living in …
Hemoglobin concentration of high-altitude Tibetans and Bolivian Aymara
Elevated hemoglobin concentrations have been reported for high-altitude sojourners and Andean high-altitude natives since early in the 20th century. Thus, reports that have appeared since the 1970s describing relatively low hemoglobin concentration among Tibetan high-altitude natives were unexpected. These suggested a hypothesis of population differences in hematological response to high-altitude hypoxia. A case of quantitatively different respon…
Adaptations to Altitude
The high-altitude Andean and Tibetan Plateaus offer natural experimental settings for investigating the outcome of the past action of evolution and adaptation as well as those ongoing processes. Both Andean and Tibetan high-altitude natives are descended from sea-level ancestors; thus both initially encountered chronic, lifelong high-altitude hypoxia with the same homeostatic "toolbox" that evolved at sea level for responding to brief and transie…
Adaptation to High Altitude
Populations residing for millennia on the high-altitude plateaus of the world started natural experiments that we can evaluate to address questions about the processes of evolution and adaptation. A 2001 assessment in this journal summarized abundant evidence that Tibetan and Andean high-altitude natives had different phenotypes, and the article made a case for the hypothesis that different genetic bases underlie traits in the two populations. Si…
High Altitude Hypoxia, Culture, and Human Fecundity/Fertility
This paper presents new demographic findings for a high altitude Himalayan population residing in Ladakh, India, and reviews problematic issues regarding the hypothesized relationship between fertility/fecundity and altitude in the Himalayas in light of these findings. It concludes that the low completed fertility ratio reported for the Sherpas of Khumbu, Nepal, is not caused by hypoxia-induced low fecundity, but is the product of cultural factor…
Optimal birthweights in Peruvian populations at high and low altitudes
This study tests the hypothesis that optimum birthweight for survival is lower among hospital‐born infants in Puno, Peru (altitude 3860 m) than that among their counterparts at low altitude in Tacna, Peru (altitude 600 m). The data are derived from hospital birth records for 1971 and 1972 and municipal death records for 1971 through 1973. Linking these records permits analysis of the patterns of mortality in relation to birthweight. Stabilizing s…
Development and Change in Rural Tibet
This article reports on a multi-year study of the impact of China's reform policies since the early 1980s on rural change in the Tibet Autonomous Region. The study was conducted with 780 households in 13 villages, using qualitative and quantitative methods
Major gene for percent of oxygen saturation of arterial hemoglobin in Tibetan highlanders
This report employs a statistical genetic approach to analyze quantitative oxygen transport variables in a high‐altitude (4,850–5,450 m) native Tibetan population and demonstrates the presence of a major gene influencing % O 2 saturation of arterial hemoglobin. This result suggests the hypothesis that individuals with the dominant allele for higher % O 2 saturation have a selective advantage at high altitude. Studies of the biologically distincti…
Hemoglobin levels in a Himalayan high altitude population
This report presents data on hemoglobin concentrations in a sample of Himalayan high altitude natives measured at their habitual altitude of residence. In this sample of 270 healthy Tibetan adults resident at 3250–3560 m in Upper Chumik, Nepal, the mean hemoglobin concentration is 16.1 ± 1.2 gm/dl among adult males, 14.4 ± 1.4 gm/dl among premenopausal and 15.0 ± 1.1 gm/dl among postmenopausal adult females. 123 of 126 (98%) males, 96 of 100 (96%…
Modernization and Aging in the Third and Fourth World
Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Melvyn Goldstein, Cynthia Beall; Modernization and Aging in the Third and Fourth World: Views from the Rural Hinterland in Nepal. Human Organization 1 March 1981; 40 (1): 48–55. doi: https://doi.org/10.17730/humo.40.1.u1412kkk6k0k5013 Dow…
Nomads of Western Tibet
Tibetan Fertility Transitions in China and South Asia
The own-children method, an indirect technique, is used to estimate fertility rates for two populations of Tibetans during the 1980s and 1990s: a sample of rural villages in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China and exiles living in India and Nepal. The analysis provides evidence that these two populations underwent remarkably similar fertility transitions in both timing and magnitude. In both cases total fertility rates declined from over six bir…
Fertility and Family Planning in Rural Tibet
On Studying Fertility at High Altitude
Hemoglobin concentration of pastoral nomads permanently resident at 4,850–5,450 meters in Tibet
This paper presents data on the hemoglobin concentration of a sample of 103 pastoral nomads who are lifelong residents of Phala, at 4,850–5,450 m, on the northern plateau of the Tibet Autonomous Region of the Peoples' Republic of China. This native population resides at the highest altitude of which we are aware and is thus exposed to the most extreme chronic hypoxic stress. However, they do not exhibit the most pronounced physiological adaptatio…
Work, aging and dependency in a Sherpa population in Nepal
Nomads of Western Tibet
The Impact of China's Reform Policy on the Nomads of Western Tibet
Research Article| June 01 1989 The Impact of China's Reform Policy on the Nomads of Western Tibet Melvyn C. Goldstein; Melvyn C. Goldstein Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Cynthia M. Beall Cynthia M. Beall Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Far Eastern Survey (1960) 29 (6): 619–641. https://doi.org/10.2307/2644756 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Vid…
Response to Abelson's Comment on Goldstein, Tsarong, and Beall
Biological function, activity and dependency among elderly Sherpa in the Nepal Himalayas
China's Birth Control Policy in the Tibet Autonomous Region
Research Article| March 01 1991 China's Birth Control Policy in the Tibet Autonomous Region: Myths and Realities Melvyn C. Goldstein, Melvyn C. Goldstein Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Cynthia M. Beall Cynthia M. Beall Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Asian Survey (1991) 31 (3): 285–303. https://doi.org/10.2307/2645246 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & t…
Family change, caste, and the elderly in a rural locale in Nepal
Tibetan Fraternal Polyandry
This paper tests sociobiological hypotheses regarding the way practitioners of fraternal polyandry in a Tibetan population in Nepal may enhance their inclusive fitness. Demographic data demonstrate higher mortality and lower survivorship of offspring in fraternal polyandry than monogamy. Moreover, the probability of allele transmission for an ego is lower in fraternal polyandrous unions than in monogamous unions. On the basis of the measured para…
Growth in a population of Tibetan origin at high altitude
The report describes height, weight and triceps skinfold measurement for 239 individuals from 5 to 22 and 30 to 39 years of age living in the rural Tibetan village of Mugu, Nepal (altitude 3800m). It compares this population with a high-altitude Andean Quechua population and another high-altitude Tibetan population. A delay in height and weight is manifested by the Mugu population. Mugu children are shorter and lighter than the high-altitude Quec…
Optimal birthweights in Peruvian populations at high and low altitudes
This study tests the hypothesis that optimum birthweight for survival is lower among hospital‐born infants in Puno, Peru (altitude 3860 m) than that among their counterparts at low altitude in Tacna, Peru (altitude 600 m). The data are derived from hospital birth records for 1971 and 1972 and municipal death records for 1971 through 1973. Linking these records permits analysis of the patterns of mortality in relation to birthweight. Stabilizing s…
Modernization and Aging in the Third and Fourth World
Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Melvyn Goldstein, Cynthia Beall; Modernization and Aging in the Third and Fourth World: Views from the Rural Hinterland in Nepal. Human Organization 1 March 1981; 40 (1): 48–55. doi: https://doi.org/10.17730/humo.40.1.u1412kkk6k0k5013 Dow…
Tibetan Fraternal Polyandry and Sociology
Contemporary Patterns of Migration in the Central Andes
a high degree of population mobility characterizes demographic phenomena in most Latin American countries has become a routine statement. That such movements exercise a pervasive influence on the economic, political and demographic structures of both receiving and sending areas is similarly commonplace. Paradoxically, however, the exact dimensions of these movements in recent periods are still largely unknown in many countries while discussions o…
The Biology and Health of Andean Migrants
Migration always entails a change in social environment and adjustment to unfamiliar institutions and surroundings. Andean migration frequently also entails a major change in physical environment when high-altitude natives move to low altitude and experience an abrupt. and extreme change in environmental features such as oxygen pressure, temperature, and humidity, which vary with altitude. Both historical and contemporary sources indicate that na…
Work, aging and dependency in a Sherpa population in Nepal
Biological function, activity and dependency among elderly Sherpa in the Nepal Himalayas
Ages at menopause and menarche in a high-altitude Himalayan population
Women in a Tibetan speaking population living at 3250-3560 m in Upper Chumik, Nepal, have median ages at menopause and menarche of 46.8 and 16.2 years, respectively, assessed by the status quo technique. Recalled ages at menopause and menarche yield similar results and suggest a long-term existence of a pattern of relatively accelerated age at menopause and delayed age at menarche. Variation in the length of the calculated biological reproductive…
High Altitude Hypoxia, Culture, and Human Fecundity/Fertility
This paper presents new demographic findings for a high altitude Himalayan population residing in Ladakh, India, and reviews problematic issues regarding the hypothesized relationship between fertility/fecundity and altitude in the Himalayas in light of these findings. It concludes that the low completed fertility ratio reported for the Sherpas of Khumbu, Nepal, is not caused by hypoxia-induced low fecundity, but is the product of cultural factor…
Aging and Growth at High Altitudes in the Himalayas
Hemoglobin levels in a Himalayan high altitude population
This report presents data on hemoglobin concentrations in a sample of Himalayan high altitude natives measured at their habitual altitude of residence. In this sample of 270 healthy Tibetan adults resident at 3250–3560 m in Upper Chumik, Nepal, the mean hemoglobin concentration is 16.1 ± 1.2 gm/dl among adult males, 14.4 ± 1.4 gm/dl among premenopausal and 15.0 ± 1.1 gm/dl among postmenopausal adult females. 123 of 126 (98%) males, 96 of 100 (96%…
Response to Basu and Gupta
Response to Abelson's Comment on Goldstein, Tsarong, and Beall
On Studying Fertility at High Altitude
Family change, caste, and the elderly in a rural locale in Nepal
Hemoglobin concentration of pastoral nomads permanently resident at 4,850–5,450 meters in Tibet
This paper presents data on the hemoglobin concentration of a sample of 103 pastoral nomads who are lifelong residents of Phala, at 4,850–5,450 m, on the northern plateau of the Tibet Autonomous Region of the Peoples' Republic of China. This native population resides at the highest altitude of which we are aware and is thus exposed to the most extreme chronic hypoxic stress. However, they do not exhibit the most pronounced physiological adaptatio…
The Impact of China's Reform Policy on the Nomads of Western Tibet
Research Article| June 01 1989 The Impact of China's Reform Policy on the Nomads of Western Tibet Melvyn C. Goldstein; Melvyn C. Goldstein Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Cynthia M. Beall Cynthia M. Beall Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Far Eastern Survey (1960) 29 (6): 619–641. https://doi.org/10.2307/2644756 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Vid…
Variation in hemoglobin concentration among samples of high‐altitude natives in the Andes and the Himalayas
This paper presents data on hemoglobin concentration in a rural Andean sample at 3,800-3,900 m and incorporates them into a review intended to evaluate possible sources of the range of variation in mean hemoglobin concentration among samples obtained at high altitude. Between 3,400 and 4,000 m, rural Himalayan highlanders average 1.4 gm/dl lower mean hemoglobin concentration than rural Andean highlanders. With respect to potential causes of anemi…
Council officers and committees
China's Birth Control Policy in the Tibet Autonomous Region
Research Article| March 01 1991 China's Birth Control Policy in the Tibet Autonomous Region: Myths and Realities Melvyn C. Goldstein, Melvyn C. Goldstein Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Cynthia M. Beall Cynthia M. Beall Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Asian Survey (1991) 31 (3): 285–303. https://doi.org/10.2307/2645246 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & t…
Nomads of Western Tibet
High prevalence of excess fat and central fat patterning among Mongolian pastoral nomads
This paper presents information on body size, body composition, and fat patterning in a sample of 750 pastoral nomads aged 5 to 84 years, native residents of Moost district, Mongolia and evaluates the results from the perspective of morphological adaptation to a cold climate. Mongolian nomad men and children have average BMIs close to the U.S. 25th percentile while women have average BMIs close to the U.S. reference median. The prevalence of exce…
Respiratory and hematological adaptations of young and older Aymara men native to 3600M
This paper reports the results of a study designed to test the hypothesis that an inevitable concomitant of aging at high altitudes is chronic mountain sickness resulting from excess erythrocytosis secondary to exaggerated hypoxemia caused by aging processes in the respiratory system. It compares age differences in respiratory system function in oxygenating the blood measured as percent O 2 saturation of arterial hemoglobin during wakefulness and…
Demography (29 obras) · Geography (28 obras) · Biology (26 obras) · High Altitude and Hypoxia (26 obras) · Effects of high altitude on humans (23 obras) · Population (23 obras) · Medicine (21 obras) · Sociology (21 obras) · Computer Science (15 obras) · History (13 obras)