Benjamin J Appel
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 977433 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Benjamin J Appel |
| NOMBRES | Benjamin J |
| APELLIDO | Appel |
| FIRMA | APPEL B J |
| AFILIACIONES | Michigan State University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-8564-1370 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 17 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 203 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 17 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1941 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2024 |
| ÍNDICE H | 8 |
Rainfall shocks and state repression
We posit that rainfall shocks have an indirect effect on state repression through their impact on food production. Rainfall shocks are associated with reduced food production, which can generate grievances among the populace while also creating incentives for them to mobilize against the regime. In turn, governments employ repression to insulate themselves from these adverse climatic events. We also argue that this relationship is most pronounced…
Understanding the Determinants of ICC Involvement
What explains the initiation and escalation of International Criminal Court (ICC) involvement in a situation? In light of growing charges of bias against the court, understanding the determinants of ICC involvement is critically important. Building upon research on bounded discretion at international courts, we argue that two potentially competing forces influence the court. While prioritizing impartiality should lead the court to target perpetra…
The Death and Life of State Repression
The Death and Life of State Repression provides insight into a problem that dates back at least 75 years, if not before. Since World War II, individuals and institutions from around the world have been concerned with state repression/human rights violation and since about 1990 a robust empirical literature has emerged to investigate what drives this behavior up or down (i.e., exploring variation). While useful, this work has generally ignored imp…
Not Too Distant
Grievance and opportunity theories dominate research on the causes of civil war. However, theoretical and empirical problems limit their ability to explain variation in conflict onset. We argue that these problems partly stem from treating them as largely independent explanations. We integrate grievance and opportunity into a unified theory and argue that they are complements that jointly predict conflict. We apply insights from the interstate wa…
Stopping state repression
While research into why repression/human rights violation goes up or down has thrived over the past 50 years, essentially no effort has been made to examine what stops this behavior once under way - especially activity that is large-scale as well as violent. To address this topic, we put forward the idea of a repressive spell (similar to that in the study of war, civil war, and terrorism) and a new theoretical framework that conceptualizes repres…
Causal Inference, International Law, And Maritime Disputes
Sara Mitchell and Andrew Owsiak's examination of the impact of UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and Article 287 declarations on the peaceful resolution of maritime disputes significantly advances the literature on the relationship between international law/international courts and maritime issues. To their credit, the authors employ a wide range of empirical tests in the article to provide readers with confidence in the empirical resu…
Third-Party Actors and the Intentional Targeting of Civilians in War
This article examines the relationship between third-party actors and the intentional targeting of non-combatants in interstate war. It argues that war participants kill fewer civilians in war when their expectation of third-party punishment is high. Combatants will anticipate a high likelihood of third-party sanctions when their alliance and trade networks are dominated by third parties that have ratified international treaties prohibiting the i…
Intergovernmental Organizations and Democratic Victory in International Crises
Research finds that intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) influence domestic public opinion on foreign policy matters. This article applies these insights to crisis bargaining, arguing that IGO support will help democratic leaders prevail in crises, but it will have little systematic benefit for nondemocratic leaders. IGO support helps democratic leaders generate leverage by increasing domestic support for their policies. In turn, leaders with g…
In the Shadow of the International Criminal Court
The International Criminal Court (ICC) is responsible for prosecuting crimes against humanity, war crimes, and genocide. Despite the potential for the ICC to deter human rights abuses, scholars and policy makers are divided on the effectiveness of it. This debate, however, is plagued by some important theoretical and empirical limitations. I address the problems in the literature and evaluate whether the ICC can prevent human rights abuses. I arg…
Conflict Recurrence and Postconflict Justice
Why do some postconflict states return to violence, while others remain at peace?Analysts increasingly credit postconflict justice institutions-such as truth commissions, amnesties, reparations, and trials-with contributing to the prevention of conflict recurrence following civil wars.But scholars remain divided about the overall effectiveness of these varied institutions.In this article, we directly engage this debate.We seek to overcome theoret…
Compliance with International Humanitarian Law
This article examines compliance with international laws prohibiting the intentional targeting of noncombatants in interstate war, specifically focusing on the role of third-party states in enforcement. We argue that the expectation of third-party coercion, when sufficiently high, can induce war participants to comply with this body of law. We identify the conditions under which combatant states will anticipate a high likelihood of coercion, demo…
Bringing Law to the Table
In this article, we argue that international law can help state leaders reach a settlement in territorial disputes by suggesting a focal point for negotiations. International law is more likely to serve as a focal point when the legal principles relevant to the dispute are clear and well established and when one of the states in the dispute has a stronger legal claim to disputed territory. When these two conditions are present, we expect the stat…
Law and the Use of Force in World Politics
In this paper, we investigate how international law shapes leaders' decisions regarding the use of force in the context of territorial disputes. We argue that if the legal principles relevant to the dispute are capable of suggesting a focal point, international law will have a powerful role to play in informing leader behavior. Specifically, if a focal point exists, the state that it favors will avoid using force and prefer negotiations when cons…
The economic benefits of justice
Post-conflict states represent an important research agenda for scholars studying foreign direct investment (FDI). While leaders of post-conflict states have strong incentives for trying to attract international investments, multinational corporations (MNCs) may view these states as high-risk since the reoccurrence of violence in the aftermath of civil conflict is common. Consequently, leaders of post-conflict states desperate to receive FDI to h…
Does International Law Promote the Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes? Evidence from the Study of Territorial Conflicts since 1945
In this article, we explain the role of international law in the resolution of territorial disputes from 1945 to 2000. In doing so, we focus on three outcomes of interest. First, when do states choose to revise the territorial status quo through negotiations instead of force? Second, when are states able to reach a final settlement? Third, when do states prefer a process of legal dispute resolution (i.e., adjudication or arbitration) to bilateral…
When Is Domestic Political Unrest Related to International Conflict? Diversionary Theory and Japanese Foreign Policy, 1890-19411
In this article, we seek to advance the theoretic and empirical literature on the diversionary use of force. We argue that state leaders are more likely to engage in diversionary foreign policy behavior when opposition groups from within the winning coalition press for policy changes, but the government rejects those policy demands. Only when domestic unrest threatens a loss of political support from groups that are politically important to the l…
The People Talk
The People Talk. By Benjamin Appel. (New York: E. P. Dutton & Company, Inc., 1940. 502 pp. $3.00.) Get access Elmer Ellis Elmer Ellis University of Missouri Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of American History, Volume 27, Issue 4, March 1941, Page 678, https://doi.org/10.2307/1898014 Published: 01 March 1941
Does International Law Promote the Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes? Evidence from the Study of Territorial Conflicts since 1945
In this article, we explain the role of international law in the resolution of territorial disputes from 1945 to 2000. In doing so, we focus on three outcomes of interest. First, when do states choose to revise the territorial status quo through negotiations instead of force? Second, when are states able to reach a final settlement? Third, when do states prefer a process of legal dispute resolution (i.e., adjudication or arbitration) to bilateral…
Conflict Recurrence and Postconflict Justice
Why do some postconflict states return to violence, while others remain at peace?Analysts increasingly credit postconflict justice institutions-such as truth commissions, amnesties, reparations, and trials-with contributing to the prevention of conflict recurrence following civil wars.But scholars remain divided about the overall effectiveness of these varied institutions.In this article, we directly engage this debate.We seek to overcome theoret…
In the Shadow of the International Criminal Court
The International Criminal Court (ICC) is responsible for prosecuting crimes against humanity, war crimes, and genocide. Despite the potential for the ICC to deter human rights abuses, scholars and policy makers are divided on the effectiveness of it. This debate, however, is plagued by some important theoretical and empirical limitations. I address the problems in the literature and evaluate whether the ICC can prevent human rights abuses. I arg…
Bringing Law to the Table
In this article, we argue that international law can help state leaders reach a settlement in territorial disputes by suggesting a focal point for negotiations. International law is more likely to serve as a focal point when the legal principles relevant to the dispute are clear and well established and when one of the states in the dispute has a stronger legal claim to disputed territory. When these two conditions are present, we expect the stat…
Law and the Use of Force in World Politics
In this paper, we investigate how international law shapes leaders' decisions regarding the use of force in the context of territorial disputes. We argue that if the legal principles relevant to the dispute are capable of suggesting a focal point, international law will have a powerful role to play in informing leader behavior. Specifically, if a focal point exists, the state that it favors will avoid using force and prefer negotiations when cons…
Compliance with International Humanitarian Law
This article examines compliance with international laws prohibiting the intentional targeting of noncombatants in interstate war, specifically focusing on the role of third-party states in enforcement. We argue that the expectation of third-party coercion, when sufficiently high, can induce war participants to comply with this body of law. We identify the conditions under which combatant states will anticipate a high likelihood of coercion, demo…
The economic benefits of justice
Post-conflict states represent an important research agenda for scholars studying foreign direct investment (FDI). While leaders of post-conflict states have strong incentives for trying to attract international investments, multinational corporations (MNCs) may view these states as high-risk since the reoccurrence of violence in the aftermath of civil conflict is common. Consequently, leaders of post-conflict states desperate to receive FDI to h…
When Is Domestic Political Unrest Related to International Conflict? Diversionary Theory and Japanese Foreign Policy, 1890-19411
In this article, we seek to advance the theoretic and empirical literature on the diversionary use of force. We argue that state leaders are more likely to engage in diversionary foreign policy behavior when opposition groups from within the winning coalition press for policy changes, but the government rejects those policy demands. Only when domestic unrest threatens a loss of political support from groups that are politically important to the l…
Understanding the Determinants of ICC Involvement
What explains the initiation and escalation of International Criminal Court (ICC) involvement in a situation? In light of growing charges of bias against the court, understanding the determinants of ICC involvement is critically important. Building upon research on bounded discretion at international courts, we argue that two potentially competing forces influence the court. While prioritizing impartiality should lead the court to target perpetra…
Third-Party Actors and the Intentional Targeting of Civilians in War
This article examines the relationship between third-party actors and the intentional targeting of non-combatants in interstate war. It argues that war participants kill fewer civilians in war when their expectation of third-party punishment is high. Combatants will anticipate a high likelihood of third-party sanctions when their alliance and trade networks are dominated by third parties that have ratified international treaties prohibiting the i…
Rainfall shocks and state repression
We posit that rainfall shocks have an indirect effect on state repression through their impact on food production. Rainfall shocks are associated with reduced food production, which can generate grievances among the populace while also creating incentives for them to mobilize against the regime. In turn, governments employ repression to insulate themselves from these adverse climatic events. We also argue that this relationship is most pronounced…
Not Too Distant
Grievance and opportunity theories dominate research on the causes of civil war. However, theoretical and empirical problems limit their ability to explain variation in conflict onset. We argue that these problems partly stem from treating them as largely independent explanations. We integrate grievance and opportunity into a unified theory and argue that they are complements that jointly predict conflict. We apply insights from the interstate wa…
Stopping state repression
While research into why repression/human rights violation goes up or down has thrived over the past 50 years, essentially no effort has been made to examine what stops this behavior once under way - especially activity that is large-scale as well as violent. To address this topic, we put forward the idea of a repressive spell (similar to that in the study of war, civil war, and terrorism) and a new theoretical framework that conceptualizes repres…
Intergovernmental Organizations and Democratic Victory in International Crises
Research finds that intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) influence domestic public opinion on foreign policy matters. This article applies these insights to crisis bargaining, arguing that IGO support will help democratic leaders prevail in crises, but it will have little systematic benefit for nondemocratic leaders. IGO support helps democratic leaders generate leverage by increasing domestic support for their policies. In turn, leaders with g…
The People Talk
The People Talk. By Benjamin Appel. (New York: E. P. Dutton & Company, Inc., 1940. 502 pp. $3.00.) Get access Elmer Ellis Elmer Ellis University of Missouri Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of American History, Volume 27, Issue 4, March 1941, Page 678, https://doi.org/10.2307/1898014 Published: 01 March 1941
When Is Domestic Political Unrest Related to International Conflict? Diversionary Theory and Japanese Foreign Policy, 1890-19411
In this article, we seek to advance the theoretic and empirical literature on the diversionary use of force. We argue that state leaders are more likely to engage in diversionary foreign policy behavior when opposition groups from within the winning coalition press for policy changes, but the government rejects those policy demands. Only when domestic unrest threatens a loss of political support from groups that are politically important to the l…
Does International Law Promote the Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes? Evidence from the Study of Territorial Conflicts since 1945
In this article, we explain the role of international law in the resolution of territorial disputes from 1945 to 2000. In doing so, we focus on three outcomes of interest. First, when do states choose to revise the territorial status quo through negotiations instead of force? Second, when are states able to reach a final settlement? Third, when do states prefer a process of legal dispute resolution (i.e., adjudication or arbitration) to bilateral…
Law and the Use of Force in World Politics
In this paper, we investigate how international law shapes leaders' decisions regarding the use of force in the context of territorial disputes. We argue that if the legal principles relevant to the dispute are capable of suggesting a focal point, international law will have a powerful role to play in informing leader behavior. Specifically, if a focal point exists, the state that it favors will avoid using force and prefer negotiations when cons…
The economic benefits of justice
Post-conflict states represent an important research agenda for scholars studying foreign direct investment (FDI). While leaders of post-conflict states have strong incentives for trying to attract international investments, multinational corporations (MNCs) may view these states as high-risk since the reoccurrence of violence in the aftermath of civil conflict is common. Consequently, leaders of post-conflict states desperate to receive FDI to h…
Bringing Law to the Table
In this article, we argue that international law can help state leaders reach a settlement in territorial disputes by suggesting a focal point for negotiations. International law is more likely to serve as a focal point when the legal principles relevant to the dispute are clear and well established and when one of the states in the dispute has a stronger legal claim to disputed territory. When these two conditions are present, we expect the stat…
Compliance with International Humanitarian Law
This article examines compliance with international laws prohibiting the intentional targeting of noncombatants in interstate war, specifically focusing on the role of third-party states in enforcement. We argue that the expectation of third-party coercion, when sufficiently high, can induce war participants to comply with this body of law. We identify the conditions under which combatant states will anticipate a high likelihood of coercion, demo…
Conflict Recurrence and Postconflict Justice
Why do some postconflict states return to violence, while others remain at peace?Analysts increasingly credit postconflict justice institutions-such as truth commissions, amnesties, reparations, and trials-with contributing to the prevention of conflict recurrence following civil wars.But scholars remain divided about the overall effectiveness of these varied institutions.In this article, we directly engage this debate.We seek to overcome theoret…
Intergovernmental Organizations and Democratic Victory in International Crises
Research finds that intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) influence domestic public opinion on foreign policy matters. This article applies these insights to crisis bargaining, arguing that IGO support will help democratic leaders prevail in crises, but it will have little systematic benefit for nondemocratic leaders. IGO support helps democratic leaders generate leverage by increasing domestic support for their policies. In turn, leaders with g…
In the Shadow of the International Criminal Court
The International Criminal Court (ICC) is responsible for prosecuting crimes against humanity, war crimes, and genocide. Despite the potential for the ICC to deter human rights abuses, scholars and policy makers are divided on the effectiveness of it. This debate, however, is plagued by some important theoretical and empirical limitations. I address the problems in the literature and evaluate whether the ICC can prevent human rights abuses. I arg…
Third-Party Actors and the Intentional Targeting of Civilians in War
This article examines the relationship between third-party actors and the intentional targeting of non-combatants in interstate war. It argues that war participants kill fewer civilians in war when their expectation of third-party punishment is high. Combatants will anticipate a high likelihood of third-party sanctions when their alliance and trade networks are dominated by third parties that have ratified international treaties prohibiting the i…
Causal Inference, International Law, And Maritime Disputes
Sara Mitchell and Andrew Owsiak's examination of the impact of UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and Article 287 declarations on the peaceful resolution of maritime disputes significantly advances the literature on the relationship between international law/international courts and maritime issues. To their credit, the authors employ a wide range of empirical tests in the article to provide readers with confidence in the empirical resu…
The Death and Life of State Repression
The Death and Life of State Repression provides insight into a problem that dates back at least 75 years, if not before. Since World War II, individuals and institutions from around the world have been concerned with state repression/human rights violation and since about 1990 a robust empirical literature has emerged to investigate what drives this behavior up or down (i.e., exploring variation). While useful, this work has generally ignored imp…
Not Too Distant
Grievance and opportunity theories dominate research on the causes of civil war. However, theoretical and empirical problems limit their ability to explain variation in conflict onset. We argue that these problems partly stem from treating them as largely independent explanations. We integrate grievance and opportunity into a unified theory and argue that they are complements that jointly predict conflict. We apply insights from the interstate wa…
Stopping state repression
While research into why repression/human rights violation goes up or down has thrived over the past 50 years, essentially no effort has been made to examine what stops this behavior once under way - especially activity that is large-scale as well as violent. To address this topic, we put forward the idea of a repressive spell (similar to that in the study of war, civil war, and terrorism) and a new theoretical framework that conceptualizes repres…
Rainfall shocks and state repression
We posit that rainfall shocks have an indirect effect on state repression through their impact on food production. Rainfall shocks are associated with reduced food production, which can generate grievances among the populace while also creating incentives for them to mobilize against the regime. In turn, governments employ repression to insulate themselves from these adverse climatic events. We also argue that this relationship is most pronounced…
Understanding the Determinants of ICC Involvement
What explains the initiation and escalation of International Criminal Court (ICC) involvement in a situation? In light of growing charges of bias against the court, understanding the determinants of ICC involvement is critically important. Building upon research on bounded discretion at international courts, we argue that two potentially competing forces influence the court. While prioritizing impartiality should lead the court to target perpetra…
Law (16 obras) · Political science (16 obras) · Sociology (14 obras) · Law (12 obras) · Economics (10 obras) · Political Conflict and Governance (9 obras) · Political economy (9 obras) · Politics (8 obras) · Law and economics (7 obras) · International Development and Aid (6 obras)