Thetammaand the dual-administrative structure of the Mongol empire

TheSecret History of the Mongols (Yuanchao bishi)tells us that, after the invasion and conquest of Qipchaq and Rus'lands in 1237-40, Qagan Ögödei placed 'daruγačinandtammačin' over peoples whose main cities were Ornas, Saḳsīn, Bulgar and Kiev

Ancient history · Art · CONQUEST · Dual (grammatical number · Empire · Literature · Political science · Eurasian Exchange Networks · History · Linguistics and Cultural Studies · Linguistics and language evolution

• Transmitters of authority and ideas across cultural boundaries, eleventh to eighteenth centuries

  Open Access•M Q Zaman•The New Cambridge History Of…•2000

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• The rule of the infidels

  Open Access•Beatrice Forbes Manz•The New Cambridge History Of…•2000

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• Commercial structures

  Open Access•Scott C Levi•The New Cambridge History Of…•2000

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• Armies and their economic basis in Iran and the surrounding lands, c . 1000–1500

  Open Access•Reuven Amitai•The New Cambridge History Of…•2000

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• Mongol Imperial Institutions

  Open Access•Ho-Dong Kim, Hodong Kim•The Cambridge History of the…•2023

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• The steppe peoples in the Islamic world

  Open Access•Edmund Bosworth•The New Cambridge History Of…•2000

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• Islamic trade, shipping, port-states and merchant communities in the Indian Ocean, seventh to sixteenth centuries

  Open Access•Pearson Michael•The New Cambridge History Of…•2000

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• Islamic culture and the Chinggisid restoration

  Open Access•R D Mcchesney•The New Cambridge History Of…•2000

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• The Military Machine

  Open Access•Timothy May•The Cambridge History of the…•2023

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• Islam in South-East Asia and the Indian Ocean littoral, 1500–1800

  Open Access•Anthony Reid•The New Cambridge History Of…•2000

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• The New Cambridge History of Islam

  Open Access•David Morgan, Edmund Bosworth et al.•The New Cambridge History Of…•2000

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• Ermeni̇ Kaynaklarinda İlhanlilara İli̇şki̇n Vergi̇ Teri̇mleri̇

  Ilhan Aslan•Medeniyet Kültürel Araştırmalar…•2025

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• Moğol Si̇vi̇l Vali̇leri̇ Dönemi̇nde Horasan (1233-1256)

  Open Access•Kurban Durmuşoğlu•Genel Türk Tarihi Araştırmaları…•2023

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• A People of the State

  Aaron Molnar•Monumenta Serica•2025

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• The State of Research, The Mongol Empire, 1986-2017

  Open Access•김호동 김호동•CENTRAL ASIAN STUDIES•2017

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• A Career between Two Cultures

  Tomoyasu Iiyama•Journal of Sung-Yuan studies•2014

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• Muscovite Political Institutions in the 14th Century

  Charles J Halperin•Kritika•2000

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• Arghun Aqa

  Open Access•George Lane•Iranian Studies•1999

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• The Objects of Loyalty in the Early Mongol Empire (Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries)

  Open Access•Tobias Jones•Iran•2021

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• Turkestan down to the Mongol Invasion

  W Barthold•Turkestan down to the Mongol…•1977

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• The Origin of the Institution of Basqaqs

  István Vásáry•Turks, Tatars and Russians in the…•2023

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• The Rise of Chingis Khan and His Conquest of North China.

  Woodbridge Bingham, Hervé Martins et al.•The American Historical Review•1951

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• Records of Han Administration

  Richard C Rudolph, Michael Loewe•The American Historical Review•1968

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• The Great Wall of China

  Frank A Kierman, Arthur Waldron•The American Historical Review•1991

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• Loyalty and Leadership in an Early Islamic Society

  Roy P Mottahedeh•Loyalty and Leadership in an…•1980

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• The Bureaucracy of Han Times

  Open Access•Hans Bielenstein•Bureaucracy of Han Times•1980

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• Mongolian Rule in China

  Open Access•Elizabeth Endicott-West•Mongolian Rule in China•1989

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• Historical and Commercial Atlas of China

  Eduard Erkes, Albert Herrmann•Artibus Asiae•1937

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• The Mongols and Russia

  Bertold Spuler, George Vernadsky•Oriens•1954

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• The Successors of Genghis Khan

  T Cuyler Young, John Andrew Boyle et al.•The American Historical Review•1973

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• China under Mongol Rule

  Charles A Peterson, John D Langlois•The American Historical Review•1982

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• The Military Establishment of the Yuan Dynasty

  Edward L Dreyer, Ch’i-ch’ing Hsiao et al.•The American Historical Review•1979

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• Russia and the Golden Horde

  Daniel H Kaiser, Daniel Kaiser et al.•The American Historical Review•1986

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• The Office of Tayisi in Mongolia in the Fifteenth Century

  Henry Serruys•Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies•1977

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• The Mongolian Names and Terms in The History of The Nation of The Archers by Grigor of Akanc

  Francis Woodman Cleaves•Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies•1949

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• Daru[gamma]a and Gerege

  Francis Woodman Cleaves•Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies•1953

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• History of Chinese Society Liao (907-1125)

  Karl A Wittfogel, Feng Chia-Sheng•Transactions of the American…•1946

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• The Empire of the Steppes

  B F Cooling, Jack B Hilliard et al.•Military Affairs•1971

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• China Under Mongol Rule

  John W Dardess, John Dardess•Ming Studies•1981

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• The Military Establishment of the Yuan Dynasty

  Open Access•Ch’i-ch’ing Hsiao, Chi-Ching Hsiao•The Military Establishment of the…•1978

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• Guard and Government in the Reign of The Grand Qan Mongke, 1251-59

  Thomas T Allsen•Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies•1986

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• Who ran the Mongol Empire

  Open Access•D O Morgan•Journal of the Royal Asiatic…•1982

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• Neuf Notes Sur Des Questions D'Asie Centrale

  Paul Pelliot•T oung Pao•1929

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• Historical and Commercial Atlas of China

  Albert Hermann•Geographical Journal•1936

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• The History of the World-Conqueror

  Otto Spies, Ala-Ad-Din Ata-Malik Juvaini et al.•Die Welt des Islams•1959

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• Civil Service in Early Sung China, 960-1067, with Particular Emphasis on the Development of Controlled Sponsorship to Foster Administrative Responsibility

  Wolfram Eberhard, E A Kracke•The Far Eastern Quarterly•1954

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• The Geography of Chingis Khan

  Owen Lattimore, Michael Gillett•Geographical Journal•1963

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• The Travels of an Alchemist

  Arthur Waley•Geographical Journal•1931

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• Confucian Personalities

  Soren Egerod, Arthur F Wright et al.•Journal of the American Oriental…•1963

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• Official Titles of the Former Han Dynasty

  Rafe De Crespigny•Journal of the American Oriental…•1968

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• The Empire of the Steppes

  Kenneth Allin Luther, René Grousset et al.•Journal of the American Oriental…•1976

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• Civil Service in Early Sung China, 960-1067, with Particular Emphasis on the Development of Controlled Sponsorship to Foster Administrative Responsibility

  Y Teng, S Y TENG et al.•Journal of the American Oriental…•1953

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• Records of Han Administration

  Lien-Sheng Yang, Michael Loewe•Pacific Affairs•1968

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