Les bastions de la mer

Bastions of the Sea Attacks came from the sea. The Middle Ages had to face the necessity of defending the seaboard. As of 1660, coastal defense became a government concern, as huge projects were carried out. Threats against the coastline did not cease till the 19th century. Over time, a system of defense took shape ranging from big stonework towers in the Middle Ages to the forts, citadels, fortified islands and batteries built by Vauban. Over the last three centuries, several hundred forts gradually cropped up along the French coastline. Readers are invited to discover the types of these bastions

Archaeology · Geography · Government (linguistics · Middle Ages · Historical Studies and Socio-cultural Analysis · Maritime and Coastal Archaeology