Responses to Projected Changes in Climate and UV-B at the Species Level
Datos Bibliográficos
Environmental manipulation experiments showed that species respond individualistically to each environmental-change variable. The greatest responses of plants were generally to nutrient, particularly nitrogen, addition. Summer warming experiments showed that woody plant responses were dominant and that mosses and lichens became less abundant. Responses to warming were controlled by moisture availability and snow cover. Many invertebrates increased population growth in response to summer warming, as long as desiccation was not induced. CO2 and UV-B enrichment experiments showed that plant and animal responses were small. However, some microorganisms and species of fungi were sensitive to increased UV-B and some intensive mutagenic actions could, perhaps, lead to unexpected epidemic outbreaks. Tundra soil heating, CO2 enrichment and amendment with mineral nutrients generally accelerated microbial activity. Algae are likely to dominate cyanobacteria in milder climates. Expected increases in winter freeze-thaw cycles leading to ice-crust formation are likely to severely reduce winter survival rate and disrupt the population dynamics of many terrestrial animals. A deeper snow cover is likely to restrict access to winter pastures by reindeer/caribou and their ability to flee from predators while any earlier onset of the snow-free period is likely to stimulate increased plant growth. Initial species responses to climate change might occur at the sub-species level: an Arctic plant or animal species with high genetic/racial diversity has proved an ability to adapt to different environmental conditions in the past and is likely to do so also in the future. Indigenous knowledge, air photographs, satellite images and monitoring show that changes in the distributions of some species are already occurring: Arctic vegetation is becoming more shrubby and more productive, there have been recent changes in the ranges of caribou, and "new" species of insects and birds previously associated with areas south of the treeline have been recorded. In contrast, almost all Arctic breeding bird species are declining and models predict further quite dramatic reductions of the populations of tundra birds due to warming. Species-climate response surface models predict potential future ranges of current Arctic species that are often markedly reduced and displaced northwards in response to warming. In contrast, invertebrates and microorganisms are very likely to quickly expand their ranges northwards into the Arctic
Arctic · Biology · Climate change · Desiccation · Geography · Global warming · Lichen · Population · Snow · Snowmelt · Subarctic climate · Tundra · Climate change and permafrost · Ecology · Environmental Science · Plant responses to elevated CO2 · Species Distribution and Climate Change
Uncertainties and Recommendations
Effects of Changes in Climate on Landscape and Regional Processes, and Feedbacks to the Climate System
Effects on the Structure of Arctic Ecosystems in the Short- and Long-term Perspectives
Key Findings and Extended Summaries
Synthesis of Effects in Four Arctic Subregions
Adapting to the Impacts of Climate Change on Food Security among Inuit in the Western Canadian Arctic
Uncertainties and Recommendations
Key Findings and Extended Summaries
Effects of Changes in Climate on Landscape and Regional Processes, and Feedbacks to the Climate System
Rationale, Concepts and Approach to the Assessment
Ecosystem Response to Climatic Change
Effects on the Structure of Arctic Ecosystems in the Short- and Long-term Perspectives
Synthesis of Effects in Four Arctic Subregions
Climate change 2001
Special Paper
A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across natural systems
Increasing shrub abundance in the Arctic
A re-assessment of high elevation treeline positions and their explanation
Observations on the Bioclimate of Some Taiga Mammals
Regional Congruence of Vegetation and Summer Climate Patterns in the Queen Elizabeth Islands, Northwest Territories, Canada
Colonisation of Greenland by plants and animals after the last ice age
Alpine Plant Life
Rationale, Concepts and Approach to the Assessment
Synthesis of Effects in Four Arctic Subregions
Effects on the Structure of Arctic Ecosystems in the Short- and Long-term Perspectives
Past Changes in Arctic Terrestrial Ecosystems, Climate and UV Radiation
Rationale, Concepts and Approach to the Assessment
Biodiversity, Distributions and Adaptations of Arctic Species in the Context of Environmental Change
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| Intervalo de citas | 2004 - 2012 (9) |
| Velocidad de citación | historical |
| Altamente citado | No |
| Tipos de cita | Neutras: 8 |