Christopher J Carpenter
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 95841 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Christopher J Carpenter |
| NOMBRES | Christopher J |
| APELLIDO | Carpenter |
| FIRMA | CARPENTER C J |
| AFILIACIONES | Western Illinois University |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-8815-5151 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 28 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 100 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 28 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2010 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 5 |
A media effects typology of media literacy interventions
Central to media literacy education efforts is countering harmful media effects, and such media effects are of various types. We propose a typology of media literacy interventions based on which kind of media effect they aim to mitigate. In this study, we focus on negative media effects and propose an initial typology of four categories: imitation, inadequacy, selling, and misinformation. We describe the kind of interventions that target each typ…
Psychological reactance theory and politeness theory
Oneness With the Source as a Means of Reducing Motivated Reasoning About Climate Policy
Addressing climate change requires persuading political conservatives—many of whom remain skeptical of climate science—to support climate initiatives. A possible method of reducing conservatives’ resistance to such messages is to use a source that matches their political identity. We attempted to replicate previous findings that perceived oneness with the source may explain why source matching increases persuasiveness for both a targeted attitude…
Validation of an efficacy of lying scale
Efficacy of lying is the belief that lying is an effective and efficient communication strategy. A new measure of efficacy of lying is presented to assess the belief that lying is an effective way to influence the behavior and beliefs of others. The current study (N = 632) found evidence that the measure is associated with the frequency of lying, self-reported lying ability, and personality traits associated with lying (low honesty and Machiavell…
Predicting when social media use is associated with loneliness using the hyperperception model
The hyperperception model (Carpenter & Spottswood, 2021a) makes predictions about when an observer of others’ social media interactions may be misperceived. We used this model to make predictions about when observing the social media interactions of others will be associated with loneliness. Two studies (N = 748 & N = 245) found that the extent to which one’s friends appear to be interacting more with each other relative to how much they interact…
Media literacy interventions
We conducted a comprehensive meta-analysis of 160 media literacy interventions from 1983 to 2023, finding overall positive effects. Effects were larger for media-over behavior-relevant outcomes and for social over health topics. Stronger effects were found for knowledge outcomes at both immediate-post and delayed follow-up assessments. Attitudes and critical beliefs predicted behavior. No substantial decay in effects was observed between immediat…
Using Self-Schema Matching to Recruit Superdiffusers for a Potential Vaccine Word-of-Mouth Promotion Campaign
The Boster et al. (2012) superdiffuser model predicts that a health behavior change can be diffused through a social network by recruiting superdiffusers, a type of opinion leader who possesses 3 key traits, to promote that health behavior change. Yet, that model does not specify how to recruit opinion leaders for applied contexts. This pair of studies sought to demonstrate that the self-schema matching model of persuasion can be used to design r…
Extending the Theory of Normative Social Behavior
Novel, public behaviors, such as masking, should be susceptible to normative influence. This paper advances the theory of normative social behavior by considering a new set of moderators of normative influence — superdiffuser traits — and by clarifying the antecedents and consequences of exposure to collective norms. We use data from a two-wave survey of a cohort living in one U.S. county during the pandemic (N = 913) to assess normative effects …
Expansion and Exploration of the Superdiffuser Model With Agent-Based Modeling
The superdiffuser model predicts that the diffusion of a new behavior can be accelerated if superdiffusers (people who are connectors, persuaders, and mavens) are recruited to promote the behavior. We propose an expanded model where the importance of these traits varies by network structure and other network member characteristics. We assessed the plausibility of these proposed moderators using a simulation of an agent-based model in which each m…
The Roles of Identity- and Belief-Driven Motivated Reasoning and Source Credibility in Persuasion on Climate Change Policy
Developing effective messages to promote climate action requires an understanding of how these messages are processed by different groups. Though the influence of partisan identity on this processing is well established, much less is known about the role of preexisting climate beliefs. Furthermore, scholars have recently raised the possibility that what appear to be partisan effects on message judgments may simply be byproducts of accuracy-driven…
Influence and personality
A survey was conducted (N = 632) to determine which of the Big Five personality traits tended to be related to each of the three traits specified in the superdiffuser model of diffusion and influence (connector, persuader, maven). The purpose of the study was to better understand the traits that form the core of the superdiffuser model of opinion leadership and to inform methods of recruiting superdiffusers for behavior change campaigns. The conn…
The Hyperperception Model
The hyperperception model was used to derive hypotheses concerning the processes by which people experience romantic jealousy because of their observation of their romantic partners on social network sites. The main focus was on the receiver component of the model that specifies that when observation of others' interactions is constrained to social media, those interactions appear more intimate than when the dyad is also observable offline. A sur…
The Hyperperception Model
The hyperperception model was used to derive hypotheses concerning the processes by which people experience romantic jealousy because of their observation of their romantic partners on Facebook. Issues concerning active versus passive observation, personally unknown versus known potential rivals, and relational uncertainty variables were considered. A survey of undergraduates and community members was conducted to test these hypotheses. The data …
Networked Maintenance
Communicating relational maintenance through social network sites such can be an important strategy for first-year students to build university-affiliated social networks. In this longitudinal network analysis, ninety-four beginning first-year students completed the Facebook Relational Maintenance Measure (FRMM). Emerging network data collected over a nine-month period examined the effect of students’ propensity to use FRMM strategies on network …
Facebook jealousy
This study tests the predictive power of part of the recently proposed hyperperception model. The model’s components posit that aspects of an observer of other’s SNS interactions as well as aspects of the SNS environment may cause the observer’s perceptions of others’ interactional and relational intimacy to be heightened. This study describes potential predictors of romantic jealousy related to observing one’s partner on Facebook and uses the hy…
Meta-Analyzing Apples and Oranges
This essay attempts to describe the apples and oranges problem in meta-analyses. Essentially, some meta-analyses combine original studies of various variables that are not the same pairs of variables. Metaphorically, they meta-analyze the effects of fruit when they should conduct separate meta-analyses of apples and oranges. This practice is inconsistent with the assumptions behind the meta-analytic formulae concerning sampling error and makes me…
Cognitive dissonance, ego-involvement, and motivated reasoning
One of the enduring topics for persuasion research is motivated reasoning, when people respond to persuasive messages in ways other than seeking to form an accurate attitude. This essay advances the position that the existing research can be synthesized using the self-concept approach to cognitive dissonance with ego-involvement added as the key explanatory variable to indicate when an issue is likely tied to the individual’s self-concept and thu…
Do People Who Identify as Popular Become Popular in a New Network? A 9-Month Longitudinal Network Analysis
Although scholars have argued that people actively shape and reshape their social networks (e.g., Parks, 2016), this aspect of relational development has received little attention. This study sought to determine if people’s self-perceptions of interpersonal communication skills translated into behavior that led to relationship formation in a new network. A 9-month longitudinal social network analysis ( N = 94) of the residents of a first-year uni…
On Replication in Communication Science
Replications are an important part of the research process because they allow for greater confidence in the findings of communication research. However, engaging in replications is often undervalued, replication studies can be difficult to publish, and thus it is difficult for individual scholars to devote their resources toward replication. This essay outlines the importance of replications for communication science and provides a framework for …
Mediated Skewed Diffusion of Issues Information
The modern media ecology has changed drastically over the last decade yet scholarly theoretical perspectives lag behind lay theories regarding news diffusion making it difficult to fully articulate and understand the processes driving dissemination of information and persuasion across networks and media contexts. The proposed theoretical framework takes into account extant research on the multiple mechanisms, specifically, cognitive ego involveme…
The players of micro-dating
Dating apps on smartphones have brought speed dating on the Internet to a new level. This exploratory investigation sought to determine what kinds of people use these apps, what their motivations are, and what precautions they take before meeting someone. One hundred and seventy-three non-users and 57 current users of dating apps were surveyed. The data suggest that the strongest motive for using dating apps is not for dating or sex, but for ente…
The Politics of Racism
The purpose of this study is to identify the politics of Chinese netizens' racism toward Africans on the website, ChinaSMACK. Critical and grounded theory analysis reveals that racism on ChinaSMACK (a) is triggered by perceived threats to identity, economic stability, and State fidelity; (b) exists in a paradoxical relationship with globalization; and (c) perpetuates sexist attitudes toward women. We conclude that racism functions politically to …
A Meta-Analysis of the ELM's Argument Quality × Processing Type Predictions
One of the key dual-process model predictions is that audiences will be more persuaded by strong persuasive arguments than weak and that this difference in persuasiveness will be larger when they are processing centrally rather than peripherally. A series of meta-analyses were conducted (k = 134) to assess this claim and explore moderators. The data were generally consistent with the hypothesized interaction. The effects tended to be smaller when…
The Relationship Between Message Recall and Persuasion
A strong message recall-attitude relationship was predicted when participants were induced to use memory-based processing to form their attitudes but not when induced to use on-line processing after exposure to a persuasive message. The recall-attitude correlation in the memory-based conditions was expected to be positive when the arguments were strong and negative when they were weak; 240 participants participated in a study to test these predic…
Narcissism on Facebook
The Politics of Racism
The purpose of this study is to identify the politics of Chinese netizens' racism toward Africans on the website, ChinaSMACK. Critical and grounded theory analysis reveals that racism on ChinaSMACK (a) is triggered by perceived threats to identity, economic stability, and State fidelity; (b) exists in a paradoxical relationship with globalization; and (c) perpetuates sexist attitudes toward women. We conclude that racism functions politically to …
A Meta-Analysis of the ELM's Argument Quality × Processing Type Predictions
One of the key dual-process model predictions is that audiences will be more persuaded by strong persuasive arguments than weak and that this difference in persuasiveness will be larger when they are processing centrally rather than peripherally. A series of meta-analyses were conducted (k = 134) to assess this claim and explore moderators. The data were generally consistent with the hypothesized interaction. The effects tended to be smaller when…
Meta-Analyses of Sex Differences in Responses to Sexual Versus Emotional Infidelity
From 54 articles, 172 effect sizes were meta-analyzed to determine whether men and women are differentially distressed by emotional versus sexual infidelity. Predictions were derived and tested from an evolutionary psychology (EP) perspective, a social–cognitive perspective, and the double-shot perspective. The data were not consistent with the EP predictions because men tended to respond in the predicted manner in only the U.S. student samples, …
Cognitive dissonance, ego-involvement, and motivated reasoning
One of the enduring topics for persuasion research is motivated reasoning, when people respond to persuasive messages in ways other than seeking to form an accurate attitude. This essay advances the position that the existing research can be synthesized using the self-concept approach to cognitive dissonance with ego-involvement added as the key explanatory variable to indicate when an issue is likely tied to the individual’s self-concept and thu…
Meta-Analyzing Apples and Oranges
This essay attempts to describe the apples and oranges problem in meta-analyses. Essentially, some meta-analyses combine original studies of various variables that are not the same pairs of variables. Metaphorically, they meta-analyze the effects of fruit when they should conduct separate meta-analyses of apples and oranges. This practice is inconsistent with the assumptions behind the meta-analytic formulae concerning sampling error and makes me…
Do People Who Identify as Popular Become Popular in a New Network? A 9-Month Longitudinal Network Analysis
Although scholars have argued that people actively shape and reshape their social networks (e.g., Parks, 2016), this aspect of relational development has received little attention. This study sought to determine if people’s self-perceptions of interpersonal communication skills translated into behavior that led to relationship formation in a new network. A 9-month longitudinal social network analysis ( N = 94) of the residents of a first-year uni…
Media literacy interventions
We conducted a comprehensive meta-analysis of 160 media literacy interventions from 1983 to 2023, finding overall positive effects. Effects were larger for media-over behavior-relevant outcomes and for social over health topics. Stronger effects were found for knowledge outcomes at both immediate-post and delayed follow-up assessments. Attitudes and critical beliefs predicted behavior. No substantial decay in effects was observed between immediat…
Mediated Skewed Diffusion of Issues Information
The modern media ecology has changed drastically over the last decade yet scholarly theoretical perspectives lag behind lay theories regarding news diffusion making it difficult to fully articulate and understand the processes driving dissemination of information and persuasion across networks and media contexts. The proposed theoretical framework takes into account extant research on the multiple mechanisms, specifically, cognitive ego involveme…
A Trim and Fill Examination of the Extent of Publication Bias in Communication Research
Publication bias can occur when a study is not published in an academic journal because the study did not find a statistically significant result. It can bias meta-analytic estimates upwards because the meta-analyses are missing studies that provide small estimates of the effect size under study. This paper describes the trim and fill technique of estimating the impact of publication bias on meta-analyses (Duval & Tweedie, 2000a, 2000b) and provi…
A Meta-Analysis of the Effectiveness of Health Belief Model Variables in Predicting Behavior
Meta-Analyses of Sex Differences in Responses to Sexual Versus Emotional Infidelity
From 54 articles, 172 effect sizes were meta-analyzed to determine whether men and women are differentially distressed by emotional versus sexual infidelity. Predictions were derived and tested from an evolutionary psychology (EP) perspective, a social–cognitive perspective, and the double-shot perspective. The data were not consistent with the EP predictions because men tended to respond in the predicted manner in only the U.S. student samples, …
Narcissism on Facebook
A Trim and Fill Examination of the Extent of Publication Bias in Communication Research
Publication bias can occur when a study is not published in an academic journal because the study did not find a statistically significant result. It can bias meta-analytic estimates upwards because the meta-analyses are missing studies that provide small estimates of the effect size under study. This paper describes the trim and fill technique of estimating the impact of publication bias on meta-analyses (Duval & Tweedie, 2000a, 2000b) and provi…
The Relationship Between Message Recall and Persuasion
A strong message recall-attitude relationship was predicted when participants were induced to use memory-based processing to form their attitudes but not when induced to use on-line processing after exposure to a persuasive message. The recall-attitude correlation in the memory-based conditions was expected to be positive when the arguments were strong and negative when they were weak; 240 participants participated in a study to test these predic…
The Politics of Racism
The purpose of this study is to identify the politics of Chinese netizens' racism toward Africans on the website, ChinaSMACK. Critical and grounded theory analysis reveals that racism on ChinaSMACK (a) is triggered by perceived threats to identity, economic stability, and State fidelity; (b) exists in a paradoxical relationship with globalization; and (c) perpetuates sexist attitudes toward women. We conclude that racism functions politically to …
A Meta-Analysis of the ELM's Argument Quality × Processing Type Predictions
One of the key dual-process model predictions is that audiences will be more persuaded by strong persuasive arguments than weak and that this difference in persuasiveness will be larger when they are processing centrally rather than peripherally. A series of meta-analyses were conducted (k = 134) to assess this claim and explore moderators. The data were generally consistent with the hypothesized interaction. The effects tended to be smaller when…
The players of micro-dating
Dating apps on smartphones have brought speed dating on the Internet to a new level. This exploratory investigation sought to determine what kinds of people use these apps, what their motivations are, and what precautions they take before meeting someone. One hundred and seventy-three non-users and 57 current users of dating apps were surveyed. The data suggest that the strongest motive for using dating apps is not for dating or sex, but for ente…
On Replication in Communication Science
Replications are an important part of the research process because they allow for greater confidence in the findings of communication research. However, engaging in replications is often undervalued, replication studies can be difficult to publish, and thus it is difficult for individual scholars to devote their resources toward replication. This essay outlines the importance of replications for communication science and provides a framework for …
Mediated Skewed Diffusion of Issues Information
The modern media ecology has changed drastically over the last decade yet scholarly theoretical perspectives lag behind lay theories regarding news diffusion making it difficult to fully articulate and understand the processes driving dissemination of information and persuasion across networks and media contexts. The proposed theoretical framework takes into account extant research on the multiple mechanisms, specifically, cognitive ego involveme…
Cognitive dissonance, ego-involvement, and motivated reasoning
One of the enduring topics for persuasion research is motivated reasoning, when people respond to persuasive messages in ways other than seeking to form an accurate attitude. This essay advances the position that the existing research can be synthesized using the self-concept approach to cognitive dissonance with ego-involvement added as the key explanatory variable to indicate when an issue is likely tied to the individual’s self-concept and thu…
Do People Who Identify as Popular Become Popular in a New Network? A 9-Month Longitudinal Network Analysis
Although scholars have argued that people actively shape and reshape their social networks (e.g., Parks, 2016), this aspect of relational development has received little attention. This study sought to determine if people’s self-perceptions of interpersonal communication skills translated into behavior that led to relationship formation in a new network. A 9-month longitudinal social network analysis ( N = 94) of the residents of a first-year uni…
Networked Maintenance
Communicating relational maintenance through social network sites such can be an important strategy for first-year students to build university-affiliated social networks. In this longitudinal network analysis, ninety-four beginning first-year students completed the Facebook Relational Maintenance Measure (FRMM). Emerging network data collected over a nine-month period examined the effect of students’ propensity to use FRMM strategies on network …
Facebook jealousy
This study tests the predictive power of part of the recently proposed hyperperception model. The model’s components posit that aspects of an observer of other’s SNS interactions as well as aspects of the SNS environment may cause the observer’s perceptions of others’ interactional and relational intimacy to be heightened. This study describes potential predictors of romantic jealousy related to observing one’s partner on Facebook and uses the hy…
Meta-Analyzing Apples and Oranges
This essay attempts to describe the apples and oranges problem in meta-analyses. Essentially, some meta-analyses combine original studies of various variables that are not the same pairs of variables. Metaphorically, they meta-analyze the effects of fruit when they should conduct separate meta-analyses of apples and oranges. This practice is inconsistent with the assumptions behind the meta-analytic formulae concerning sampling error and makes me…
The Hyperperception Model
The hyperperception model was used to derive hypotheses concerning the processes by which people experience romantic jealousy because of their observation of their romantic partners on social network sites. The main focus was on the receiver component of the model that specifies that when observation of others' interactions is constrained to social media, those interactions appear more intimate than when the dyad is also observable offline. A sur…
The Hyperperception Model
The hyperperception model was used to derive hypotheses concerning the processes by which people experience romantic jealousy because of their observation of their romantic partners on Facebook. Issues concerning active versus passive observation, personally unknown versus known potential rivals, and relational uncertainty variables were considered. A survey of undergraduates and community members was conducted to test these hypotheses. The data …
Influence and personality
A survey was conducted (N = 632) to determine which of the Big Five personality traits tended to be related to each of the three traits specified in the superdiffuser model of diffusion and influence (connector, persuader, maven). The purpose of the study was to better understand the traits that form the core of the superdiffuser model of opinion leadership and to inform methods of recruiting superdiffusers for behavior change campaigns. The conn…
Using Self-Schema Matching to Recruit Superdiffusers for a Potential Vaccine Word-of-Mouth Promotion Campaign
The Boster et al. (2012) superdiffuser model predicts that a health behavior change can be diffused through a social network by recruiting superdiffusers, a type of opinion leader who possesses 3 key traits, to promote that health behavior change. Yet, that model does not specify how to recruit opinion leaders for applied contexts. This pair of studies sought to demonstrate that the self-schema matching model of persuasion can be used to design r…
Extending the Theory of Normative Social Behavior
Novel, public behaviors, such as masking, should be susceptible to normative influence. This paper advances the theory of normative social behavior by considering a new set of moderators of normative influence — superdiffuser traits — and by clarifying the antecedents and consequences of exposure to collective norms. We use data from a two-wave survey of a cohort living in one U.S. county during the pandemic (N = 913) to assess normative effects …
Expansion and Exploration of the Superdiffuser Model With Agent-Based Modeling
The superdiffuser model predicts that the diffusion of a new behavior can be accelerated if superdiffusers (people who are connectors, persuaders, and mavens) are recruited to promote the behavior. We propose an expanded model where the importance of these traits varies by network structure and other network member characteristics. We assessed the plausibility of these proposed moderators using a simulation of an agent-based model in which each m…
The Roles of Identity- and Belief-Driven Motivated Reasoning and Source Credibility in Persuasion on Climate Change Policy
Developing effective messages to promote climate action requires an understanding of how these messages are processed by different groups. Though the influence of partisan identity on this processing is well established, much less is known about the role of preexisting climate beliefs. Furthermore, scholars have recently raised the possibility that what appear to be partisan effects on message judgments may simply be byproducts of accuracy-driven…
Validation of an efficacy of lying scale
Efficacy of lying is the belief that lying is an effective and efficient communication strategy. A new measure of efficacy of lying is presented to assess the belief that lying is an effective way to influence the behavior and beliefs of others. The current study (N = 632) found evidence that the measure is associated with the frequency of lying, self-reported lying ability, and personality traits associated with lying (low honesty and Machiavell…
Predicting when social media use is associated with loneliness using the hyperperception model
The hyperperception model (Carpenter & Spottswood, 2021a) makes predictions about when an observer of others’ social media interactions may be misperceived. We used this model to make predictions about when observing the social media interactions of others will be associated with loneliness. Two studies (N = 748 & N = 245) found that the extent to which one’s friends appear to be interacting more with each other relative to how much they interact…
Media literacy interventions
We conducted a comprehensive meta-analysis of 160 media literacy interventions from 1983 to 2023, finding overall positive effects. Effects were larger for media-over behavior-relevant outcomes and for social over health topics. Stronger effects were found for knowledge outcomes at both immediate-post and delayed follow-up assessments. Attitudes and critical beliefs predicted behavior. No substantial decay in effects was observed between immediat…
Psychology (23 obras) · Social Psychology (18 obras) · Computer Science (11 obras) · Impact of Technology on Adolescents (8 obras) · Social Psychology (8 obras) · Media Influence and Health (6 obras) · Persuasion (6 obras) · Political science (6 obras) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (6 obras) · Social media (6 obras)