Rory Naismith
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 954476 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Rory Naismith |
| NOMBRES | Rory |
| APELLIDO | Naismith |
| FIRMA | NAISMITH R |
| AFILIACIONES | University of Cambridge |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-2962-5691 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 32 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 28 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 31 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 3 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2010 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 3 |
The Damhus Hoard
In 2018, a hoard totalling 266 silver Viking Age coins was discovered near Damhus, south of Ribe (Denmark). The coins belong to the early ninth‐century ‘KG 4’ series, with the vast majority, 262 coins, identified as having Face/Forward Looking Deer on the obverse/reverse. They are among the earliest type of a reformed coinage from Scandinavia's first town, Ribe (Denmark)—some of the first Viking silver pennies. Chemical and lead isotopic analyses…
Economic Change, Silver, and the Plague of 664-687 in England
Bede and other authors describe a destructive wave of plague sweeping across Britain and Ireland in the period 664-87. In the decades around and after this time, the English kingdoms saw rapid economic changes as urban settlements grew, monasteries were founded, and a large silver currency appeared. Here, it is proposed that these developments were influenced by the effects of the plague. Exact levels of mortality are uncertain, but the survivors…
Byzantine plate and Frankish mines
The late seventh-century introduction of silver coinage marked a transformation in the economy of north-west Europe, yet the source(s) of the silver bullion behind this change remains uncertain. Here, the authors use combined lead isotope and trace element analysis of 49 coins from England, Frisia and Francia to provide new insights into north-European silver sources during the ‘long eighth century’ ( c . AD 660–820). The results indicate an earl…
Making Money in the Early Middle Ages
Making Money in the Middle Ages
Bige Habban
This short survey examines issues in early medieval cross-border trade, particularly with reference to England, but also drawing comparisons with mainland Europe and other regions of Britain. Three themes are considered: tolls charged on traders and travellers; the vulnerability of traders and the importance of building trust and familiarity; and the practical challenges of moving between different means of exchange
Early Medieval Britain, c. 500–1000
Early medieval Britain saw the birth of England, Scotland and of the Welsh kingdoms. Naismith's introductory textbook explores the period between the end of Roman rule and the eve of the Norman Conquest, blending an engaging narrative with clear explanations of key themes and sources. Using extensive illustrations, maps and selections from primary sources, students will examine the island as a collective entity, comparing political histories and …
Early Medieval Britain, C. 500-1000
Three New Agnus Dei Pennies
The recorded corpus of Agnus Dei pennies made or found in England has been augmented by three further specimens. The first two (below, [1] and [2]) are imitations of the type, probably minted in Scandinavia but uncovered in England. The third (below, [3]) is a specimen of the original English issue, representing a previously unrecorded mint-place (Dorchester, in Dorset). The new coins are presented in turn, showing how each in its own way refines…
Conquests in Eleventh-Century England
The cataclysmic conquests of the eleventh century are here set together for the first time. Eleventh-century England suffered two devastating conquests, each bringing the rule of a foreign king and the imposition of a new regime. Yet only the second event, the Norman Conquest of 1066, has been credited with the impact and influence of a permanent transformation. Half a century earlier, the Danish conquest of 1016 had nonetheless marked the painfu…
Conquests in Eleventh-Century England
I can summarize my argument in a single image. Around 1110 a Canterbury scribe copied a charter onto the endleaves of an ancient Roman gospel book (Fig. 7.1). He recorded the name of the king, Henry I, and he interlined the styles and surnames of the witnesses in French fashion; but the anomalous feature is the script. Nearly sixty years after the Norman Conquest, in the reign of the third Norman king, a scribe at the heart of the Anglo-Norman es…
Gilds, states and societies in the early Middle Ages
The early medieval gilds of north‐west Europe were very different from their later medieval descendants. They were not specifically urban or economic in focus, instead being based on religious devotion, feasting and mutual protection, usually among members united by status and geography. Treatment of gilds differed sharply between the two main representatives of the tradition in the region: the Carolingian empire and Anglo‐Saxon England. In the f…
The currency of power in late Anglo‐Saxon England
England between the early 970s and 1066 had a remarkable monetary system, consisting of silver pennies of standardised type which were reminted frequently. Each penny carried the name of the individual responsible for its manufacture and identified where he was based. This formidable currency came about thanks to unique conditions in the late 10th and early 11th centuries. An initial reform by Edgar was followed by a rapid sequence of recoinages …
A further Agnus Dei penny of King Æthelred the Unready
A further example of an Agnus Dei penny recently surfaced at a London auction. 1 It was found in 2018 by a metal-detectorist, in south Lincolnshire. It is the twenty-second recorded example struck from Agnus Dei obverse and reverse dies, and takes the total of surviving specimens, including the two known mules with the Last Short Cross type, to twenty-four. The new coin is well preserved, without piercing, mounting or pecking, but is chipped betw…
The Origins of the Husting and the Folkmoot
In the central Middle Ages, London was marked out by its idiosyncratic institutions, prominent among which were two courts or assemblies: the Folkmoot and the Husting. This article re‐examines the early history and origins of both, and suggests that they should be seen as outgrowths of the entities recorded in a legal composition from the reign of King Æthelstan (924–39). The latter describes associations formed by the people of London to defend …
The Origins of Peter’s Pence
Peter’s Pence began as an annual donation from England to the papacy. It was later taken up more widely and lasted until the Reformation in England, but its beginnings are much murkier. This article reassesses the earliest forms of Peter’s Pence in the period before 1066. Offerings made by individual Anglo-Saxon pilgrims to Rome gave rise to more regular gifts from several kings between Offa (757–96) and Alfred (871–99); under the latter, gifts a…
Money and Coinage in the Middle Ages
Reading Medieval Sources is an exciting new series which leads scholars and students into some of the most challenging and rewarding sources from the European Middle Ages, and introduces the most important approaches to understanding them. Written by an international team of twelve leading scholars, this volume Money and Coinage in the Middle Ages presents a set of fresh and insightful perspectives that demonstrate the rich potential of this sour…
Old English Philology
Robert D. Fulk is arguably the greatest Old English philologist to emerge during the twentieth century; his corpus of scholarship has fundamentally shaped contemporary understanding of many aspects of Anglo-Saxon literary history and English historical linguistics. This volume, in his honour, brings together essays which engage with his work and advance his research interests. Scholarship onhistorical metrics and the dating, editing, and interpre…
Old English Philology
Essays bringing out the crucial importance of philology for understanding Old English texts. Robert D. Fulk is arguably the greatest Old English philologist to emerge during the twentieth century; his corpus of scholarship has fundamentally shaped contemporary understanding of many aspects of Anglo-Saxon literary historyand English historical linguistics. This volume, in his honour, brings together essays which engage with his work and advance hi…
The Ely memoranda and the economy of the late Anglo-Saxon fenland
Consisting of six short Old English texts written in the early eleventh century, the Ely memoranda illustrate how a major and recently refounded Benedictine abbey managed its landed endowment. Two of the memoranda relate to generous help provided by Ely to Thorney, and four concern Ely's own lands. The collection as a whole reveals much about interaction between monasteries, monastic perspectives on material resources and investment in them, the …
The Coinage of Æthelred II
Even at the beginning of his long and turbulent reign (978–1016), Æthelred II's coinage was an impressive institution. Mint-places across the kingdom issued silver pennies of identical design, each sporting an image of the king surrounded by his name and title while the reverse named both the man responsible for manufacture (the moneyer) and the location where he produced the coin. Æthelred and his subjects inherited this currency from Edgar (959…
The land market and Anglo-Saxon society
Over 500 references survive to payment in return for control over land in Anglo-Saxon England. This article considers these documents as a source for social developments. Issues which are explored include the identities of buyers and sellers, changes in the roles of these groups over the period, and the likely aims and concerns of different individuals and institutions who paid for land. A chronology is developed for the participation of various …
A new Agnus Dei/Last Small Cross mule
The Lenborough hoard has produced the twenty-third coin struck from Agnus Dei dies, which is also the second known mule of an Agnus Dei obverse with a Last Small Cross reverse. It is illustrated in Gareth Williams's preceding article as Fig. 7 (p. 304). This specimen adds to the small group of English finds of Agnus Dei pennies, which previously consisted of three single-finds. Lenborough is therefore the first ever English hoard to contain an Ag…
Jay Paul Gates and Nicole Marafioti, editors. Capital and Corporal Punishment in Anglo-Saxon England
If there is one thing the novice or outsider might know about Anglo-Saxon law, it is the prominence of wergild (man-price) and monetary reparation for violent crime. This volume takes as its focus a less well-known manifestation of the bond between law and blood that existed in pre- and immediately post-Conquest England: physical punishment in the name of justice. This had a quite different social underpinning from compensation payments, which we…
Gold Coinage and Its Use in the Post-Roman West
One of the most tangible sets of changes associated with the fall of the Western Roman Empire was that which affected the monetary system. By AD 600 the multitiered late Roman currency had shriveled to a shadow of its former self. Copper-alloy issues, which for most of the populace had been the principal coins utilized on a day-to-day basis, were effectively gone, as were those in silver. Little local production of unofficial coin to plug this ga…
The English monetary economy, c. 973–1100
A body of nearly 2,000 English finds of individual coins minted c . 973–1100 is surveyed as evidence for the scale and form of the monetary economy. A long‐term view indicates that this was a period of expansion in coin use, although growth in this area remained limited compared to the later middle ages, or even the eighth century. Within the eleventh century single‐finds suggest more specific developments, including a decline in coin use after t…
Money and Coinage in the Middle Ages
Reading Medieval Sources is an exciting new series which leads scholars and students into some of the most challenging and rewarding sources from the European Middle Ages, and introduces the most important approaches to understanding them. Written by an international team of twelve leading scholars, this volume Money and Coinage in the Middle Ages presents a set of fresh and insightful perspectives that demonstrate the rich potential of this sour…
Byzantine plate and Frankish mines
The late seventh-century introduction of silver coinage marked a transformation in the economy of north-west Europe, yet the source(s) of the silver bullion behind this change remains uncertain. Here, the authors use combined lead isotope and trace element analysis of 49 coins from England, Frisia and Francia to provide new insights into north-European silver sources during the ‘long eighth century’ ( c . AD 660–820). The results indicate an earl…
The Origins of Peter’s Pence
Peter’s Pence began as an annual donation from England to the papacy. It was later taken up more widely and lasted until the Reformation in England, but its beginnings are much murkier. This article reassesses the earliest forms of Peter’s Pence in the period before 1066. Offerings made by individual Anglo-Saxon pilgrims to Rome gave rise to more regular gifts from several kings between Offa (757–96) and Alfred (871–99); under the latter, gifts a…
The Social Significance of Monetization in the Early Middle Ages
In 1057, the ecclesiastical reformer Peter Damian (d. 1072/3) explained in a letter to his fellow cardinal bishops how a lump of debased silver might be remade into different coins but still remain a dangerous forgery, in the same way as a corrupt priest would always be tainted by his abuses.1 The image was presumably effective, for the same author used similar monetary metaphors on several other occasions. By doing so he tapped into a long Chris…
Kings, crisis and coinage reforms in the mid‐eighth century
Between 740 and 770 coin reforms occurred in five north‐west European kingdoms: Northumbria, East Anglia, Francia, Kent and Mercia. Comparison between them highlights important common features, especially the advent of a more explicit royal role in the supervision of minting than had hitherto prevailed. Precipitated by a substantial downturn in production probably resulting in part from shortfalls in bullion supply, the new coin issues stem from …
Gilds, states and societies in the early Middle Ages
The early medieval gilds of north‐west Europe were very different from their later medieval descendants. They were not specifically urban or economic in focus, instead being based on religious devotion, feasting and mutual protection, usually among members united by status and geography. Treatment of gilds differed sharply between the two main representatives of the tradition in the region: the Carolingian empire and Anglo‐Saxon England. In the f…
The Coinage of Æthelred II
Even at the beginning of his long and turbulent reign (978–1016), Æthelred II's coinage was an impressive institution. Mint-places across the kingdom issued silver pennies of identical design, each sporting an image of the king surrounded by his name and title while the reverse named both the man responsible for manufacture (the moneyer) and the location where he produced the coin. Æthelred and his subjects inherited this currency from Edgar (959…
The land market and Anglo-Saxon society
Over 500 references survive to payment in return for control over land in Anglo-Saxon England. This article considers these documents as a source for social developments. Issues which are explored include the identities of buyers and sellers, changes in the roles of these groups over the period, and the likely aims and concerns of different individuals and institutions who paid for land. A chronology is developed for the participation of various …
A new Agnus Dei/Last Small Cross mule
The Lenborough hoard has produced the twenty-third coin struck from Agnus Dei dies, which is also the second known mule of an Agnus Dei obverse with a Last Small Cross reverse. It is illustrated in Gareth Williams's preceding article as Fig. 7 (p. 304). This specimen adds to the small group of English finds of Agnus Dei pennies, which previously consisted of three single-finds. Lenborough is therefore the first ever English hoard to contain an Ag…
The Agnus Dei pennies of King Æthelred the Unready
Specimens of the several substantive coin-types issued in the name of King Æthelred the Unready (978–1016) survive in their thousands, especially (and for good historical reasons) in Scandinavia; but very few specimens are recorded of his highly distinctive Agnus Dei type. In a checklist of recorded specimens published in 2007 ( ASE 36, pp. 215–20), details were given of seventeen coins; and the type was set in the context of the English response…
Bibliography for 2009
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Bibliography for 2010
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
The Agnus Dei pennies of King Æthelred the Unready
Specimens of the several substantive coin-types issued in the name of King Æthelred the Unready (978–1016) survive in their thousands, especially (and for good historical reasons) in Scandinavia; but very few specimens are recorded of his highly distinctive Agnus Dei type. In a checklist of recorded specimens published in 2007 ( ASE 36, pp. 215–20), details were given of seventeen coins; and the type was set in the context of the English response…
The Origins of the Line of Egbert, King of the West Saxons, 802-839
Egbert, king of the West Saxons (802–39), is remembered as founder of the line of Alfred the Great (871–99) and for the string of victories in 825–30 by which he seized control of southeast England and temporarily conquered Mercia, and as a consequence received the submission of the East Angles and Northumbrians. In the words of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, ‘he was the eighth king who was “Bretwalda”’,1 last in a line that stretched back into the m…
Kings, crisis and coinage reforms in the mid‐eighth century
Between 740 and 770 coin reforms occurred in five north‐west European kingdoms: Northumbria, East Anglia, Francia, Kent and Mercia. Comparison between them highlights important common features, especially the advent of a more explicit royal role in the supervision of minting than had hitherto prevailed. Precipitated by a substantial downturn in production probably resulting in part from shortfalls in bullion supply, the new coin issues stem from …
Payments for land and privilege in Anglo-Saxon England
A little over five per cent of surviving Anglo-Saxon charters contain some reference to money or purchase. These cover a multitude of transactions: gifts, sales, bequests, annual renders, and so on. They provide a valuable insight into Anglo-Saxon perceptions of wealth and a detailed view of one specific area of exchange. Gold and precious-metal objects emerge as especially prominent, at the expense of silver coin. The formulation of these docume…
A new late Anglo-Saxon seal matrix
In 2010 a new late Anglo-Saxon seal matrix was found in Hampshire. The seal die is copper-alloy and engraved on both sides. On the obverse, it portrays and names a man called Ælfric, while the reverse is decorated with acanthus ornamentation characteristic of the later tenth- and eleventh-century ‘Winchester’ style. Unlike any other surviving English matrix of this period, it carries the remnants of gilding once applied across the surface and wou…
The English monetary economy, c. 973–1100
A body of nearly 2,000 English finds of individual coins minted c . 973–1100 is surveyed as evidence for the scale and form of the monetary economy. A long‐term view indicates that this was a period of expansion in coin use, although growth in this area remained limited compared to the later middle ages, or even the eighth century. Within the eleventh century single‐finds suggest more specific developments, including a decline in coin use after t…
Gold Coinage and Its Use in the Post-Roman West
One of the most tangible sets of changes associated with the fall of the Western Roman Empire was that which affected the monetary system. By AD 600 the multitiered late Roman currency had shriveled to a shadow of its former self. Copper-alloy issues, which for most of the populace had been the principal coins utilized on a day-to-day basis, were effectively gone, as were those in silver. Little local production of unofficial coin to plug this ga…
The Social Significance of Monetization in the Early Middle Ages
In 1057, the ecclesiastical reformer Peter Damian (d. 1072/3) explained in a letter to his fellow cardinal bishops how a lump of debased silver might be remade into different coins but still remain a dangerous forgery, in the same way as a corrupt priest would always be tainted by his abuses.1 The image was presumably effective, for the same author used similar monetary metaphors on several other occasions. By doing so he tapped into a long Chris…
A new Agnus Dei/Last Small Cross mule
The Lenborough hoard has produced the twenty-third coin struck from Agnus Dei dies, which is also the second known mule of an Agnus Dei obverse with a Last Small Cross reverse. It is illustrated in Gareth Williams's preceding article as Fig. 7 (p. 304). This specimen adds to the small group of English finds of Agnus Dei pennies, which previously consisted of three single-finds. Lenborough is therefore the first ever English hoard to contain an Ag…
Jay Paul Gates and Nicole Marafioti, editors. Capital and Corporal Punishment in Anglo-Saxon England
If there is one thing the novice or outsider might know about Anglo-Saxon law, it is the prominence of wergild (man-price) and monetary reparation for violent crime. This volume takes as its focus a less well-known manifestation of the bond between law and blood that existed in pre- and immediately post-Conquest England: physical punishment in the name of justice. This had a quite different social underpinning from compensation payments, which we…
Old English Philology
Robert D. Fulk is arguably the greatest Old English philologist to emerge during the twentieth century; his corpus of scholarship has fundamentally shaped contemporary understanding of many aspects of Anglo-Saxon literary history and English historical linguistics. This volume, in his honour, brings together essays which engage with his work and advance his research interests. Scholarship onhistorical metrics and the dating, editing, and interpre…
Old English Philology
Essays bringing out the crucial importance of philology for understanding Old English texts. Robert D. Fulk is arguably the greatest Old English philologist to emerge during the twentieth century; his corpus of scholarship has fundamentally shaped contemporary understanding of many aspects of Anglo-Saxon literary historyand English historical linguistics. This volume, in his honour, brings together essays which engage with his work and advance hi…
The Ely memoranda and the economy of the late Anglo-Saxon fenland
Consisting of six short Old English texts written in the early eleventh century, the Ely memoranda illustrate how a major and recently refounded Benedictine abbey managed its landed endowment. Two of the memoranda relate to generous help provided by Ely to Thorney, and four concern Ely's own lands. The collection as a whole reveals much about interaction between monasteries, monastic perspectives on material resources and investment in them, the …
The Coinage of Æthelred II
Even at the beginning of his long and turbulent reign (978–1016), Æthelred II's coinage was an impressive institution. Mint-places across the kingdom issued silver pennies of identical design, each sporting an image of the king surrounded by his name and title while the reverse named both the man responsible for manufacture (the moneyer) and the location where he produced the coin. Æthelred and his subjects inherited this currency from Edgar (959…
The land market and Anglo-Saxon society
Over 500 references survive to payment in return for control over land in Anglo-Saxon England. This article considers these documents as a source for social developments. Issues which are explored include the identities of buyers and sellers, changes in the roles of these groups over the period, and the likely aims and concerns of different individuals and institutions who paid for land. A chronology is developed for the participation of various …
Money and Coinage in the Middle Ages
Reading Medieval Sources is an exciting new series which leads scholars and students into some of the most challenging and rewarding sources from the European Middle Ages, and introduces the most important approaches to understanding them. Written by an international team of twelve leading scholars, this volume Money and Coinage in the Middle Ages presents a set of fresh and insightful perspectives that demonstrate the rich potential of this sour…
The currency of power in late Anglo‐Saxon England
England between the early 970s and 1066 had a remarkable monetary system, consisting of silver pennies of standardised type which were reminted frequently. Each penny carried the name of the individual responsible for its manufacture and identified where he was based. This formidable currency came about thanks to unique conditions in the late 10th and early 11th centuries. An initial reform by Edgar was followed by a rapid sequence of recoinages …
A further Agnus Dei penny of King Æthelred the Unready
A further example of an Agnus Dei penny recently surfaced at a London auction. 1 It was found in 2018 by a metal-detectorist, in south Lincolnshire. It is the twenty-second recorded example struck from Agnus Dei obverse and reverse dies, and takes the total of surviving specimens, including the two known mules with the Last Short Cross type, to twenty-four. The new coin is well preserved, without piercing, mounting or pecking, but is chipped betw…
The Origins of the Husting and the Folkmoot
In the central Middle Ages, London was marked out by its idiosyncratic institutions, prominent among which were two courts or assemblies: the Folkmoot and the Husting. This article re‐examines the early history and origins of both, and suggests that they should be seen as outgrowths of the entities recorded in a legal composition from the reign of King Æthelstan (924–39). The latter describes associations formed by the people of London to defend …
The Origins of Peter’s Pence
Peter’s Pence began as an annual donation from England to the papacy. It was later taken up more widely and lasted until the Reformation in England, but its beginnings are much murkier. This article reassesses the earliest forms of Peter’s Pence in the period before 1066. Offerings made by individual Anglo-Saxon pilgrims to Rome gave rise to more regular gifts from several kings between Offa (757–96) and Alfred (871–99); under the latter, gifts a…
Conquests in Eleventh-Century England
The cataclysmic conquests of the eleventh century are here set together for the first time. Eleventh-century England suffered two devastating conquests, each bringing the rule of a foreign king and the imposition of a new regime. Yet only the second event, the Norman Conquest of 1066, has been credited with the impact and influence of a permanent transformation. Half a century earlier, the Danish conquest of 1016 had nonetheless marked the painfu…
Conquests in Eleventh-Century England
I can summarize my argument in a single image. Around 1110 a Canterbury scribe copied a charter onto the endleaves of an ancient Roman gospel book (Fig. 7.1). He recorded the name of the king, Henry I, and he interlined the styles and surnames of the witnesses in French fashion; but the anomalous feature is the script. Nearly sixty years after the Norman Conquest, in the reign of the third Norman king, a scribe at the heart of the Anglo-Norman es…
Gilds, states and societies in the early Middle Ages
The early medieval gilds of north‐west Europe were very different from their later medieval descendants. They were not specifically urban or economic in focus, instead being based on religious devotion, feasting and mutual protection, usually among members united by status and geography. Treatment of gilds differed sharply between the two main representatives of the tradition in the region: the Carolingian empire and Anglo‐Saxon England. In the f…
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