Steven J Hoffman
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 989433 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Steven J Hoffman |
| NOMBRES | Steven J |
| APELLIDO | Hoffman |
| FIRMA | HOFFMAN S J |
| AFILIACIONES | York University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-2064-3711 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 53 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 39 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 52 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 1 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1992 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 3 |
A rapid scoping review of antibiotic access and use barriers among refugee and migrant populations
BACKGROUND: Antibiotic resistance (ABR) poses a significant global health and development threat from increasing globalization of travel, trade, and animal and human migration. ABR impacts refugees and migrants in unique ways due to increased exposure to infections and inequitable access to healthcare. The objective of this review is to synthesize the evidence on access to and appropriate use of antibiotics by migrants and refugees, identify the …
Overcoming challenges to conducting global legal epidemiology research
Global legal epidemiology aims to study how international laws, policies and norms influence global health and equity. As the field builds on established legal epidemiology methods, researchers can face practical challenges when scaling up the frame of analysis from the national to the global level. We review three case studies that illustrate these challenges and share authors' experiences in developing strategies to address them. Case 1 focuses…
Adaptation of global gender norms in the strategies, policies, and guidelines of international humanitarian organisations
Adaptation of global gender norms in the practices of international humanitarian organisations
Gender equality is a norm and aspiration that is increasingly reflected in the policies of humanitarian organisations worldwide. However, tensions exist between the push for alignment with global frameworks and the need for norm localisation and adaptation. This study compares how two organisations – the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (including three National Societies) and the International Rescue Committee (in…
Intergovernmental or fully independent? Designing a scientific panel on evidence for action against antimicrobial resistance
Effective global action against antimicrobial resistance (AMR) relies on the successful synthesis and translation of rigorous scientific evidence into policy and practice. Despite a call in 2019 by the Interagency Coordination Group on AMR to establish a policy-science interface, and the reaffirmation to establish a scientific panel in the 2024 Political Declaration on Antimicrobial Resistance, no authoritative entity currently exists that synthe…
States, global power and access to medicines
BACKGROUND: What constitutes state`s global power to shape access to medicines? How was it distributed between states and how did this change from 2000 to 2019? In this comparative case study, we explored the powers of China, India and the United States, and discuss whether our findings from the pre-pandemic era were reflected in the global COVID-19 response related to pharmaceuticals. We used an analytical framework from the international relati…
Learning from the Montreal Protocol to improve the global governance of antimicrobial resistance
The Montreal Protocol has played a critical role in promoting global collective action to phase out the use of ozone-depleting substances, ultimately preventing millions of cases of skin cancer, cataracts and other health issues related to ultraviolet radiation exposure. This success entails transferable lessons for coordinated action required to improve the global governance of other challenges. Like ozone depletion, antimicrobial resistance (AM…
Fit for Purpose?” Assessing the Ecological Fit of the Social Institutions that Globally Govern Antimicrobial Resistance
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a natural process where microbes develop the ability to survive the antimicrobial drugs we depend upon to treat and prevent deadly infections, such as antibiotics. This microscopic evolution is further propelled by human activities, where each use of an antimicrobial drug potentially induces AMR. As microbes can spread quickly from animals to humans and travel around the world through humanity’s global circuits o…
Analyzing antimicrobial resistance as a series of collective action problems
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) causes over 1.27 million deaths annually, making it one of today's most urgent health threats. Given its urgency, there are often calls for large‐scale global initiatives to address AMR. However, theories of collective action have yet to be applied to the problem in a systematic and holistic manner. Fuller engagement with collective action theory is necessary to avoid three risks, namely: mischaracterizing the kinds…
Quasi-experimental evaluation of national border closures on Covid-19 transmission
With over 200 pandemic threats emerging every year, the efficacy of closing national borders to control the transmission of disease in the first months of a pandemic remains a critically important question. Previous studies offer conflicting evidence for the potential effects of these closures on COVID-19 transmission and no study has yet empirically evaluated the global impact of border closures using quasi-experimental methods and real-world da…
Taking stock of global commitments on antimicrobial resistance
Over the last six years, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has generated an unprecedented amount of global attention. This global attention has coincided with an increase in discussion around AMR at various multilateral organisations and international fora. This study catalogues and analyses AMR-related commitments made by the global community following the implementation of the AMR Tripartite’s Global Action Plan (GAP) in 2015. In examining these c…
Tensions and opportunities in the roles of senior public health officials in Canada
Although public health emergencies like the COVID-19 pandemic thrust senior public health officials into the spotlight, their day-to-day roles remain misunderstood and under-examined. In jurisdictions that follow the Westminster system of government such as Canada, the United Kingdom, and Australia, Chief Medical Officers of Health (CMOHs) are typically senior public servants who are simultaneously positioned as public health professionals with i…
Classifying European cigarette consumption trajectories from 1970 to 2015
The open-access data produced by this study can be used to conduct comparative international evaluations of tobacco control policies by separating impacts likely attributable to gradual long-term trends from those more likely attributable to acute short-term events. The complex, regionally clustered historical trajectories of cigarette consumption in Europe suggest that the enduring normative frame of a gently sloping downward curve in cigarette …
Principles and methods of global legal epidemiology
Although the theory and methods of legal epidemiology—the scientific study and deployment of law as a factor in the cause, distribution, and prevention of disease and injury in a population—have been well developed in the context of domestic law, the challenges posed by shifting the frame of analysis to the global legal space have not yet been fully explored. While legal epidemiology rests on the foundational principles that law acts as an interv…
Under the spotlight
As the COVID-19 pandemic took hold in 2020, Chief Medical Officers (CMOs) entered the public spotlight like never before. Amidst this increased visibility, the role is deeply contested. Much of the disagreement concerns whether CMOs should act independently of the government: while some argue CMOs should act as independent voices who work to shape government policy to protect public health, others stress that CMOs are civil servants whose job is …
Governing Global Antimicrobial Resistance
A virus unites the world while national border closures divide it
This article critically examines the use of national border closures at the outset of the COVID-19 pandemic. After explaining why targeted border closures generally do not work and how they violated international law at the time, we examine the unprecedented case of total border closures. Positing that since the current instruments and institutions of global health governance did not anticipate this phenomenon, the legality of total border closur…
Comparing the regulation and incentivization of e-cigarettes across 97 countries
E-cigarette use continues to increase globally despite uncertainty regarding their long-term health impacts and around their effectiveness for tobacco smoking cessation. This uncertainty creates unique challenges for governments as they attempt to optimally regulate and positively or negatively incentivize these products in a way that maximizes the public's health. Current approaches to e-cigarette regulation and incentivization fall within a spe…
Vulnerable
Setting the standard
There is increasing concern globally about the enormity of the threats posed by antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to human, animal, plant and environmental health. A proliferation of international, national and institutional reports on the problems posed by AMR and the need for antibiotic stewardship have galvanised attention on the global stage. However, the AMR community increasingly laments a lack of action, often identified as an ‘implementation…
Learning from the Role of Art in Political Advocacy on HIV/Aids
This essay uses a mixed-methods approach combining scoping review, thematic qualitative analysis, and case study methodologies to identify relationships between art and political advocacy in the context of the AIDS epidemic. Thirty-four relevant articles were found through a comprehensive literature search focused on social scientific analyses. Three key themes were identified: addressing negative stereotypes; the importance of education; and giv…
Shadowpox
This dialogic exchange discusses the development and outcomes of an interactive installation that uses live-animated digital effects to projection-map viral “shadowpox” onto the player’s body. The project was developed by Alison Humphrey, then a Vanier Scholar and York University PhD candidate in cinema and media studies, in collaboration with Caitlin Fisher, director of York University’s Immersive Storytelling Lab, and Steven J. Hoffman, directo…
Overview of Key Legal, Political, and Social Challenges Facing Global Vaccination Efforts
Despite the proven safety and effectiveness of vaccines, they are not utilized as widely as they should be. This article provides a high-level overview of five key challenges affecting the global vaccine uptake. First, availability is affected by the research costs and counterfeit vaccines. Second, accessibility is affected by distribution not being proportionate to need, and by poor infrastructure. Third, affordability is affected by intellectua…
Lessons learned from Covid-19 for the post-antibiotic future
INTRODUCTION: COVID-19 has rapidly and radically changed the face of human health and social interaction. As was the case with COVID-19, the world is similarly unprepared to respond to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and the challenges it will produce. COVID-19 presents an opportunity to examine how the international community might better respond to the growing AMR threat. MAIN BODY: The impacts of COVID-19 have manifested in health system, econo…
Artificial intelligence in health care
The World Health Organization and other institutions are considering Artificial Intelligence (AI) as a technology that can potentially address some health system gaps, especially the reduction of global health inequalities in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). However, because most AI-based health applications are developed and implemented in high-income countries, their use in LMICs contexts is recent and there is a lack of robust local e…
Rethinking knowledge translation for public health policy
There is continuing interest in using the best available research evidence to inform public health policy. However, all too often efforts to do so rely on mechanistic and unrealistic views of the process by which public policy is made. As a result, traditional dyadic knowledge translation (KT) approaches may not be particularly effective when applied to public policy decision making. However, using examples drawn from public health policy, it is …
The evolution, etiology and eventualities of the global health security regime
BACKGROUND: Attention to global health security governance is more important now than ever before. Scientists predict that a possible influenza pandemic could affect 1.5 billion people, cause up to 150 million deaths and leave US$3 trillion in economic damages. A public health emergency in one country is now only hours away from affecting many others. METHODS: Using regime analysis from political science, the principles, norms, rules and decision…
Building the political case for investing in public health and public health research
Governments around the world vastly underinvest in public health, despite ever growing evidence demonstrating its economic and social benefits. Challenges in securing greater public health investment largely stem from the necessity for governments to demonstrate visible impacts within an election cycle, whereas public health initiatives operate over the long term and generally involve prevention, statistical lives and underlying conditions. It is…
A virus unites the world while national border closures divide it
This article critically examines the use of national border closures at the outset of the COVID-19 pandemic. After explaining why targeted border closures generally do not work and how they violated international law at the time, we examine the unprecedented case of total border closures. Positing that since the current instruments and institutions of global health governance did not anticipate this phenomenon, the legality of total border closur…
Contested roles of Canada’s Chief Medical Officers of Health
The roles and responsibilities of Canada's Chief Medical Officers of Health (CMOHs) are contested. On the one hand, they are senior public servants who confidentially advise government on public health matters and manage the implementation of government priorities. On the other hand, CMOHs are perceived as independent communicators and advocates for public health. This article analyzes public health legislation across Canada that governs the CMOH…
Comparing the regulation and incentivization of e-cigarettes across 97 countries
E-cigarette use continues to increase globally despite uncertainty regarding their long-term health impacts and around their effectiveness for tobacco smoking cessation. This uncertainty creates unique challenges for governments as they attempt to optimally regulate and positively or negatively incentivize these products in a way that maximizes the public's health. Current approaches to e-cigarette regulation and incentivization fall within a spe…
Why public health matters today and tomorrow
Public health is critical to a healthy, fair, and sustainable society. Realizing this vision requires imagining a public health community that can maintain its foundational core while adapting and responding to contemporary imperatives such as entrenched inequities and ecological degradation. In this commentary, we reflect on what tomorrow's public health might look like, from the point of view of our collective experiences as researchers in Cana…
Towards ‘smart cities’ as ‘healthy cities’
Delays in Global Disease Outbreak Responses
In global disease outbreaks, there are significant time delays between the source of an outbreak and collective action. Some delay is necessary, but recent delays have been extended by insufficient surveillance capacity and time-consuming efforts to mobilize action. Three public health emergencies of international concern (PHEICs)—H1N1, Ebola, and Zika—allow us to identify and compare sources of delays and consider seven hypotheses about what inf…
Assessing Proposals for New Global Health Treaties
We have presented an analytic framework and 4 criteria for assessing when global health treaties have reasonable prospects of yielding net positive effects. First, there must be a significant transnational dimension to the problem being addressed. Second, the goals should justify the coercive nature of treaties. Third, proposed global health treaties should have a reasonable chance of achieving benefits. Fourth, treaties should be the best commit…
Training the next generation of global health advocates through experiential education
Under the spotlight
As the COVID-19 pandemic took hold in 2020, Chief Medical Officers (CMOs) entered the public spotlight like never before. Amidst this increased visibility, the role is deeply contested. Much of the disagreement concerns whether CMOs should act independently of the government: while some argue CMOs should act as independent voices who work to shape government policy to protect public health, others stress that CMOs are civil servants whose job is …
Governing Global Antimicrobial Resistance
Leçons tirées de dix pays sur la réglementation des antimicrobiens pour les animaux d’élevage
Cette étude examine les approches réglementaires de dix pays : la France, le Danemark, l’Australie, le Canada, les États-Unis, la Russie, le Japon, le Brésil, la Chine et l’Inde, relativement à la réglementation des antimicrobiens aux trois points d’entrée principaux dans le processus agricole, soit dans le cadre de la médecine vétérinaire, de la production agricole et de la vente des produits agricoles. Pour être efficace, la réglementation doit…
Assessing the Expected Impact of Global Health Treaties
We assessed what impact can be expected from global health treaties on the basis of 90 quantitative evaluations of existing treaties on trade, finance, human rights, conflict, and the environment. It appears treaties consistently succeed in shaping economic matters and consistently fail in achieving social progress. There are at least 3 differences between these domains that point to design characteristics that new global health treaties can inco…
A Plan of Quality
A Plan of Quality
AlabamaNorth
Journal Article AlabamaNorth: African-American Migrants, Community and Working-Class Activism in Cleveland, 1915–45. By Kimberley L. Phillips and Racial Situations: Class Predicaments of Whiteness in Detroit. By John Hartigan, Jr. Get access Steven J. Hoffman Steven J. Hoffman Southeast Missouri State University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of Social History, Volume 35, Issue 1, Fall 2001, Pages…
Progressive Public Health Administration in the Jim Crow South
In the early twentieth century, Richmond, Virginia embarked on a campaign to modernize its public health department. One consequence of southern racial attitudes, however, was that African Americans did not constitute a primary constituency for public health intervention. This was based, in part, on strongly held beliefs that African Americans were largely responsible for creating their own particular health problems, either as the result of beha…
The evolution, etiology and eventualities of the global health security regime
BACKGROUND: Attention to global health security governance is more important now than ever before. Scientists predict that a possible influenza pandemic could affect 1.5 billion people, cause up to 150 million deaths and leave US$3 trillion in economic damages. A public health emergency in one country is now only hours away from affecting many others. METHODS: Using regime analysis from political science, the principles, norms, rules and decision…
Place, race and story
"Place, race and story: essays on the past and future of historic preservation." International Journal of Heritage Studies, 18(2), pp. 209–210
Empirical impact evaluation of the WHO Global Code of Practice on the International Recruitment of Health Personnel in Australia, Canada, UK and USA
BACKGROUND: The active recruitment of health workers from developing countries to developed countries has become a major threat to global health. In an effort to manage this migration, the 63rd World Health Assembly adopted the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Code of Practice on the International Recruitment of Health Personnel in May 2010. While the Code has been lauded as the first globally-applicable regulatory framework for health work…
Conceptual and institutional gaps
BACKGROUND: Two themes consistently emerge from the broad range of academics, policymakers and opinion leaders who have proposed changes to the World Health Organization (WHO): that reform efforts are too slow, and that they do too little to strengthen WHO's capacity to facilitate cross-sectoral collaboration. This study seeks to identify possible explanations for the challenges WHO faces in addressing the broader determinants of health, and the …
Assessing the Expected Impact of Global Health Treaties
We assessed what impact can be expected from global health treaties on the basis of 90 quantitative evaluations of existing treaties on trade, finance, human rights, conflict, and the environment. It appears treaties consistently succeed in shaping economic matters and consistently fail in achieving social progress. There are at least 3 differences between these domains that point to design characteristics that new global health treaties can inco…
Assessing Proposals for New Global Health Treaties
We have presented an analytic framework and 4 criteria for assessing when global health treaties have reasonable prospects of yielding net positive effects. First, there must be a significant transnational dimension to the problem being addressed. Second, the goals should justify the coercive nature of treaties. Third, proposed global health treaties should have a reasonable chance of achieving benefits. Fourth, treaties should be the best commit…
Training the next generation of global health advocates through experiential education
Empirically evaluating the WHO global code of practice on the international recruitment of health personnel’s impact on four high-income countries four years after adoption
BACKGROUND: Shortages of health workers in low-income countries are exacerbated by the international migration of health workers to more affluent countries. This problem is compounded by the active recruitment of health workers by destination countries, particularly Australia, Canada, UK and USA. The World Health Organization (WHO) adopted a voluntary Code of Practice in May 2010 to mitigate tensions between health workers' right to migrate and t…
Is the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Impacting Mental Health Laws and Policies in High-Income Countries? A Case Study of Implementation in Canada
BACKGROUND: Persons with psychosocial disabilities face disparate access to healthcare and social services worldwide, along with systemic discrimination, structural inequalities, and widespread human rights abuses. Accordingly, many people have looked to international human rights law to help address mental health challenges. On December 13, 2006, the United Nations formally adopted the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD)…
Exhibition Review Essays and Exhibition Reviews
Exhibition Review Essays and Exhibition Reviews
The Concept of an International Institutional Bypass
The rapid proliferation of international institutions has been a defining feature of the postwar international architecture. Since the end of the Second World War, the international system has seen the creation of thousands of international treaties and organizations that have established rules governing a multitude of issues that range from international security to human rights, and from international trade to the environment
Introduction to Symposium on International Institutional Bypass
The concept of an institutional bypass-that is, creating a parallel institution that performs exactly the same function of the dysfunctional institution-has already proven useful for analyzing institutional reforms undertaken at the domestic level. 1 However, it has only recently been suggested as potentially applicable to the global governance context as well. 2 To explore this possibility further, this project brought together a group of resear…
Defining the global health system and systematically mapping its network of actors
BACKGROUND: The global health system has faced significant expansion over the past few decades, including continued increase in both the number and diversity of actors operating within it. However, without a stronger understanding of what the global health system encompasses, coordination of actors and resources to address today's global health challenges will not be possible. METHODS: This study presents a conceptually sound and operational defi…
Global governance and the broader determinants of health
This comparative case study investigated how two intergovernmental organisations without formal health mandates - the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) - have engaged with global health issues. Triangulating insights from key institutional documents, ten semi-structured interviews with senior officials, and scholarly books tracing the history of both organisations, the study identified an evolving …
Rethinking knowledge translation for public health policy
There is continuing interest in using the best available research evidence to inform public health policy. However, all too often efforts to do so rely on mechanistic and unrealistic views of the process by which public policy is made. As a result, traditional dyadic knowledge translation (KT) approaches may not be particularly effective when applied to public policy decision making. However, using examples drawn from public health policy, it is …
Delays in Global Disease Outbreak Responses
In global disease outbreaks, there are significant time delays between the source of an outbreak and collective action. Some delay is necessary, but recent delays have been extended by insufficient surveillance capacity and time-consuming efforts to mobilize action. Three public health emergencies of international concern (PHEICs)—H1N1, Ebola, and Zika—allow us to identify and compare sources of delays and consider seven hypotheses about what inf…
Contested roles of Canada’s Chief Medical Officers of Health
The roles and responsibilities of Canada's Chief Medical Officers of Health (CMOHs) are contested. On the one hand, they are senior public servants who confidentially advise government on public health matters and manage the implementation of government priorities. On the other hand, CMOHs are perceived as independent communicators and advocates for public health. This article analyzes public health legislation across Canada that governs the CMOH…
Leçons tirées de dix pays sur la réglementation des antimicrobiens pour les animaux d’élevage
Cette étude examine les approches réglementaires de dix pays : la France, le Danemark, l’Australie, le Canada, les États-Unis, la Russie, le Japon, le Brésil, la Chine et l’Inde, relativement à la réglementation des antimicrobiens aux trois points d’entrée principaux dans le processus agricole, soit dans le cadre de la médecine vétérinaire, de la production agricole et de la vente des produits agricoles. Pour être efficace, la réglementation doit…
Why public health matters today and tomorrow
Public health is critical to a healthy, fair, and sustainable society. Realizing this vision requires imagining a public health community that can maintain its foundational core while adapting and responding to contemporary imperatives such as entrenched inequities and ecological degradation. In this commentary, we reflect on what tomorrow's public health might look like, from the point of view of our collective experiences as researchers in Cana…
Towards ‘smart cities’ as ‘healthy cities’
Systematic analysis of global health research funding in Canada, 2000–2016
Global health research has seen steady increases in funding from CIHR's open competitions when preceded by investment in strategic competitions, which suggests the level of a national research funding agency's strategic investments in global health research may determine the size of the field in their country. The greatest concentration of past investment lies in health equity research, followed by infectious disease research. Future analyses of …
Political science (37 obras) · Medicine (27 obras) · Law (23 obras) · Economics (22 obras) · Public health (21 obras) · Politics (16 obras) · Global health (15 obras) · Public relations (15 obras) · Sociology (15 obras) · Health care (14 obras)